@phdthesis{Hanio2024,
  author    = {Hanio, Simon},
  title     = {The impact of bile on intestinal permeability of drug substances},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-34890},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-348906},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Most medicines are taken orally. To enter the systemic circulation, they dissolve in the intestinal fluid, cross the epithelial barrier, and pass through the liver. Intestinal absorption is driven by the unique features of the gastrointestinal tract, including the bile colloids formed in the lumen and the mucus layer covering the intestinal epithelium. Neglecting this multifaceted environment can lead to poor drug development decisions, especially for poorly water-soluble drugs that interact with bile and mucus. However, there is a lack of a rationale nexus of molecular interactions between oral medicines and gastrointestinal components with drug bioavailability. Against this background, this thesis aims to develop biopharmaceutical strategies to optimize the presentation of oral therapeutics to the intestinal epithelial barrier. In Chapter 1, the dynamics of bile colloids upon solubilization of the poorly-water soluble drug Perphenazine was studied. Perphenazine impacted molecular arrangement, structure, binding thermodynamics, and induced a morphological transition from vesicles to worm-like micelles. Despite these dynamics, the bile colloids ensured stable relative amounts of free drug substance. The chapter was published in Langmuir. Chapter 2 examined the impact of pharmaceutical polymeric excipients on bile-mediated drug solubilization. Perphenazine and Imatinib were introduced as model compounds interacting with bile, whereas Metoprolol did not. Some polymers altered the arrangement and geometry of bile colloids, thereby affecting the molecularly soluble amount of those drugs interacting with bile. These insights into the bile-drug-excipient interplay provide a blueprint to optimizing formulations leveraging bile solubilization. The chapter was published in Journal of Controlled Release. Chapter 3 deals with the impact of bile on porcine intestinal mucus. Mucus exposed to bile solution changed transiently, it stiffened, and the overall diffusion rate increased. The bile-induced changes eased the transport of the bile-interacting drug substance Fluphenazine, whereas Metoprolol was unaffected. This dichotomous pattern was linked to bioavailability in rats and generalized based on two previously published data sets. The outcomes point to a bile-mucus interaction relevant to drug delivery. The chapter is submitted. The Appendix provides a guide for biopharmaceutical characterization of drug substances by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy aiming at establishing a predictive algorithm. In summary, this thesis deciphers bile-driven mechanisms shaping intestinal drug absorption. Based on these molecular insights, pharmaceuticals can be developed along a biopharmaceutical optimization, ultimately leading to better oral drugs of tomorrow.},
  subject      = {Solubilisation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtHolzgrabe2024,
  author    = {Schmidt, Sebastian and Holzgrabe, Ulrike},
  title     = {Do the enantiomers of ketamine bind enantioselectively to human serum albumin?},
  series = {European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences},
  volume    = {192},
  journal   = {European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106640},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349791},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The binding of drugs to plasma proteins is an important process in the human body and has a significant influence on pharmacokinetic parameter. Human serum albumin (HSA) has the most important function as a transporter protein. The binding of ketamine to HSA has already been described in literature, but only of the racemate. The enantiomerically pure S-ketamine is used as injection solution for induction of anesthesia and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the therapy of severe depression as a nasal spray in 2019. The question arises if there is enantioselective binding to HSA. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate whether there is enantioselective binding of S-and R-ketamine to HSA or not. Ultrafiltration (UF) followed by chiral capillary electrophoretic analysis was used to determine the extent of protein binding. Bound fraction to HSA was 71.2 \% and 64.9 \% for enantiomerically pure R- and S-ketamine, respectively, and 66.5 \% for the racemate. Detailed binding properties were studied by Saturation Transfer Difference (STD)-, waterLOGSY- and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG)-NMR spectroscopy. With all three methods, the aromatic ring and the N-methyl group could be identified as the structural moieties most strongly involved in binding of ketamine to HSA. pK\(_{aff}\) values determined using UF and NMR indicate that ketamine is a weak affinity ligand to HSA and no significant differences in binding behavior were found between the individual enantiomers and the racemate.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WillemsDettaBaldinietal.2024,
  author    = {Willems, Suzanne and Detta, Elena and Baldini, Lorenzo and Tietz, Deniz and Trabocchi, Andrea and Brunschweiger, Andreas},
  title     = {Diversifying DNA-tagged amines by isocyanide multicomponent reactions for DNA-encoded library synthesis},
  series = {ACS Omega},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {ACS Omega},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {2470-1343},
  doi       = {10.1021/acsomega.3c07136},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349809},
  pages     = {7719-7724},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In DNA-encoded library synthesis, amine-substituted building blocks are prevalent. We explored isocyanide multicomponent reactions to diversify DNA-tagged amines and reported the Ugi-azide reaction with high yields and a good substrate scope. In addition, the Ugi-aza-Wittig reaction and the Ugi-4-center-3-component reaction, which used bifunctional carboxylic acids to provide lactams, were explored. Five-, six-, and seven-membered lactams were synthesized from solid support-coupled DNA-tagged amines and bifunctional building blocks, providing access to structurally diverse scaffolds.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Triyasmono2024,
  author    = {Triyasmono, Liling},
  title     = {Development and Application of Quantitative \(^1\)H NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for Quality Determination of Red Fruit (\(Pandanus\) \(conoideus\), Lam.) Oil},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30272},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-302726},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, a new approach of a qNMR method has been investigated to demonstrate the reliability and importance of this method as an alternative solution for analyzing oil quality parameters, especially in RFO, which has particular characteristics (red color). This study also includes the chemometric evaluation of spectral data for authentication, visual grouping, and prediction of RFO quality based on the degree of unsaturation, FFA value, and unsaturated fatty acid content. The analytical measurement procedure of NMR spectroscopy begins with optimization of the analytical acquisition parameters, including effect of solvent, effect of sample concentration, selection of appropriate internal standards, determination of T1, and method validation. Furthermore, the results of the method development were interpreted to RFO samples evaluation, which began with determining the assignment of signal spectra for the determination of AV, SV, EV, and IV simultaneously with: the hydrolysis approach and standard addition of palmitic acid.},
  subject      = {NMR-Spektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Seitzer2024,
  author    = {Seitzer, Moritz},
  title     = {Quality and composition of anthelmintic medicines available in Eastern and Western Africa: an \({in-vitro}\) analysis of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35094},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-350947},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Even though the international combat against Neglected Tropical Diseases such as schistosomiasis or soil-transmitted helminthiases depends on reliable therapeutics, anthelminthic pharmacovigilance has been neglected on many national African drug markets. Therefore, quality and composition of 88 different batches of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel locally collected from randomly selected facilities in Western Burkina Faso, Southeast C{\^o}te d'Ivoire, Southwest Ghana and Northwest Tanzania were analysed. Visual examination of both packaging and samples was performed according to the WHO 'Be Aware' tool. Products were then screened with the GPHF Minilab, consisting of tests of mass uniformity, disintegration times and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Confirmatory tests were performed according to international pharmacopoeiae, applying assays for dissolution profiles and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Despite minor irregularities, appearance of the products did not hint at falsified medicines. However, 19.6 \% of the brands collected in Ghana and Tanzania were not officially licensed for sale. Mass uniformity was confirmed in 53 out of 58 brands of tablets. 41 out of 56 products passed disintegration times; 10 out of the 15 failing products did not disintegrate at all. TLC results did not reveal any falsifications or pronounced dosing errors. HPLC findings confirmed the TLC results despite shifted specification limits: ten of the 83 tested batches contained less than 90 \%, none more than 110 \% label claim. However, no more than 46.3 \% (31 / 67) of the tablet batches assayed passed the respective criteria for dissolution. In the four study countries, no falsified anthelminthic medicine was encountered. The active pharmaceutical ingredient was not found to either exceed or distinctively fall below specification limits. Galenic characteristics as most critical criteria however, especially dissolution profiles, revealed substantial deficits.},
  subject      = {Wurmmittel},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Werthmueller2024,
  author    = {Werthm{\"u}ller, Dominic Pascal},
  title     = {Relevance of bioaccessibility for the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29920},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-299200},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Poor or variable oral bioavailability is of major concern regarding safety and efficacy for the treatment of patients with poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSDs). The problem statement of this work involves a pharmaceutical development perspective, the physicochemical basis of the absorption process and physiological / biopharmaceutical aspects. A methodology was developed aiming at closing the gap between drug liberation and dissolution on the one hand and the appearance of drug in the blood on the other. Considering what is out of control from a formulation development perspective, a clear differentiation between bioavailability and bioaccessibility was necessary. Focusing on the absorption process, bioaccessibility of a model compound, a poorly soluble but well permeable weak base, was characterized by means of flux across artificial biomimetic membranes. Such setups can be considered to reasonably mimic relevant oral absorption resistances in vitro in terms of diffusion through an unstirred water layer (UWL) and a lipidic barrier. Mechanistic understanding of the driving force for permeation was gained by differentiating drug species and subsequently linking them to the observed transfer rates using a bioaccessibility concept. The three key species that need to be differentiated are molecularly dissolved drug, drug associated in solution with other components (liquid reservoir) and undissolved drug (solid reservoir). An innovative approach to differentiate molecularly dissolved drug from the liquid reservoir using ultracentrifugation in combination with dynamic light scattering as control is presented. A guidance for rational formulation development of PWSDs is elaborated based on the employed model compound. It is structured into five guiding questions to help drug formulation scientists in selecting drug form, excipients and eventually the formulation principle. Overall, the relevance but also limitations of characterizing bioaccessibility were outlined with respect to practical application e.g. in early drug formulation development.},
  subject      = {Bioverf{\"u}gbarkeit},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Leistner2023,
  author    = {Leistner, Adrian Dieter},
  title     = {Improving the quality analysis of monographed drugs - dapsone, baclofen, acarbose and other selected APIs},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30331},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-303318},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {All presented studies aimed on the improvement of the quality analysis of already monographed drugs. Thereby different LC methods were applied and coupled to i.e., the UV/VIS detector, the CAD or a hyphenation of these detectors, respectively. The choice of the chromatographic system including the detector was largely dependent on the physicochemical properties of the respective analytes. With the risk-assessment report on the API cetirizine we presented an exemplary tool, that can help to minimize the risk of the occurrence of unexpected impurities. An in- deep analysis of each step within synthesis pathway by means of reaction matrices of all compounds was performed. It is essential to understand the complete impurity profile of all reactants, solvents, and catalysts and to include them in the matrix. Finally, the API of this synthesis was checked if all impurities are identified by this tool. Of note, a shortcoming of such a targeted approach is that impurities can still occur, but they are not captured. This disadvantage can be partially compensated by non-targeted approaches if they are performed in parallel with the other studies that represent most of the impurities. However, this work also shows that even in a supposedly simple synthesis, potentially hundreds of by-products can be formed. For each of them, it must be decided individually whether their formation is probable or how their quantity can be minimized in order to obtain APIs, that are as pure as possible. In the dapsone project it was aimed to replace the existing old Ph. Eur. TLC method with a modern RP-HPLC method. This was successful and since Ph. Eur. 10.6, the method developed in this work, became a valid monograph. Within the revision process of the monograph, the individual limits for impurities were tightened. However, this new method needs HPLC instrumentation, suitable to perform gradients. As this is not always available in all control laboratories, we also developed an alternative, more simple method using two different isocratic runs for the impurity analysis. The obtained batch results of both, the new pharmacopoeial method and the more simple one, were in a comparable order of magnitude. Furthermore, within the method development stage of the Ph. Eur. method, we could identify one unknown impurity of the impurity reference by high-resolution MS/MS analysis. Also, in the baclofen project it was aimed to replace the existing Ph. Eur. method with the introduction of an additional impurity to be quantified. A corresponding method was developed and validated. However, due to the harmonization process of the pharmacopoeias, it is currently not used. In addition, we tried to find further, non- 116 SUMMARY chromophoric impurities by means of the CAD. However, except for one counterion of an impurity, no further impurities were found. Also, the aforementioned new impurity could not be detected above the reporting threshold in the batches analyzed. As the only individually specified impurity A is also present at a low level, it can be concluded that the examined batches of baclofen are very pure. The use of universal detectors, such as the CAD can be particularly interesting for compounds with no chromophore or those with only a weak chromophore. Therefore, we decided to take a closer look at the impurity profile of acarbose. Currently, acarbose and its impurities are being studied by low wavelength UV detection at 210 nm. Therefore, the question arose whether there are no other impurities in the API that do not show absorption at this wavelength. CAD, which offers consistent detection properties for all non-volatile compounds, is ideally suited for this purpose. However, it was not so easy to use the CAD together with the UV detector, for example, as a hyphenated detection technique, because the Ph. Eur. method uses phosphate buffers. However, this is non-volatile and therefore inappropriate for the CAD. Therefore, an attempt was made to replace the buffer with a volatile one. However, since this did not lead to satisfactory results and rather the self-degradation process of the stationary phase used could be observed by means of the CAD, it was decided to switch to alternative stationary phases. A column screening also revealed further difficulties with acarbose and its impurities: they show an epimerization reaction at the end of the sugar chain. However, since one wanted to have uniform peaks in the corresponding chromatograms, one had to accelerate this reaction significantly to obtain only one peak for each component. This was best achieved by using two stationary phases: PGC and Amide-HILIC. Impurity-profiling methods could be developed on each of the two phases. In addition, as expected, new impurities could be detected, albeit at a low level. Two of them could even be identified by spiking experiments as the sugar fragments maltose and maltotriose. Taken together, it can be concluded, that this work has contributed significantly to the improvement of the quality analysis of monographed drugs. In addition to the presented general tool for the identification of potential impurities, one of the methods developed, had already been implemented to the Ph. Eur. In an effort to improve the CAD's universal detection capabilities, additional methods have also been developed. Further, new improved methods for the impurity profiling are ready to use.},
  subject      = {Instrumentelle Analytik},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DieboldSchoenemannEilersetal.2023,
  author    = {Diebold, Mathias and Sch{\"o}nemann, Lars and Eilers, Martin and Sotriffer, Christoph and Schindelin, Hermann},
  title     = {Crystal structure of a covalently linked Aurora-A-MYCN complex},
  series = {Acta Crystallographica},
  volume    = {D79},
  journal   = {Acta Crystallographica},
  doi       = {10.1107/s2059798322011433},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318855},
  pages     = {1 -- 9},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Formation of the Aurora-A-MYCN complex increases levels of the oncogenic transcription factor MYCN in neuroblastoma cells by abrogating its degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome system. While some small-molecule inhibitors of Aurora-A were shown to destabilize MYCN, clinical trials have not been satisfactory to date. MYCN itself is considered to be `undruggable' due to its large intrinsically disordered regions. Targeting the Aurora-A-MYCN complex rather than Aurora-A or MYCN alone will open new possibilities for drug development and screening campaigns. To overcome the challenges that a ternary system composed of Aurora-A, MYCN and a small molecule entails, a covalently cross-linked construct of the Aurora-A-MYCN complex was designed, expressed and characterized, thus enabling screening and design campaigns to identify selective binders.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CataldiRaschigGutmannetal.2023,
  author    = {Cataldi, Eleonora and Raschig, Martina and Gutmann, Marcus and Geppert, Patrick T. and Ruopp, Matthias and Schock, Marvin and Gerwe, Hubert and Bertermann, R{\"u}diger and Meinel, Lorenz and Finze, Maik and Nowak-Kr{\´o}l, Agnieszka and Decker, Michael and L{\"u}hmann, Tessa},
  title     = {Amber Light Control of Peptide Secondary Structure by a Perfluoroaromatic Azobenzene Photoswitch},
  series = {ChemBioChem},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {ChemBioChem},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1002/cbic.202200570},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312480},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The incorporation of photoswitches into the molecular structure of peptides and proteins enables their dynamic photocontrol in complex biological systems. Here, a perfluorinated azobenzene derivative triggered by amber light was site-specifically conjugated to cysteines in a helical peptide by perfluoroarylation chemistry. In response to the photoisomerization (trans→cis) of the conjugated azobenzene with amber light, the secondary structure of the peptide was modulated from a disorganized into an amphiphilic helical structure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jaud2023,
  author    = {Jaud, Tobias Armin},
  title     = {Application based personalized food choices and health sustainment: scientific background and investigation of biomarkers in human tissue specimens},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29864},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-298646},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Dietary fatty acids serve as objective biomarkers for the estimation of habitual diet mainly because biomarkers are free of memory bias or inaccuracies of food databases. The aim of the present work encompassed the implementation of a gas chromatographical method coupled with a mass spectrometrical and flame-ionization detector for analysis of fatty acid biomarkers in human biospecimens, their analytical determination and statistical evaluation in two different study populations and different biospecimens as well as the elaboration of adverse reactions to food ingredients with special focus on food allergies and food intolerances in the context of a possible implementation into an application for consumer health. The first aim was the identification of potential influence of fatty acid biomarkers on desaturase and elongase indexes (Δ9DI, Δ6DI, Δ5DI and ELOVLI5), which are factors in type 2 diabetes risk, in breast adipose tissue from healthy women. Influence of further variables on respective indexes was also investigated. 40 samples were investigated and potential variables were either collected by questionnaire or determined. Principle component analysis was applied for fatty acid biomarkers (PCdiet1, PCdiet2 and PCdiet3 representative for the dietary intake of vegetable oils/nuts, fish and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils), endogenous estrogens (PCE1) and oxysterols (PCOxy1). Multiple linear regression models were applied. Δ9DI and Δ6DI were influenced non-significantly and significantly negatively by PCdiet2 supporting a putative beneficial effect of vegetable oils and nuts on type 2 diabetes risk factors. ELOVLI5 and Δ5DI were influenced significantly and non-significantly positively by PCdiet1 supporting a putative beneficial effect of fish consumption on type 2 diabetes risk factors. On the other hand, PCdiet1 also significantly and non-significantly positively influenced Δ9DI and Δ6DI supporting a putative adverse effect of fish biomarkers on type 2 diabetes risk factors. The opposing influences of PCdiet1 suggesting an ambivalent role of dietary intake of fish on investigated indexes. Δ6DI was significantly positively influenced by PCdiet3 and number of pregnancies supporting a putative adverse effect of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and pregnancies on type 2 diabetes risk factors. Lifestyle factors like smoking significantly and non-significantly influenced Δ9DI and Δ6DI putatively adversely. Δ5DI was influenced significantly positively by estrogen active drugs suggesting a putative beneficial effect on type 2 diabetes risk factors. It must be considered that a variation coefficient of up to 0.44 only explained 44\% of variance of the respective indexes, suggesting other influencing factors might play a role. The second aim was the implementation of a gas chromatographical method coupled with a mass spectrometrical and flame-ionization detector for analysis of fatty acid biomarkers in human biospecimens. The method was optimized for separation and detection of 40 fatty acids. Mean recovery for tridecanoic acid was x(tridecanoic acid) = 90.51\% and for nonadecanoic acid x(nonadecanoic acid) = 96.21\%. Thus, there was no significant loss of fatty acids with shorter and longer carbon chains over the extraction process to be expected. Limit of detections were calculated in adipose tissue samples and ranged from 0.007 to 0.077\% of the proportion of the respective fatty acid to total fatty acids. The third aim was the investigation if differentiation between breast glandular and adipose tissue had a relevant impact on the analysis of dietary fatty acid biomarkers or if contamination of breast glandular with breast adipose tissue and vice versa was neglectable for the analysis of dietary fatty acid biomarkers. No statistical significant differences were observed for all investigated fatty acid biomarkers (pentadecanoic-, heptadecanoic-, trans palmitoleic-, eicosapentaenoic-, docosahexaenoic-, linoleic and α-linolenic acid) between breast glandular and adipose tissue. Thus, differentiation between breast glandular and adipose tissue seems not to be necessary for the analysis of fatty acids serving as biomarkers for the intake of specific food groups. Potential influence of mixed breast tissue on fatty acid biomarkers analysis seems to be neglectable. The fourth aim was the determination of fatty acid biomarkers in adipose tissue in another study population from healthy participants. 27 adipose tissue samples were analyzed. Milk and ruminant fat biomarkers exhibited proportions of 0.47\% for pentadecanoic acid, 0.34\% for heptadecanoic acid and 0.25\% for trans palmitoleic acid. Fish fatty acid biomarkers revealed proportions of 0.034\% for eicosapentaenoic acid and 0.061\% for docosahexaenoic acid. The mean proportion of vegetable oils and nuts biomarkers were 9.58\% for linoleic acid and 0.48\% for α-linolenic acid in all adipose tissues. Principle component analysis was applied for the fatty acid biomarkers to provide objective markers of habitual diet for this study population. PCdiet1 was mainly characterized by pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid and trans palmitoleic acid and therefore served as a principle component for the dietary intake of milk and ruminant fat. PCdiet2 and PCdiet3 only exhibited pattern for ω3 and ω6 fatty acids but not for dietary intake of specific food groups and could therefore not used as objective marker. PCdiet1, 2 and 3 explained 82.76\% of variance. The last aim of this thesis was the elaboration of adverse reactions to food ingredients with special focus on food allergies and food intolerances in the context of a possible implementation into an application for consumer health. Scientific information on adverse reactions to food ingredients and trigger substances was provided in this thesis and possible implementation strategies were evaluated. For food allergens, which have regulatory requirements in the context of labelling, a strategy was elaborated, where it is necessary to provide information on the list of ingredients, the nexus 'contain' and the respective food allergen as well as information on the name of the product. For food intolerances, which do not have regulatory requirements, limits were shown in the context of the application. If the elaborated food intolerances shall be implemented into the application, a professional dietary concept has to be developed for every food intolerance because of the complexity of the implementation.},
  subject      = {Lebensmittelchemie},
  language  = {en}
}