@phdthesis{Gorbunov2008,
  author    = {Gorbunov, Dmitry},
  title     = {Rat organic cation transporter 1 (rOCT1): investigation of conformational changes and ligand binding},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32645},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCTs) of the SLC22 family mediate downhill transport of organic cations and play an essential role in excretion and distribution of endogenous organic cations and for the uptake, elimination and distribution of cationic drugs and toxins. Although physiological and pharmacological significance of OCTs is widely accepted, many questions concerning structure and transport mechanism still remain open. To investigate conformational changes of the rat OCT1 during transport cycle, voltage-clamp fluorometry was performed with a cysteine-deprived mutant in which phenylalanine 483 in transmembrane helix (TMH) 11 close to the extracellular surface was replaced by cysteine and covalently labeled with tetramethylrhodamine-6-maleimide. Potential-dependent fluorescence changes were observed that were sensitive to the presence of substrates choline, tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), and of the contransported inhibitor tetrabutylammonium (TBuA). The data suggest that the transporter undergoes conformational changes in voltage- and substrate-dependent manner which are compatible with alternating access mechanism. Using potential-dependent fluorescence changes as readout, one high-affinity binding site per substrate and two highaffinity binding sites for TBuA were identified in addition to the previously described single interaction sites. Coexisting high-affinity cation binding sites in organic cation transporters may collect xenobiotics and drugs; however, translocation of organic cations across the membrane may only be induced when a low-affinity cation binding site is loaded. Whereas high-affinity binding of TBuA has no effect on cation uptake by wildtype rat OCT1, replacement by cysteine or serine of amino acids W147, F483, and F486 located in a modeled contact region between TMH2 and TMH11 outside the binding pocket leads to inhibition of MPP or TEA uptake. Thus, mutations of amino acids in transport relevant key positions, which can be distinct from the cation binding region, may transform noninhibitory highaffinity binding sites of high-affinity inhibition sites and thereby cause adverse drug reactions in patients.},
  subject      = {Kationentransporter 1 der Ratte},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Neveling2007,
  author    = {Neveling, Kornelia},
  title     = {Molecular causes and consequences of genetic instability with respect to the FA/BRCA Caretaker Pathway},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27383},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {In the context of this thesis, I investigated the molecular causes and functional consequences of genetic instability using a human inherited disease, Fanconi anemia. FA patients display a highly variable clinical phenotype, including congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure and a high cancer risk. The FA cellular phenotype is characterized by spontaneous and inducible chromosomal instability, and a typical S/G2 phase arrest after exposure to DNA-damaging agents. So far, 13 genes have been identified, whose biallelic (or, in the case of X-linked FANCB, hemizygous) mutations cause this multisystem disorder. The FA proteins interact in a multiprotein network, instrumental and essential in the cellular response to DNA damage. A more comprehensive summary of Fanconi anemia and its myriad clinical, cellular and molecular manifestations is provided in the introduction section of this thesis. The results of my experimental work are presented as published papers and manuscripts ready to be submitted. In the first publication, I investigated the connection between FA genes and bladder tumors. The question I tried to answer was whether a disruption of the FA/BRCA pathway may be a frequent and possibly causal event in bladder cancer, explaining the hypersensitivity of these cells to DNA-crosslinking agents. On the basis of my experimental data I arrived at the conclusion that disruption of the FA/BRCA pathway might be detrimental rather than advantageous for the majority tumor types by rendering them vulnerable towards DNA damaging agents and oxidative stress. The second publication deals with the gene coding for the core complex protein FANCE and tries to answer the question why FANCE is so rarely affected among FA-patients. The conclusion from these studies is that like FANCF, FANCE functions as a probable adaptor protein with a high tolerance towards amino acid substitutions which would explain the relative rareness of FA-E patients. I have also investigated the FANCL gene whose product functions as the catalytic subunit of the E3 ligase. The third publication addresses this issue by providing the first comprehensive description of genetic alterations and phenotypic manifestations in a series of three FA-L patients. The results of my study show that genetic alterations of FANCL are compatible with survival, these alterations may include large deletions such as so far common only in the FANCA gene, FA-L phenotypes can be mild to severe, and FANCL belongs to the group of FA genes that may undergo somatic reversion. The central protein of the FA/BRCA network, FANCD2, is the subject of the fourth publication presented in this thesis. Most importantly, we were able to show that there are no biallelic null mutations in FANCD2. Correspondingly, residual protein of both FANCD2-isotypes (FANCD2-S and FANCD2-L) was present in all available patient cell lines. This suggests that complete abrogation of the FANCD2 protein cannot be tolerated and causes early embryonic lethality. There are at least three FA proteins that are not required for the posttranslational modification of FANCD2. One of these proteins is the 5'-3' helicase BRIP1 (BRCA1-interacting protein 1), a protein that interacts directly with the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1. I participated in the identification of BRIP1 as the FA protein FANCJ. This discovery is described in the fifth publication of this thesis. The newly discovered protein BRIP1/FANCJ seems to act as one of the mediators of genomic maintenance downstream of FANCD2. Another protein identified downstream of FANCD2 is PALB2. PALB2 was originally discovered as "partner and localizer of BRCA2". In a candidate gene approach we tested patients with early childhood cancers but without mutations in BRCA2 for mutations in PALB2 (publication 6). PALB2 was identified as a novel FA gene and designated FANCN. FA-N patients are very severely affected. The last publication included in my thesis describes the identification of the FA gene FANCI as the second monoubiquitinated member of the FA/BRCA pathway (publication 7). We identified biallelic mutations in KIAA1794 in four FA patients, thus proving the genuine FA-nature of this candidate sequence. The general discussion provides a synopsis of the results and conclusions of my work with the state of art of FA research.},
  subject      = {Fanconi-An{\"a}mie},
  language  = {en}
}