@article{GressmannJanczyk2016, author = {Gressmann, Marcel and Janczyk, Markus}, title = {The (Un)Clear Effects of Invalid Retro-Cues}, series = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, number = {244}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00244}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165296}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Studies with the retro-cue paradigm have shown that validly cueing objects in visual working memory long after encoding can still benefit performance on subsequent change detection tasks. With regard to the effects of invalid cues, the literature is less clear. Some studies reported costs, others did not. We here revisit two recent studies that made interesting suggestions concerning invalid retro-cues: One study suggested that costs only occur for larger set sizes, and another study suggested that inclusion of invalid retro-cues diminishes the retro-cue benefit. New data from one experiment and a reanalysis of published data are provided to address these conclusions. The new data clearly show costs (and benefits) that were independent of set size, and the reanalysis suggests no influence of the inclusion of invalid retro-cues on the retro-cue benefit. Thus, previous interpretations may be taken with some caution at present.}, language = {en} } @article{PeperkornDiemerAlpersetal.2016, author = {Peperkorn, Henrik M. and Diemer, Julia E. and Alpers, Georg W. and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas}, title = {Representation of Patients' Hand Modulates Fear Reactions of Patients with Spider Phobia in Virtual Reality}, series = {frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {7}, journal = {frontiers in Psychology}, number = {268}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00268}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165307}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Embodiment (i.e., the involvement of a bodily representation) is thought to be relevant in emotional experiences. Virtual reality (VR) is a capable means of activating phobic fear in patients. The representation of the patient's body (e.g., the right hand) in VR enhances immersion and increases presence, but its effect on phobic fear is still unknown. We analyzed the influence of the presentation of the participant's hand in VR on presence and fear responses in 32 women with spider phobia and 32 matched controls. Participants sat in front of a table with an acrylic glass container within reaching distance. During the experiment this setup was concealed by a head-mounted display (HMD). The VR scenario presented via HMD showed the same setup, i.e., a table with an acrylic glass container. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. In one group, fear responses were triggered by fear-relevant visual input in VR (virtual spider in the virtual acrylic glass container), while information about a real but unseen neutral control animal (living snake in the acrylic glass container) was given. The second group received fear-relevant information of the real but unseen situation (living spider in the acrylic glass container), but visual input was kept neutral VR (virtual snake in the virtual acrylic glass container). Participants were instructed to touch the acrylic glass container with their right hand in 20 consecutive trials. Visibility of the hand was varied randomly in a within-subjects design. We found for all participants that visibility of the participant's hand increased presence independently of the fear trigger. However, in patients, the influence of the virtual hand on fear depended on the fear trigger. When fear was triggered perceptually, i.e., by a virtual spider, the virtual hand increased fear. When fear was triggered by information about a real spider, the virtual hand had no effect on fear. Our results shed light on the significance of different fear triggers (visual, conceptual) in interaction with body representations.}, language = {en} } @article{CitronAbugaberHerbert2016, author = {Citron, Francesca M. M. and Abugaber, David and Herbert, Cornelia}, title = {Approach and Withdrawal Tendencies during Written Word Processing: Effects of Task, Emotional Valence, and Emotional Arousal}, series = {frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {6}, journal = {frontiers in Psychology}, number = {1935}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01935}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165318}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The affective dimensions of emotional valence and emotional arousal affect processing of verbal and pictorial stimuli. Traditional emotional theories assume a linear relationship between these dimensions, with valence determining the direction of a behavior (approach vs. withdrawal) and arousal its intensity or strength. In contrast, according to the valence-arousal conflict theory, both dimensions are interactively related: positive valence and low arousal (PL) are associated with an implicit tendency to approach a stimulus, whereas negative valence and high arousal (NH) are associated with withdrawal. Hence, positive, high-arousal (PH) and negative, low-arousal (NL) stimuli elicit conflicting action tendencies. By extending previous research that used several tasks and methods, the present study investigated whether and how emotional valence and arousal affect subjective approach vs. withdrawal tendencies toward emotional words during two novel tasks. In Study 1, participants had to decide whether they would approach or withdraw from concepts expressed by written words. In Studies 2 and 3 participants had to respond to each word by pressing one of two keys labeled with an arrow pointing upward or downward. Across experiments, positive and negative words, high or low in arousal, were presented. In Study 1 (explicit task), in line with the valence-arousal conflict theory, PH and NL words were responded to more slowly than PL and NH words. In addition, participants decided to approach positive words more often than negative words. In Studies 2 and 3, participants responded faster to positive than negative words, irrespective of their level of arousal. Furthermore, positive words were significantly more often associated with "up" responses than negative words, thus supporting the existence of implicit associations between stimulus valence and response coding (positive is up and negative is down). Hence, in contexts in which participants' spontaneous responses are based on implicit associations between stimulus valence and response, there is no influence of arousal. In line with the valence-arousal conflict theory, arousal seems to affect participants' approach-withdrawal tendencies only when such tendencies are made explicit by the task, and a minimal degree of processing depth is required.}, language = {en} } @article{LugoQuitadamoBianchietal.2016, author = {Lugo, Zulay R. and Quitadamo, Lucia R. and Bianchi, Luigi and Pellas, Fr{\´e}deric and Veser, Sandra and Lesenfants, Damien and Real, Ruben G. L. and Herbert, Cornelia and Guger, Christoph and Kotchoubey, Boris and Mattia, Donatella and K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Laureys, Steven and Noirhomme, Quentin}, title = {Cognitive Processing in Non-Communicative Patients: What Can Event-Related Potentials Tell Us?}, series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, volume = {10}, journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, number = {569}, doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2016.00569}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165165}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Event-related potentials (ERP) have been proposed to improve the differential diagnosis of non-responsive patients. We investigated the potential of the P300 as a reliable marker of conscious processing in patients with locked-in syndrome (LIS). Eleven chronic LIS patients and 10 healthy subjects (HS) listened to a complex-tone auditory oddball paradigm, first in a passive condition (listen to the sounds) and then in an active condition (counting the deviant tones). Seven out of nine HS displayed a P300 waveform in the passive condition and all in the active condition. HS showed statistically significant changes in peak and area amplitude between conditions. Three out of seven LIS patients showed the P3 waveform in the passive condition and five of seven in the active condition. No changes in peak amplitude and only a significant difference at one electrode in area amplitude were observed in this group between conditions. We conclude that, in spite of keeping full consciousness and intact or nearly intact cortical functions, compared to HS, LIS patients present less reliable results when testing with ERP, specifically in the passive condition. We thus strongly recommend applying ERP paradigms in an active condition when evaluating consciousness in non-responsive patients.}, language = {en} } @article{ZhouAllisonKuebleretal.2016, author = {Zhou, Sijie and Allison, Brendan Z. and K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Cichocki, Andrzej and Wang, Xingyu and Jin, Jing}, title = {Effects of Background Music on Objective and Subjective Performance Measures in an Auditory BCI}, series = {Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience}, volume = {10}, journal = {Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience}, number = {105}, doi = {10.3389/fncom.2016.00105}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165101}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Several studies have explored brain computer interface (BCI) systems based on auditory stimuli, which could help patients with visual impairments. Usability and user satisfaction are important considerations in any BCI. Although background music can influence emotion and performance in other task environments, and many users may wish to listen to music while using a BCI, auditory, and other BCIs are typically studied without background music. Some work has explored the possibility of using polyphonic music in auditory BCI systems. However, this approach requires users with good musical skills, and has not been explored in online experiments. Our hypothesis was that an auditory BCI with background music would be preferred by subjects over a similar BCI without background music, without any difference in BCI performance. We introduce a simple paradigm (which does not require musical skill) using percussion instrument sound stimuli and background music, and evaluated it in both offline and online experiments. The result showed that subjects preferred the auditory BCI with background music. Different performance measures did not reveal any significant performance effect when comparing background music vs. no background. Since the addition of background music does not impair BCI performance but is preferred by users, auditory (and perhaps other) BCIs should consider including it. Our study also indicates that auditory BCIs can be effective even if the auditory channel is simultaneously otherwise engaged.}, language = {en} } @article{RieplMusselOsinskyetal.2016, author = {Riepl, Korbinian and Mussel, Patrick and Osinsky, Roman and Hewig, Johannes}, title = {Influences of State and Trait Affect on Behavior, Feedback-Related Negativity, and P3b in the Ultimatum Game}, series = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {11}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0146358}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147386}, pages = {e0146358}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The present study investigates how different emotions can alter social bargaining behavior. An important paradigm to study social bargaining is the Ultimatum Game. There, a proposer gets a pot of money and has to offer part of it to a responder. If the responder accepts, both players get the money as proposed by the proposer. If he rejects, none of the players gets anything. Rational choice models would predict that responders accept all offers above 0. However, evidence shows that responders typically reject a large proportion of all unfair offers. We analyzed participants' behavior when they played the Ultimatum Game as responders and simultaneously collected electroencephalogram data in order to quantify the feedback-related negativity and P3b components. We induced state affect (momentarily emotions unrelated to the task) via short movie clips and measured trait affect (longer-lasting emotional dispositions) via questionnaires. State happiness led to increased acceptance rates of very unfair offers. Regarding neurophysiology, we found that unfair offers elicited larger feedback-related negativity amplitudes than fair offers. Additionally, an interaction of state and trait affect occurred: high trait negative affect (subsuming a variety of aversive mood states) led to increased feedback-related negativity amplitudes when participants were in an angry mood, but not if they currently experienced fear or happiness. We discuss that increased rumination might be responsible for this result, which might not occur, however, when people experience happiness or fear. Apart from that, we found that fair offers elicited larger P3b components than unfair offers, which might reflect increased pleasure in response to fair offers. Moreover, high trait negative affect was associated with decreased P3b amplitudes, potentially reflecting decreased motivation to engage in activities. We discuss implications of our results in the light of theories and research on depression and anxiety.}, language = {en} } @article{MusselUlrichAllenetal.2016, author = {Mussel, Patrick and Ulrich, Nathalie and Allen, John J. B. and Osinsky, Roman and Hewig, Johannes}, title = {Patterns of theta oscillation reflect the neural basis of individual differences in epistemic motivation}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {6}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, doi = {10.1038/srep29245}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146957}, pages = {29245}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Theta oscillations in the EEG have been shown to reflect ongoing cognitive processes related to mental effort. Here, we show that the pattern of theta oscillation in response to varying cognitive demands reflects stable individual differences in the personality trait epistemic motivation: Individuals with high levels of epistemic motivation recruit relatively more cognitive resources in response to situations possessing high, compared to low, cognitive demand; individuals with low levels do not show such a specific response. Our results provide direct evidence for the theory of the construct need for cognition and add to our understanding of the neural processes underlying theta oscillations. More generally, we provide an explanation how individual differences in personality traits might be represented on a neural level.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Erle2016, author = {Erle, Thorsten Michael}, title = {A Grounded Approach to Psychological Perspective-Taking}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143247}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {„Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme" bezeichnet die F{\"a}higkeit des Menschen, sich in die Lage eines anderen hineinzuversetzen. In der psychologischen Forschung unterscheidet man drei Arten der Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme, n{\"a}mlich perzeptuelle (visuo-spatiale), affektive (Empathie) und kognitive (Theory of Mind). Die letztgenannten Arten der Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme werden oft als „psychologische Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme" zusammengefasst. Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Frage, ob diese verschiedenen Arten der Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme als theoretisch unterscheidbare Konstrukte oder lediglich als Facetten ein und desselben Konstrukts angesehen werden sollten. Die Befundlage in der psychologischen Fachliteratur ist diesbez{\"u}glich nicht eindeutig. W{\"a}hrend einige Autoren Korrelationen zwischen verschiedenen Arten der Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme f{\"u}r zu gering erachten, um ein einheitliches Konstrukt zu konstatieren, bewerten andere Autoren Korrelationen derselben Gr{\"o}ße als Evidenz hierf{\"u}r. Ein weniger arbitr{\"a}res Vorgehen w{\"a}re es, experimentalpsychologisch zugrunde liegende Mechanismen zu identifizieren, die allen Arten der Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme gemein sind, und zu untersuchen, ob eine Manipulation dieser Mechanismen abh{\"a}ngige Maße affektiver, kognitiver und perzeptueller Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme gleichermaßen beeinflusst. Diesem Ansatz folgend macht die vorliegende Arbeit die Annahme, dass die mentale Selbstrotation des K{\"o}rperschemas in die Position einer anderen Person, der zentrale Mechanismus visuo-spatialer Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme, ein gemeinsamer Mechanismus aller Arten der Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme ist. Entgegen fr{\"u}herer Ans{\"a}tze wird diese Einheit somit nicht nur {\"u}ber die zentrale gemeinsame Funktionalit{\"a}t aller Arten von Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme, also dem Verlassen des egozentrischen Referenzrahmens zugunsten einer (visuellen, affektiven oder kognitiven) Fremdperspektive, gerechtfertigt, sondern mit der Annahme eines gemeinsamen zugrundeliegenden Mechanismus. Daraus wird die einfache Hypothese abgeleitet, dass visuo-spatiale Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme zu psychologischen Konsequenzen f{\"u}hren kann. Dies wurde in 6 Experimenten getestet. In diesen Experimenten mussten die Probanden zun{\"a}chst immer die visuelle Perspektive einer anderen Person einnehmen. Hierzu sahen die Probanden eine Person, die mit zwei Objekten an einem Tisch sitzt. In jedem Durchgang mussten die Probanden sich entscheiden, mit welcher Hand diese Person eines der beiden Objekte greifen w{\"u}rde. Dabei wurde die Position der Zielperson so manipuliert, dass sie in der H{\"a}lfte der F{\"a}lle im selben visuo-spatialen Referenzrahmen wie der Proband saß, was Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme zur L{\"o}sung der Aufgabe obsolet machte, w{\"a}hrend sie sich in den verbleibenden Durchg{\"a}ngen in einem anderen visuo-spatialen Referenzrahmen befand, so dass die Probanden die visuelle Perspektive der Zielperson {\"u}bernehmen mussten um die Aufgabe korrekt zu l{\"o}sen. Nach jedem Durchgang wurde dem Ziel dieser visuo-spatialen Aufgabe eine psychologische Eigenschaft zugeschrieben. Dies geschah im Rahmen eines abgewandelten Paradigmas zur Untersuchung der Ankerheuristik. Hierzu wurde den Probanden nach jedem Durchgang der visuo-spatialen Aufgabe eine Sch{\"a}tzfrage gestellt. Zeitgleich wurde die Antwort des Ziels bekannt gegeben. Entsprechend der Haupthypothese, dass visuo-spatiale Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme psychologische Konsequenzen erzeugen kann, konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Probanden nach visuo-spatialer Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme in h{\"o}herem Maße die Gedanken der Zielperson {\"u}bernahmen. Dies konnte sowohl anhand der absoluten Gr{\"o}ße des Ankereffekts, als auch anhand der Differenz zwischen den Urteilen der Probanden und der Zielperson, gezeigt werden. Weitere Experimente schlossen Stichprobeneigenschaften, die verwendeten Stimuli oder die Aufgabenschwierigkeit als Alternativerkl{\"a}rungen f{\"u}r diese Effekte aus. Die beiden letzten Experimente zeigten zudem, dass dieser Effekt spezifisch f{\"u}r alle Konstellationen ist, in denen eine mentale Selbstrotation in die Zielperspektive notwendig war und dass die {\"U}bernahme fremder Gedanken mit einem Gef{\"u}hl von {\"A}hnlichkeit assoziiert war. Zusammengenommen unterst{\"u}tzen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit die theoretisch abgeleitete Sicht eines einheitlichen Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme-Konstrukts und grenzen dieses zus{\"a}tzlich von verwandten Konstrukten ab. In der abschließenden Diskussion werden die Bedeutung dieser Befunde f{\"u}r die Forschung in den Bereichen Empathie, Theory of Mind, und Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme und ebenfalls praktische Implikationen der Ergebnisse aufgezeigt.}, subject = {Perspektiven{\"u}bernahme}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Rodrigues2016, author = {Rodrigues, Johannes}, title = {Let me change your mind… Frontal brain activity in a virtual T-maze}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143280}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Frontal asymmetry, a construct invented by Richard Davidson, linking positive and negative valence as well as approach and withdrawal motivation to lateralized frontal brain activation has been investigated for over thirty years. The frontal activation patterns described as relevant were measured via alpha-band frequency activity (8-13 Hz) as a measurement of deactivation in electroencephalography (EEG) for homologous electrode pairs, especially for the electrode position F4/ F3 to account for the frontal relative lateralized brain activation. Three different theories about frontal activation patterns linked to motivational states were investigated in two studies. The valence theory of Davidson (1984; 1998a; 1998b) and its extension to the motivational direction theory by Harmon-Jones and Allen (1998) refers to the approach motivation with relative left frontal brain activity (indicated by relative right frontal alpha activity) and to withdrawal motivation with relative right frontal brain activation (indicated by relative left frontal alpha activity). The second theory proposed by Hewig and colleagues (2004; 2005; 2006) integrates the findings of Davidson and Harmon - Jones and Allen with the reinforcement sensitivity theory of Jeffrey A. Gray (1982, 1991). Hewig sees the lateralized frontal approach system and withdrawal system proposed by Davidson as subsystems of the behavioral activation system proposed by Gray and bilateral frontal activation as a biological marker for the behavioral activation system. The third theory investigated in the present studies is the theory from Wacker and colleagues (2003; 2008; 2010) where the frontal asymmetrical brain activation patterns are linked to the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory of Gray and McNaughton (2000). Here, right frontal brain activity (indicated by lower relative right frontal alpha activity) accounts for conflict, behavioral inhibition and activity of the revised behavioral inhibition system, while left frontal brain activation (indicated by lower relative left frontal alpha activity) stands for active behavior and the activity of the revised behavioral activation system as well as the activation of the revised flight fight freezing system. In order to investigate these three theories, a virtual reality T-maze paradigm was introduced to evoke motivational states in the participants, offering the opportunity to measure frontal brain activation patterns via EEG and behavior simultaneously in the first study. In the second study the virtual reality paradigm was additionally compared to mental imagery and a movie paradigm, two well-known state inducing paradigms in the research field of frontal asymmetry. In the two studies, there was confirming evidence for the theory of Hewig and colleages (2004; 2005; 2006), showing higher bilateral frontal activation for active behavior and lateralized frontal activation patterns for approach (left frontal brain activation) and avoidance (right frontal brain activation) behavior. Additionally a limitation for the capability model of anterior brain asymmetry proposed by Coan and colleagues (2006), where the frontal asymmetry should be dependent on the relevant traits driving the frontal asymmetry pattern if a relevant situation occurs, could be found. As the very intense virtual reality paradigm did not lead to a difference of frontal brain activation patterns compared to the mental imagery paradigm or the movie paradigm for the traits of the participants, the trait dependency of the frontal asymmetry in a relevant situation might not be given, if the intensity of the situation exceeds a certain level. Nevertheless there was an influence of the traits in the virtual reality T-maze paradigm, because the shown behavior in the maze was trait-dependent. The implications of the findings are multifarious, leading from possible objective personality testing via diversification of the virtual reality paradigm to even clinical implications for depression treatments based on changes in the lateralized frontal brain activation patterns for changes in the motivational aspects, but also for changes in bilateral frontal brain activation when it comes to the drive and preparedness for action in patients. Finally, with the limitation of the capability model, additional variance in the different findings about frontal asymmetry can be explained by taking the intensity of a state manipulation into account.}, subject = {Electroencephalographie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pieczykolan2016, author = {Pieczykolan, Aleksandra}, title = {Cross-Modal Action Control}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142356}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Multitasking als allgegenw{\"a}rtiges Ph{\"a}nomen wird heutzutage in verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird Multitasking aus der Perspektive der kognitiven Verhaltenswissenschaften beleuchtet mit dem Fokus auf der Rolle von Konfliktl{\"o}sungs- prozessen bei der Verarbeitung von Mehrfacht{\"a}tigkeiten. Insbesondere liegt der Fokus auf kognitiven Mechanismen der crossmodalen Handlungskontrolle, d.h. der Kontrolle von zwei Handlungen in verschiedenen Effektorsystemen. Mit dem Ziel, den bisherigen Umfang derjenigen Handlungsmodalit{\"a}ten zu erweitern, die {\"u}blicherweise in Studien eingesetzt wurden, wurden okulomotorische Reaktionen (d.h. Sakkaden), die bisher als Handlungsmodalit{\"a}t in der Forschung vernachl{\"a}ssigt wurden, in Kombination mit Reaktionen in anderen Efffektorsystemen untersucht (d.h. mit manuellen und vokalen Reaktionen). Weiterhin wurde beabsichtigt, Mechanismen von Crosstalk zu spezifizieren, welches ein Erkl{\"a}rungskonzept darstellt, das sich auf den Aufgabeninhalt bezieht. Crosstalk erscheint besonders relevant f{\"u}r crossmodale Handlungen, da sich Handlungsmodalit{\"a}ten vor allem bez{\"u}glich ihrer Reaktionsmerkmale unterscheiden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden vier Studien berichtet, die auf jeweils zwei oder drei Experimenten beruhen. In Studie A wurden crossmodale Doppelreaktionen auf einen einzelnen Stimulus untersucht mit der Fragestellung, wie sich das Zusammenspiel des Vorhandenseins von Reaktionsalternativen und der Kompatibilit{\"a}t zwischen Reaktionen (also dem Crosstalkpotential) auswirkt. In drei Experimenten zeigte sich, dass Crosstalk in mehrere Komponenten dissoziiert werden kann, n{\"a}mlich eine Komponente, die auf der aktuellen Konfliktst{\"a}rke (Online-Crosstalk) basiert, und eine ged{\"a}chtnisbasierte Komponente, die entweder durch Restaktivit{\"a}t vergangener Handlungsanforderungen bestimmt wird (retrospektiver Crosstalk), oder durch Vorbereitung auf zuk{\"u}nftige Handlungsanforderungen (prospektiver Crosstalk). Studie B lieferte Evidenz daf{\"u}r, dass okulomotorische Reaktionen sowohl struktureller als auch inhaltsbasierte Interferenz unterliegen. In drei Experimenten wurde das Paradigma zeitlich {\"u}berlappender Aufgaben verwendet, bei dem zwei Stimuli mit zeitlichem Versatz pr{\"a}sentiert wurden, auf die jeweils mit einer okulomotorischen und einer manuellen Handlung reagiert werden musste. Dabei wurden sowohl Hinweise auf einen seriellen als auch auf einen parallelen Verarbeitungsmodus gefunden. Weiterhin deuteten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass abh{\"a}ngig von der Aufgabenkompatibilit{\"a}t zwischen diesen Verarbeitungsmodi gewechselt wurde, d.h. zu eher paralleler Verarbeitung bei kompatiblen Aufgabenanforderungen und zu eher serieller Verarbeitung bei inkompatiblen Aufgabenanforderungen. In Studie C wurden Verarbeitungspriorit{\"a}ten zwischen Effektorsystemen untersucht. In zwei Experimenten zeigte sich, dass das zuvor berichtete Verarbeitungsdominanzmuster repliziert werden konnte, bei der okulomotorische Reaktionen vokale Reaktionen dominieren und diese wiederum manuelle Reaktionen dominieren. Die relative St{\"a}rke der Dominanz konnte allerdings bei vorhandenem Reaktionskonflikt angepasst werden. Die Verarbeitungspriorit{\"a}ten wurden hierbei zum Teil in Richtung derjenigen Reaktion verschoben, in der bereits ein Konflikt im Bezug auf die Kompatibilit{\"a}t zwischen Stimulus und Reaktion gel{\"o}st werden musste. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass Verarbeitungspriorit{\"a}ten flexibel an die spezifischen Handlungsanforderungen angepasst werden k{\"o}nnen. Studie D besch{\"a}ftigte sich mit einem bisher weitgehend vernachl{\"a}ssigten Bereich innerhalb der Doppelaufgabenforschung, n{\"a}mlich der Kontrolle der zeitlichen Reaktionsreihenfolge. In einer drei Experimente umfassenden Untersuchung wurden mehrere Faktoren variiert, die sich in fr{\"u}heren Studien bereits als relevant f{\"u}r Mechanismen der Doppelaufgabeninterferenz gezeigt haben. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde gezeigt, dass die finale Reaktionsreihenfolge in einem Handlungsdurchgang das Ergebnis eines kontinuierlichen Anpassungsprozesses ist, welcher auf dem Zusammenspiel mehrerer top-down-Faktoren, z.B. der Antizipation von Reaktionsmerkmalen, und mehrerer bottom-up-Faktoren, wie z.B. der Stimulusreihenfolge oder der Aufgabenkompatibilit{\"a}t, basiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert somit einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Fortschritt des Verst{\"a}ndnisses der Verarbeitung komplexer Handlungsanforderungen aus der Perspektive crossmodaler Handlungen. Insbesondere wurden Spezifikationen f{\"u}r Mechanismen der Effektorpriorisierung und der Kontrolle der Reaktionsreihenfolge als auch eine neuartige Taxonomie von Crosstalk vorgestellt, welche als umfassende Rahmenvorstellung zur Erkl{\"a}rung von Interferenzmechanismen bei Kontrollprozessen von Mehrfachanforderungen dienlich sein kann.}, subject = {Kognition}, language = {en} }