@article{LandmannHennigIgnat'evetal.2017,
  author    = {Landmann, Johannes and Hennig, Philipp T. and Ignat'ev, Nikolai V. and Finze, Maik},
  title     = {Borylation of fluorinated arenes using the boron centred nucleophile B(CN)\(_{3}\)\(^{2-}\) - a unique entry to aryltricyanoborates},
  series = {Chemical Science},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Chemical Science},
  number    = {9},
  doi       = {10.1039/c7sc02249b},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170417},
  pages     = {5962-5968},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The potassium salt of the boron-centred nucleophile B(CN)\(_{3}\)\(^{2-}\)(1) readily reacts with perfluorinated arenes, such as hexafluorobenzene, decafluorobiphenyl, octafluoronaphthalene and pentafluoropyridine, which results in KF and the K\(^{+}\) salts of the respective borate anions with one {B(CN)\(_{3}\)} unit bonded to the (hetero)arene. An excess of K\(_{2}\)1 leads to the successive reaction of two or, in the case of perfluoropyridine, even three C-F moieties and the formation of di- and trianions, respectively. Moreover, all of the 11 partially fluorinated benzene derivatives, C\(_{6}\)F\(_{6-n}\)H\(_{n}\) (n = 1-5), generally react with K\(_{2}\)1 to give new tricyano(phenyl)borate anions with high chemo- and regioselectivity. A decreasing number of fluorine substituents on benzene results in a decrease in the reaction rate. In the cases of partially fluorinated benzenes, the addition of LiCl is advantageous or even necessary to facilitate the reaction. Also, pentafluorobenzenes R-C\(_{6}\)F\(_{5}\) (R = -CN, -OMe, -Me, or -CF\(_{3}\)) react via C-F/C-B exchange that mostly occurs in the para position and to a lesser extent in the meta or ortho positions. Most of the reactions proceed via an S\(_{N}\)Ar mechanism. The reaction of 1,4-F\(_{2}\)C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\) with K\(_{2}\)1 shows that an aryne mechanism has to be considered in some cases as well. In summary, a wealth of new stable tricyano(aryl)borates have been synthesised and fully characterized using multi-NMR spectroscopy and most of them were characterised using single-crystal X-ray diffraction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Carinci2017,
  author    = {Carinci, Flavio},
  title     = {Quantitative Characterization of Lung Tissue Using Proton MRI},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151189},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The focus of the work concerned the development of a series of MRI techniques that were specifically designed and optimized to obtain quantitative and spatially resolved information about characteristic parameters of the lung. Three image acquisition techniques were developed. Each of them allows to quantify a different parameter of relevant diagnostic interest for the lung, as further described below: 1) The blood volume fraction, which represents the amount of lung water in the intravascular compartment expressed as a fraction of the total lung water. This parameter is related to lung perfusion. 2) The magnetization relaxation time T\(_2\) und T� *\(_2\) , which represents the component of T\(_2\) associated with the diffusion of water molecules through the internal magnetic field gradients of the lung. Because the amplitude of these internal gradients is related to the alveolar size, T\(_2\) und T� *\(_2\) can be used to obtain information about the microstructure of the lung. 3) The broadening of the NMR spectral line of the lung. This parameter depends on lung inflation and on the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli. For this reason, the spectral line broadening can be regarded as a fingerprint for lung inflation; furthermore, in combination with oxygen enhancement, it provides a measure for lung ventilation.},
  subject      = {Kernspintomografie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mueller2017,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Stephanie},
  title     = {Plant thermotolerance: The role of heat stress-induced triacylglycerols in \(Arabidopsis\) \(thaliana\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-152829},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Plants are exposed to high temperature, especially during hot summer days. Temperatures are typically lowest in the morning and reach a maximum in the afternoon. Plants can tolerate and survive short-term heat stress even on hot summer days. A. thaliana seedlings have been reported to tolerate higher temperatures for different time periods, a phenomenon that has been termed basal thermotolerance. In addition, plants have the inherent capacity to acclimate to otherwise lethal temperatures. Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings acclimate at moderately elevated temperatures between 32-38° C. During heat acclimation, a genetically programmed heat shock response (HSR) is triggered that is characterized by a rapid activation of heat shock transcription factors (HSFs), which trigger a massive accumulation of heat shock proteins that are chiefly involved in protein folding and protection. Although the HSF-triggered heat-shock response is well characterized, little is known about the metabolic adjustments during heat stress. The aim of this work was to get more insight into heat-responsive metabolism and its importance for thermotolerance. In order to identify the response of metabolites to elevated temperatures, global metabolite profiles of heat-acclimated and control seedlings were compared. Untargeted metabolite analyses revealed that levels of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols (TG) rapidly increase during heat acclimation. TG accumulation was found to be temperature-dependent in a temperature range from 32-50° C (optimum at 42° C). Heat-induced TG accumulation was localized in extra-chloroplastic compartments by chloroplast isolation as well as by fluorescence microscopy of A. thaliana cell cultures. Analysis of mutants deficient in all four HSFA1 master regulator genes or the HSFA2 gene revealed that TG accumulation occurred independently to HSF. Moreover, the TG response was not limited to heat stress since drought and salt stress (but not short-term osmotic, cold and high light stress) also triggered an accumulation of TGs. In order to reveal the origin of TG synthesis, lipid analysis was carried out. Heat-induced accumulation of TGs does not derive from massive de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis. On the other hand, lipidomic analyses of A. thaliana seedlings indicated that polyunsaturated FA from thylakoid galactolipids are incorporated into cytosolic TGs during heat stress. This was verified by lipidomic analyses of A. thaliana fad7/8 transgenic seedlings, which displayed altered FA compositions of plastidic lipids. In addition, wild type A. thaliana seedlings displayed a rapid conversion of plastidic monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) into oligogalactolipids, acylated MGDGs and diacylglycerols (DGs). For TG synthesis, DG requires a FA from the acyl CoA pool or phosphatidylcholine (PC). Seedlings deficient in phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (PDAT1) were unable to accumulate TGs following heat stress; thus PC appears to be the major FA donor for TGs during heat treatment. These results suggest that TG and oligogalactolipid accumulation during heat stress is driven by post-translationally regulated plastid lipid metabolism. TG accumulation following heat stress was found to increase basal thermotolerance. Pdat1 mutant seedlings were more sensitive to severe heat stress without prior acclimatization, as revealed by a more dramatic decline of the maximum efficiency of PSII and lower survival rate compared to wild type seedlings. In contrast, tgd1 mutants over-accumulating TGs and oligogalactolipids displayed a higher basal thermotolerance compared to wild type seedlings. These results therefore suggest that accumulation of TGs increases thermotolerance in addition to the genetically encoded heat shock response.},
  subject      = {Triglyceride},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwab2017,
  author    = {Schwab, Andrea},
  title     = {Development of an osteochondral cartilage defect model},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155617},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The limited intrinsic self-healing capability of articular cartilage requires treatment of cartilage defects. Material assisted and cell based therapies are in clinical practice but tend to result in formation of mechanical inferior fibro-cartilage in long term follow up. If a lesion has not been properly restored degenerative diseases are diagnosed as late sequela causing pain and loss in morbidity. Complex three dimensional tissue models mimicking physiological situation allow investigation of cartilage metabolism and mechanisms involved in repair. A standardized and reproducible model cultured under controllable conditions ex vivo to maintain tissue properties is of relevance for comparable studies. Topic of this thesis was the establishment of an cartilage defect model that allows for testing novel biomaterials and investigate the effect of defined defect depths on formation of repair tissue. In part I an ex vivo osteochondral defect model was established based on isolation of porcine osteochondral explants (OCE) from medial condyles, 8 mm in diameter and 5 mm in height. Full thickness cartilage defects with 1 mm to 4 mm in diameter were created to define ex vivo cartilage critical size after 28 days culture with custom developed static culture device. In part II of this thesis hydrogel materials, namely collagen I isolated from rat tail, commercially available fibrin glue, matrix-metalloproteinase clevable poly(ethylene glycol) polymerized with heparin (starPEGh), methacrylated poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide mono-dilactate-poly(ethylene glycol) triblock copolymer/methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MP/HA), thiol functionalized HA/allyl functionalized poly(glycidol) (P(AGE/G)-HA-SH), were tested cell free and chondrocyte loaded (20 mio/ml) as implant in 4 mm cartilage defects to investigate cartilage regeneration. Reproducible chondral defects, 8 mm in diameter and 1 mm in height, were generated with an artificial tissue cutter (ARTcut®) to investigate effect of defect depth on defect regeneration in part III. In all approaches OCE were analyzed by Safranin-O staining to visualize proteoglycans in cartilage and/or hydrogels. Immuno-histological and -fluorescent stainings (aggrecan, collagen II, VI and X, proCollagen I, SOX9, RUNX2), gene expression analysis (aggrecan, collagen II and X, SOX9, RUNX2) of chondrocyte loaded hydrogels (part II) and proteoglycan and DNA content (Part I \& II) were performed for detailed analysis of cartilage regeneration. Part I: The development of custom made static culture device, consisting of inserts in which OCE is fixed and deep well plate, allowed tissue specific media supply without supplementation of TGF � . Critical size diameter was defined to be 4 mm. Part II: Biomaterials revealed differences in cartilage regeneration. Collagen I and fibrin glue showed presence of cells migrated from OCE into cell free hydrogels with indication of fibrous tissue formation by presence of proCollagen I. In chondrocyte loaded study cartilage matrix proteins aggrecan, collagen II and VI and transcription factor SOX9 were detected after ex vivo culture throughout the two natural hydrogels collagen I and fibrin glue whereas markers were localized in pericellular matrix in starPEGh. Weak stainings resulted for MP/HA and P(AGE/G)-HA-SH in some cell clusters. Gene expression data and proteoglycan quantification supported histological findings with tendency of hypertrophy indicated by upregulation of collagen X and RunX2 in MP/HA and P(AGE/G)-HA-SH. Part III: In life-dead stainings recruitment of cells from OCE into empty or cell free collagen I treated chondral defects was seen. Separated and tissue specific media supply is critical to maintain ECM composition in cartilage. Presence of OCE stimulates cartilage matrix synthesis in chondrocyte loaded collagen I hydrogel and reduces hypertrophy compared to free swelling conditions and pellet cultures. Differences in cartilage repair tissue formation resulted in preference of natural derived polymers compared to synthetic based materials. The ex vivo cartilage defect model represents a platform for testing novel hydrogels as cartilage materials, but also to investigate the effect of cell seeding densities, cell gradients, cell co-cultures on defect regeneration dependent on defect depth. The separated media compartments allow for systematic analysis of pharmaceutics, media components or inflammatory cytokines on bone and cartilage metabolism and matrix stability.},
  subject      = {Hyaliner Knorpel},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pieger2017,
  author    = {Pieger, Elisabeth},
  title     = {Metacognition and Disfluency - The Effects of Disfluency on Monitoring and Performance},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155362},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, metacognition research is connected with fluency research. Thereby, the focus lies on how disfluency can be used to improve metacognitive monitoring (i.e., students` judgments during the learning process). Improving metacognitive monitoring is important in educational contexts in order to foster performance. Theories about metacognition and self-regulated learning suppose that monitoring affects control and performance. Accurate monitoring is necessary to initiate adequate control and better performance. However, previous research shows that students are often not able to accurately monitor their learning with meaningful text material. Inaccurate monitoring can result in inadequate control and low performance. One reason for inaccurate monitoring is that students use cues for their judgments that are not valid predictors of their performance. Because fluency might be such a cue, the first aim of this thesis is to investigate under which conditions fluency is used as a cue for judgments during the learning process. A fluent text is easy to process and, hence, it should be judged as easy to learn and as easy to remember. Inversely, a disfluent text is difficult to process, for example because of a disfluent font type (e.g., Mistral) or because of deleted letters (e.g., l_tt_rs). Hence, a disfluent text should be judged as difficult to learn and as difficult to remember. This assumption is confirmed when students learn with both fluent and disfluent material. When fluency is manipulated between persons, fluency seems to be less obvious as a cue for judgments. However, there are only a few studies that investigated the effects of fluency on judgments when fluency is manipulated between persons. Results from Experiment 1 (using deleted letters for disfluent text) and from Experiment 4 (using Mistral for disfluent text) in this thesis support the assumption that fluency is used as a cue for judgments in between-person designs. Thereby, however, the interplay with the type of judgment and the learning stage seems to matter. Another condition when fluency affects judgments was investigated in Experiment 2 and 3. The aim of these experiments was to investigate if disfluency leads to analytic monitoring and if analytic monitoring sustains for succeeding fluent material. If disfluency activates analytic monitoring that remains for succeeding fluent material, fluency should no longer be used as a cue for judgments. Results widely support this assumption for deleted letters (Experiment 2) as well as for the font type Mistral (Experiment 3). Thereby, again the interplay between the type of judgment and the learning stage matters. Besides the investigation of conditions when fluency is used as a cue for different types of judgments during the learning process, another aim of this thesis is to investigate if disfluency leads to accurate monitoring. Results from Experiment 3 and 4 support the assumption that Mistral can reduce overconfidence. This is the case when fluency is manipulated between persons or when students first learn with a fluent and then with a disfluent text. Dependent from the type of judgment and the learning stage, disfluency can lead even to underconfidence or to improved relative monitoring accuracy (Experiment 4). Improving monitoring accuracy is only useful when monitoring is implemented into better control and better performance. The effect of monitoring accuracy on control and performance was in the focus of Experiment 4. Results show that accurate monitoring does not result in improved control and performance. Thus, further research is required to develop interventions that do not only improve monitoring accuracy but that also help students to implement accurate monitoring into better control and performance. Summing up, the aim of this thesis is to investigate under which conditions fluency is used as a cue for judgments during the learning process, how disfluency can be used to improve monitoring accuracy, and if improved monitoring accuracy leads to improved performance. By connecting metacognition research and fluency research, further theories about metacognition and theories about fluency are specified. Results show that not only the type of fluency and the design, but also the type of judgment, the type of monitoring accuracy, and the learning stage should be taken into account. Understanding conditions that affect the interplay between metacognitive processes and performance as well as understanding the underlying mechanisms is necessary to enable systematic research and to apply findings into educational settings.},
  subject      = {Metakognition},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{AuerhammerArrowsmithBissingeretal.2017,
  author    = {Auerhammer, Dominic and Arrowsmith, Merle and Bissinger, Philipp and Braunschweig, Holger and Dellermann, Theresa and Kupfer, Thomas and Lenczyk, Carsten and Roy, Dipak and Sch{\"a}fer, Marius and Schneider, Christoph},
  title     = {Increasing the Reactivity of Diborenes: Derivatization of NHC- Supported Dithienyldiborenes with Electron-Donor Groups},
  series = {Chemistry, A European Journal},
  journal   = {Chemistry, A European Journal},
  doi       = {10.1002/chem.201704669},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155419},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {A series of NHC-supported 1,2-dithienyldiborenes was synthesized from the corresponding (dihalo)thienylborane NHC precursors. NMR and UV-vis spectroscopic data, as well as X-ray crystallographic analyses, were used to assess the electronic and steric influences on the B=B double bond of various NHCs and electron-donating substituents on the thienyl ligands. Crystallographic data showed that the degree of coplanarity of the diborene core and thienyl groups is highly dependent on the sterics of the substituents. Furthermore, any increase in the electron- donating ability of the substituents resulted in the destabilization of the HOMO and greater instability of the resulting diborenes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Geissler2017,
  author    = {Geißler, Florian},
  title     = {Transport properties of helical Luttinger liquids},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153450},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The prediction and the experimental discovery of topological insulators has set the stage for a novel type of electronic devices. In contrast to conventional metals or semiconductors, this new class of materials exhibits peculiar transport properties at the sample surface, as conduction channels emerge at the topological boundaries of the system. In specific materials with strong spin-orbit coupling, a particular form of a two-dimensional topological insulator, the quantum spin Hall state, can be observed. Here, the respective one-dimensional edge channels are helical in nature, meaning that there is a locking of the spin orientation of an electron and its direction of motion. Due to the symmetry of time-reversal, elastic backscattering off interspersed impurities is suppressed in such a helical system, and transport is approximately ballistic. This allows in principle for the realization of novel energy-efficient devices, ``spintronic`` applications, or the formation of exotic bound states with non-Abelian statistics, which could be used for quantum computing. The present work is concerned with the general transport properties of one-dimensional helical states. Beyond the topological protection mentioned above, inelastic backscattering can arise from various microscopic sources, of which the most prominent ones will be discussed in this Thesis. As it is characteristic for one-dimensional systems, the role of electron-electron interactions can be of major importance in this context. First, we review well-established techniques of many-body physics in one dimension such as perturbative renormalization group analysis, (Abelian) bosonization, and Luttinger liquid theory. The latter allow us to treat electron interactions in an exact way. Those methods then are employed to derive the corrections to the conductance in a helical transport channel, that arise from various types of perturbations. Particularly, we focus on the interplay of Rashba spin-orbit coupling and electron interactions as a source of inelastic single-particle and two-particle backscattering. It is demonstrated, that microscopic details of the system, such as the existence of a momentum cutoff, that restricts the energy spectrum, or the presence of non-interacting leads attached to the system, can fundamentally alter the transport signature. By comparison of the predicted corrections to the conductance to a transport experiment, one can gain insight about the microscopic processes and the structure of a quantum spin Hall sample. Another important mechanism we analyze is backscattering induced by magnetic moments. Those findings provide an alternative interpretation of recent transport measurements in InAs/GaSb quantum wells.},
  subject      = {Topologischer Isolator},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reeg2017,
  author    = {Reeg, Johannes},
  title     = {Empirical Studies of Contemporaneous Banking Research},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153581},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Banks perform important functions for the economy. Besides financial intermediation, banks provide information, liquidity, maturity- and risk-transformation (Fama, 1985). Banks ensure the transfer of liquidity from depositors to the most profitable investment projects. In addition, they perform important screening and monitoring services over investments hence contributing steadily to the efficient allocation of resources across the economy (Pathan and Faff, 2013). Since banks provide financial services all across the economy, this exposes banks (as opposed to non-banks) to systemic risk: the recent financial crisis revealed that banks can push economies into severe recessions. However, the crisis also revealed that certain bank types appear far more stable than others. For instance, cooperative banks performed better during the crisis than commercial banks. Different business models may reason these performance-differences: cooperative banks focus on relationship lending across their region, hence these banks suffered less from the collapse of the US housing market. Since cooperative banks performed better during the crisis than commercial banks, it is quite surprising that research concerning cooperative banks is highly underrepresented in the literature. For this reason, the following three studies aim to contribute to current literature by examining three independent contemporaneous research questions in the context of cooperative banks. Chapter 2 examines whether cooperative banks benefit from revenue diversification: Current banking literature reveals the recent trend in the overall banking industry that banks may opt for diversification by shifting their revenues to non-interest income. However, existing literature also shows that not every bank benefits from revenue diversification (Mercieca et al., 2007; Stiroh and Rumble, 2006; Goddard et al., 2008). Stiroh and Rumble (2006) find that large commercial banks (US Financial Holding Companies) perceive decreasing performance by shifting revenues towards non-interest income. Revenues from cooperative banks differ from those of commercial banks: commercial banks trade securities and derivatives, sell investment certificates and other trading assets. Concerning the lending business, commercial banks focus on providing loans for medium-sized and large companies rather than for small (private) customers. Cooperative banks rely on commission income (fees) from monetary transactions and selling insurances as a source of non-interest income. They generate most of their interest income by providing loans to small and medium-sized companies as well as to private customers in the region. These differences in revenues raise the question whether findings from Stiroh and Rumble (2006) apply to cooperative banks. For this reason, Chapter 2 evaluates a sample of German cooperative banks over the period 2005 to 2010 and aims to investigate the following research question: which cooperative banks benefit from revenue diversification? Results show that findings from Stiroh and Rumble (2006) do not apply to cooperative banks. Revenue concentration is positive related to risk-adjusted returns (indirect effect) for cooperative banks. At the same time, non-interest income is more profitable than interest income (direct effect). The evaluation of the underlying non-interest income share shows that banks who heavily focus on non-interest income benefit by shifting towards non-interest income. This finding arises due to the fact, that the positive direct effect dominates the negative indirect effect, leading in a positive (and significant) net effect. Furthermore, results reveal a negative net effect for banks who are heavily exposed to interest generating activities. This indicates that shifting to non-interest income decreases risk-adjusted returns for these banks. Consequently, these banks do better by focusing on the interest business. Overall, results show evidence that banks need time to build capabilities, expertise and experience before trading off return and risk efficiently with regard on revenue diversification. Chapter 3 deals with the relation between credit risk, liquidity risk, capital risk and bank efficiency: There has been rising competition in the European banking market due to technological development, deregulation and the introduction of the Euro as a common currency in recent decades. In order to remain competitive banks were forced to improve efficiency. That is, banks try to operate closer to a "best practice" production function in the sense that banks improve the input - output relation. The key question in this context is if banks improve efficiency at a cost of higher risk to compensate decreasing earnings. When it comes to bank risk, a large strand of literature discusses the issue of problem loans. Several studies identify that banks hold large shares of non-performing loans in their portfolio before becoming bankrupt (Barr and Siems, 1994; Demirg{\"u}c-Kunt, 1989). According to efficiency, studies show that the average bank generates low profits and incorporates high costs compared to the "best practice" production frontier (Fiordelisi et al., 2011; Williams, 2004). At first glance, these two issues do not seem related. However, Berger and DeYoung (1997) show that banks with poor management are less able to handle their costs (low cost-efficiency) as well as to monitor their debtors in an appropriate manner to ensure loan quality. The negative relationship between cost efficiency and non-performing loans leads to declining capital. Existing studies (e.g. Williams, 2004; Berger and DeYoung, 1997) show that banks with a low level of capital tend to engage in moral hazard behavior, which in turn can push these banks into bankruptcy. However, the business model of cooperative banks is based on the interests of its commonly local customers (the cooperative act: \S 1 GenG). This may imply that the common perception of banks engaging in moral hazard behavior may not apply to cooperative banks. Since short-term shareholder interests (as a potential factor for moral hazard behavior) play no role for cooperative banks this may support this notion. Furthermore, liquidity has been widely neglected in the existing literature, since the common perception has been that access to additional liquid funds is not an issue. However, the recent financial crisis revealed that liquidity dried up for many banks due to increased mistrust in the banking sector. Besides investigating moral hazard behavior, using data from 2005 to 2010 this study moves beyond current literature by employing a measure for liquidity risk in order to evaluate how liquidity risk relates to efficiency and capital. Results mostly apply to current literature in this field since the empirical evaluation reveals that lower cost and profit-efficiency Granger-cause increases in credit risk. At the same time, results indicate that credit risk negatively Granger-causes cost and profit-efficiency, hence revealing a bi-directional relationship between these measures. However, most importantly, results also show a positive relationship between capital and credit risk, thus displaying that moral hazard behavior does not apply to cooperative banks. Especially the business model of cooperative banks, which is based on the interests of its commonly local customers (the cooperative act: \S 1 GenG) may reason this finding. Contrary to Fiordelisi et al. (2011), results also show a negative relationship between capital and cost-efficiency, indicating that struggling cooperative banks focus on managing their cost-exposure in following periods. Concerning the employed liquidity risk measure, the authors find that banks who hold a high level of liquidity are less active in market related investments and hold high shares of equity capital. This outcome clearly reflects risk-preferences from the management of a bank. Chapter 4 examines governance structures of cooperative banks: The financial crisis of 2007/08 led to huge distortions in the banking market. The failure of Lehman Brothers was the beginning of government interventions in various countries all over the world in order to prevent domestic economies from even further disruptions. In the aftermath of the crisis, politicians and regulators identified governance deficiencies as one major factor that contributed to the crisis. Besides existing studies in the banking literature (e.g. Beltratti and Stulz, 2012; Diamond and Rajan, 2009; Erkens et al., 2012) an OECD study from 2009 supports this notion (Kirkpatrick, 2009). Public debates increased awareness for the need of appropriate governance mechanisms at that time. Consequently, politicians and regulators called for more financial expertise on bank boards. Accordingly, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision states in principle 2 that "board members should remain qualified, individually and collectively, for their positions. They should understand their oversight and corporate governance role and be able to exercise sound, objective judgement about the affairs of the bank." (BCBS, 2015). Taking these perceptions into consideration the prevailing question is whether financial experts on bank boards do really foster bank stability? This chapter aims to investigate this question by referring to the study from Minton et al. (2014). In their study, the authors investigate US commercial bank holding companies between the period 2003 and 2008. The authors find that financial experts on the board of US commercial bank holding companies promote pro-cyclical bank performance. Accordingly, the authors question regulators view of more financial experts on the board leading to more banking stability. However, Minton et al. (2014) do not examine whether their findings accrue due to financial experts who act in the interests of shareholders or due to the issue that financial experts may have a more risk-taking attitude (due to a better understanding of financial instruments) than other board members. Supposed that their findings accrue due to financial experts who act in the interests of shareholders. Then financial experts on the board of banks where short-term shareholder interests play no role (cooperative banks) may prove beneficial with regard on bank performance during the crisis as well as in normal times. This would mean that they use their skills and expertise to contribute sustainable growth to the bank. Contrary, if this study reveals pro-cyclical bank performance related to financial experts on the board of cooperative banks, this finding may be addressed solely to the risk-taking attitude of financial experts (since short-term shareholder interests play no role). For this reason, this chapter aims to identify the channel for the relation of financial experts and bank performance by examining the following research question: Do financial experts on the board promote pro-cyclical bank performance in a setting where short-term shareholder interests play no role? Results show that financial experts on the board of cooperative banks (data from 2006 to 2011) do not promote pro-cyclical bank performance. Contrary, results show evidence that financial experts on the board of cooperative banks appear to foster long-term bank stability. This suggests that regulators should consider ownership structure (and hence business model of banks) when imposing new regulatory constraints for financial experts on the bank board.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Karl2017,
  author    = {Karl, Franziska},
  title     = {The role of miR-21 in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain using the model of B7-H1 knockout mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156004},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The impact of microRNA (miRNA) as key players in the regulation of immune and neuronal gene expression and their role as master switches in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is increasingly recognized. miR-21 is a promising candidate that could be linked to the immune and the nociceptive system. To further investigate the pathophysiological role of miR-21 in neuropathic pain, we assesed mice deficient of B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1 ko), a protein with suppressive effect on inflammatory responses. B7-H1 ko mice and wildtype littermates (WT) of three different age-groups, young (8 weeks), middle-aged (6 months), and old (12 months) received a spared nerve injury (SNI). Thermal withdrawal latencies and mechanical withdrawal thresholds were determined. Further, we investigated anxiety-, depression-like and cognitive behavior. Quantitative real time PCR was used to determine miR-21 relative expression in peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia and white blood cells (WBC) at distinct time points after SNI. Na{\"i}ve B7-H1 ko mice showed mechanical hyposensitivity with increasing age. Young and middle-aged B7-H1 ko mice displayed lower mechanical withdrawal thresholds compared to WT mice. From day three after SNI both genotypes developed mechanical and heat hypersensitivity, without intergroup differences. As supported by the results of three behavioral tests, no relevant differences were found for anxiety-like behavior after SNI in B7-H1 ko and WT mice. Also, there was no indication of depression-like behavior after SNI or any effect of SNI on cognition in both genotypes. The injured nerves of B7-H1 ko and WT mice showed higher miR-21 expression and invasion of macrophages and T cells 7 days after SNI without intergroup differences. Perineurial miR-21 inhibitor injection reversed SNI-induced mechanical and heat hypersensitivity in old B7-H1 ko and WT mice. This study reveals that reduced mechanical thresholds and heat withdrawal latencies are associated with miR-21 induction in the tibial and common peroneal nerve after SNI, which can be reversed by perineurial injection of a miR-21 inhibitor. Contrary to expectations, miR-21 expression levels were not higher in B7-H1 ko compared to WT mice. Thus, the B7-H1 ko mouse may be of minor importance for the study of miR-21 related pain. However, these results spot the contribution of miR-21 in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain and emphasize the crucial role of miRNA in the regulation of neuronal and immune circuits that contribute to neuropathic pain.},
  subject      = {neuropathic pain},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DrenckhahnBaumgartnerZonneveld2017,
  author    = {Drenckhahn, Detlev and Baumgartner, Werner and Zonneveld, Ben},
  title     = {Different genome sizes of Western and Eastern Ficaria verna lineages shed light on steps of Ficaria evolution},
  series = {Forum Geobotanicum},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Forum Geobotanicum},
  issn      = {1867-9315},
  doi       = {10.3264/FG.2017.1122},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155061},
  pages     = {27-33},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The genus Ficaria is now considered to comprize eight Eurasian species. The most widespread European species is the tetraploid F. verna Huds. The present study provides evidence for the existence of two main lineages of F. verna that differ considerably in their genomic size by about 3 pg. A Western F. verna lineage west of river Rhine displays a mean genome size (2C-value) of 34.2 pg and is almost precisely codistributed with the diploid F. ambigua Boreau (20 pg) north of the Mediterranean. The remaining part of Europe appears to be occupied by the Eastern F. verna lineage solely (mean genome size of 31.3 pg) which codistributes in South-Eastern Europe with the diploid F. calthifolia Rchb. (15 pg). There is little overlap at the boundary of Western and Eastern F. verna lineages with the occurrence of a separate intermediate group in the Netherlands (mean genomic size of 33.2 pg) that appears to result from hybridization of both lineages. On the basis of these observations and further considerations we propose development of F. ambigua and F. calthifolia south of the Alps with subsequent divergence to populate their current Western and Eastern European ranges, respectively. The Western F. verna lineage is proposed to originate from autotetraploidization of F. ambigua (precursor) with moderate genomic downsizing and the Eastern F. verna lineage from auto¬tetraploidization of F. calthifolia (precursor).},
  subject      = {Durchflusscytometrie},
  language  = {en}
}