@phdthesis{PenaMosca2024,
  author    = {Pe{\~n}a Mosca, Mar{\´i}a Josefina},
  title     = {Local regulation of T-cell immunity in the intestinal mucosa},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35266},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-352665},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {After priming in Peyer's patches (PPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) T- cells infiltrate the intestine through lymphatic draining and homing through the bloodstream. However, we found that in mouse models of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), a subset of alloreactive T-cells directly migrates from PPs to the adjacent intestinal lamina propria (LP), bypassing the normal lymphatic drainage and vascular trafficking routes. Notably, this direct migration occurred in irradiated and unirradiated GvHD models, indicating that irradiation is not a prerequisite for this observed behavior. Next, we established a method termed serial intravascular staining (SIVS) in mouse models to systematically investigate the trafficking and migration of donor T- cells in the early stages of acute GvHD initiation. We found that the direct migration of T-cells from PPs to LP resulted in faster recruitment of cells after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). These directly migrating T-cells were found to be in an activated and proliferative state, exhibiting a TH1/TH17-like phenotype and producing cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Furthermore, we observed that the directly migrating alloreactive T-cells expressed specific integrins (α4+, αE+) and chemokine receptors (CxCR3+, CCR5+, and CCR9+). Surprisingly, blocking these integrins and chemokine-coupled receptors did not hinder the direct migration of T- cells from PPs to LP, suggesting the involvement of alternative mechanisms. Previous experiments ruled out the involvement of S1PR1 and topographical features of macrophages, leading us to hypothesize that mediators of cytoskeleton reorganization, such as Coro1a, Dock2, or Cdc42, may play a role in this unique migration process. Additionally, we observed that directly migrating T-cells created a local inflammatory microenvironment, which attracts circulating T-cells. Histological analysis confirmed that alloreactive PPs-derived T-cells and bloodborne T-cells colocalized. We employed two experimental approaches, including either photoconversion of T-cells in PPs or direct transfer of activated T-cells into the vasculature, to demonstrate this colocalization. We hypothesize that cytokines released by migrating T-cells, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, may play a role in recruiting T-cells from the vasculature, as inhibiting chemokine-coupled receptors did not impair recruitment.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gotthard2023,
  author    = {Gotthard, Hannes},
  title     = {Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells with Hemibodies},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30309},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-303090},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The cancer stem cell hypothesis is a cancer development model which elicited great interest in the last decades stating that cancer heterogeneity arises from a stem cell through asymmetrical division. The Cancer Stem Cell subset is described as the only population to be tumorigenic and having the potential to renew. Conventional therapy often fails to eradicate CSC resulting in tumor relapse. Consequently, it is of great inter-est to eliminate this subset of cells to provide the best patient outcome. In the last years several approaches to target CSC were developed, one of them being immunotherapeu-tic targeting with antibodies. Since markers associated with CSC are also expressed on normal stem cells or healthy adjacent tissue in colorectal cancer, dual targeting strate-gies are preferred over targeting only a single antigen. Subsequently, the idea of dual targeting two CSC markers in parallel by a newly developed split T cell-engaging anti-body format termed as Hemibodies emerged. In a preliminary single cell RNA sequenc-ing analysis of colorectal cancer cells CD133, CD24, CD166 and CEA were identified as suitable targets for the combinatorial targeting strategy. Therefore, this study focused on trispecific and trivalent Hemibodies comprising a split binding moiety against CD3 and a binding moiety against either CD133, CD24, CD166 or CEA to overcome the occurrence of resistance and to efficiently eradicate all tumor cells including the CSC compartment. The study showed that the Hemibody combinations CD133xCD24, CD133xCD166 and CD133xCEA are able to eliminate double positive CHO cells with high efficacy while having a high specificity indicated by no killing of single antigen positive cells. A thera-peutic window ranging between one to two log levels could be achieved for all combina-tions mentioned above. The combinations CD133xCD24 and CD133xCD166 further-more proved its efficacy and specificity on established colorectal cancer cell lines. Be-sides the evaluation of specificity and efficacy the already introduced 1st generation of Hemibodies could be improved into a 2nd generation Hemibody format with increased half-life, stability and production yield. In future experiments the applicability of above-mentioned Hemibodies will be proven on patient-derived micro tumors to also include variables like tumor microenvironment and infiltration.},
  subject      = {Monoklonaler bispezifischer Antik{\"o}rper},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Koenig2022,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Anika},
  title     = {The role of the transcriptional regulators NFATc1 and Blimp-1 in follicular T-cells},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20972},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209727},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The defense against invading pathogens is, amongst other things, mediated via the action of antibodies. Class-switched antibodies and antibodies of high affinity are produced by plasma cells descending from germinal center B (GCB) cells. GCB cells develop in the germinal center (GC), a specialized microstructure found in the B-cell follicle of secondary lymphoid organs. GCB-cell maturation and proliferation are supported by follicular T- helper (Tfh) cells. On the other hand, follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells control this process in quantity and quality preventing, for instance, the formation of autoantibodies directed against endogenous structures. The development of GCB, Tfh and Tfr cells essentially depends on the migration into the GC, which is mediated via the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5. One transcription factor highly expressed in follicular T cells, comprising Tfh and Tfr cells, is NFATc1. Tfr cells additionally express the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1, which is not expressed in Tfh cells. We found that NFATc1 is transactivating Cxcr5 via response elements in the promoter and enhancer in vitro. Blimp-1 binds to the same elements, transactivating Cxcr5 expression in cooperation with NFATc1, whilst mediating Cxcr5- repression on its own. In Tfr cells Blimp-1 suppresses CXCR5 expression in the absence of NFATc1. Blimp-1 itself is necessary to restrict Tfr-cell frequencies and to mediate Tfr- cell function as in mice with Blimp-1-ablated Tregs high frequencies of Tfr cells do not reduce GCB- or Tfh cell frequencies. NFATc1 and Blimp-1 double deficient Tfr cells show additional loss of function, which becomes visible in clearly expanded antibody titers. To evaluate the function of NFATc1 in Tfr cells, we not only deleted it, but also overexpressed a constitutive active form of NFATc1/aA (caNFATc1/aA) in regulatory T cells (Tregs). The latter is leading to an upregulation of CXCR5 per cell, without changing Tfh or Tfr-cell frequencies. However, the high density of surface CXCR5 enhances the migration of Tfr cells deep into the GC, which results in a tighter control of the antigen- specific humoral immune response. Additionally, caNFATc1/aA increases the expression of genes coding for Tfr effector molecules like Il1rn, Il10, Tigit and Ctla4. Interestingly, this part of the transcriptional change is dependent on the presence of Blimp-1. Furthermore, Blimp-1 regulates the expression of multiple chemokine receptor genes on the background of caNFATc1/aA. In contrast, when caNFATc1/aA is overexpressed in all T cells, the frequencies of Tfh- and GCB cells are dominantly reduced. This effect seems to stem from the conventional T- cell (Tcon) side, most probably originating from increased secretion of interleukin-2 (IL- 2) via the caNFATc1/aA overexpressing Tcons. IL-2 is known to hinder the germinal center reaction (GCR) and it might in its abundance not be neutralizable by Tfr cells. Taken together, NFATc1 and Blimp-1 cooperate to control the migration of Tfr cells into the GC. Tfr cells in the GC depend on NFATc1 and Blimp-1 to perform their proper function. Overexpression of caNFATc1 in Tregs strengthens Tfr function in a Blimp-1-dependent manner, whilst overexpression of caNFATc1 in all T cells dominantly diminishes the GCR.},
  subject      = {Signaltransduktion},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fichtner2020,
  author    = {Fichtner, Alina Suzann},
  title     = {Alpaca, armadillo and cotton rat as new animal models for nonconventional T cells: Identification of cell populations and analysis of antigen receptors and ligands},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-16910},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169108},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, three species were investigated for the conservation of two non-conventional T cell systems, the CD1d/ iNKT cell system and the BTN3/ Vγ9Vδ2 T cell system. Non-conventional T cells are αβ or γδ T cells that do not fit into the classical mode of antigen recognition and adaptive responses. These T cells recognize antigens different from classical peptide antigens and are not restricted to the polymorphic MHC molecules but rather to non-polymorphic antigen-presenting molecules. The iNKT cell subset is restricted by the lipid antigen-presenting molecule CD1d and carries out immunomodulatory functions by rapid cytokine secretion. The molecular basis of this system, the semi-invariant iNKT TCR chains and CD1d were proven to be expressed and compared to homologs in human and rodents. Cotton rats possess multiple members of the AV14 and BV8 family and only one isoform of CD1d which is comparable to findings in the rat. Moreover, the reactivity of primary cells to glycolipid antigens could be shown, and an iNKT cell-like population was detected in primary cells using newly developed cotton rat CD1d oligomers. These were also applied to test the capacity of CD1d to present typical glycolipid antigens to iNKT TCR transductants. In addition, expression of cotton rat iNKT TCR α and β chains in TCR-negative cell lines was used to show successful pairing and detection of glycolipids in the context of CD1d. In summary, the conservation of a functional CD1d/iNKT cell system in the cotton rat could be shown, and tools were developed to study this cell subset in the course of infectious diseases. The Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset is the major γδ T cell subset in human peripheral blood and has the unique ability to contribute to immune surveillance by detecting pyrophosphorylated metabolites of isoprenoid synthesis that indicate cell stress, transformation or infection. Up to this date, phosphoantigen-reactive γδ T cells have only been shown in primate species. However, evidence for the existence and functional conservation of the genes implied in the BTN3/Vγ9Vδ2 T cell system was found in several placental mammal species, and two candidate species were chosen for further investigation. The nine-banded armadillo, a valuable model for leprosy research, was shown to possess homologous genes to TRGV9, TRDV2 and BTN3. In this study, the expression of productive rearrangements of TRDV2 gene segments could be shown in peripheral blood samples, but no evidence was found for the expression of a functional TRGV9 rearrangement or BTN3 molecules. Moreover, determinants of phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and functional BTN3 molecules were found to still be prevalent in armadillo genes. This makes the armadillo an interesting model to study the structural determinants that allow phosphoantigen recognition by a functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset although this species is merely a witness for a functional system in a placental mammal ancestor. In contrast, alpacas were shown to express functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cells which conserved many features of the human counterpart. Expression of Vγ9Vδ2 pairings could be shown by single-cell PCR and functional phosphoantigenreactive pairings were observed. This phosphoantigen reactivity was also shown in PBMC cultures with a newly developed antibody specific for alpaca Vδ2Jδ4 chains. Moreover, a more detailed study of the alpaca TCR repertoire showed similarities to "γδ high" species like camelids and cattle which possess an extended family of TRDV genes. The γ and δ loci of alpaca TCR genes were drafted based on genomic information and cDNA studies and provide an overview for more detailed studies. Conservation of phosphoantigen recognition by the single BTN3 molecule of alpacas was shown in 293T knock out cell lines, and BTN3 detection on PBMCs was investigated with a newly developed alpaca BTN3-specific antibody. These findings prove the existence of a functional BTN3-dependent phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset and provide a basis for the future study of this cell system in a non-primate species. Moreover, as the first non-primate candidate species with the BTN3/Vγ9Vδ2 T cell system the alpaca is an important outgroup for research in this field. The use of a single BTN3 variant in contrast to three human isoforms that work together renders the alpaca a unique and to this date indispensable model for Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. In conclusion, this study provides an overview of the applicability of new animal models in the study of the non-conventional T cell subsets iNKT cells and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and leads the way for a better understanding of structural and functional relationships.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{JarickneeOttmueller2020,
  author    = {Jarick [n{\´e}e Ottm{\"u}ller], Katja Julika},
  title     = {Migration of allogenic T cells in intestinal lymphoid structures during acute Graft-versus-Host Disease},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17875},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178758},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {T cell infiltration into the intestine occurs after priming and activation in the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches and subsequent trafficking via the blood circulation. We hypothesized that additionally to the vascular trafficking route, a fraction of T cells in the Peyer's patches directly migrate into the adjacent lamina propria of the small intestine. To test this hypothesis, we employed a mouse model of acute Graft-versus-Host Disease to study the direct T cell migration from the Peyer's patches to the adjacent lamina propria. First, we analyzed the border of Peyer's patches on histological sections and found that the Peyer's patch is not enclosed by a capsule or basement membrane. Thus, the tissue architecture allows for direct access to the surrounding tissue. With whole-mount light sheet fluorescence microscopy we quantified a three-dimensional gradient of T cells around Peyer's patches on day 2.5 and day 3 after transplantation. This gradient evened out at day 4 and day 6 when high numbers of T cells started to evenly infiltrate the intestine from the blood circulation. We confirmed that gradient-forming T cells around Peyer's patches resided within the tissue parenchyma of the lamina propria and not inside lymphatic vessels. To positively prove that the recently activated donor T cells around Peyer's patches have egressed directly from that patch, we established a protocol for intravital photoconversion of T cells inside Peyer's patches. 12 h after photoconversion inside a single Peyer's patch, photoconverted T cells resided only around this particular Peyer's patch and not elsewhere in the small intestine. This indicated that the T cells did not infiltrate via the blood but migrated to the adjacent lamina propria of the small intestine. Dynamic intravital two-photon microscopy revealed that these T cells next to the Peyer's patch migrated in a random pattern. This suggested that these cells did not follow a positive chemoattractive gradient once they had reached the lamina propria. Laser-capture microdissection combined with RNA sequencing of the mucosa near the Peyer's patch identified a wide range of migration-promoting factors. These included chemokines, co-stimulatory receptors and migration-associated intracellular molecules, which are candidates to promote this direct migration from Peyer's patches. Altogether, we demonstrate for the first time that additionally to the vascular trafficking route, a fraction of T cells migrates directly from the Peyer's patch to the surrounding mucosa. This mechanism implies so far unrecognized regional specification of Peyer's-patch-primed T cells. Our findings may impact treatment strategies to avoid intestinal inflammation or foster immunity after oral vaccination.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Monjezi2018,
  author    = {Monjezi, Razieh},
  title     = {Engineering of chimeric antigen receptor T cells with enhanced therapeutic index in cancer immunotherapy using non-viral gene transfer and genome editing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-152521},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The advances in genetic engineering have enabled us to confer T cells new desired functions or delete their specific undesired endogenous properties for improving their antitumor function. Due to their efficient gene delivery, viral vectors have been successfully used in T-cell engineering to provide gene transfer medicinal products for the treatment of human disease. One example is adoptive cell therapy with T cells that were genetically modified with gamma-retroviral and lentiviral (LV) delivery vectors to express a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for cancer treatment. This therapeutic approach has shown remarkable results against B-cell malignancies in pilot clinical trials. Consequently, there is a strong desire to make CAR T cell therapy scalable and globally available to patients. However, there are persistent concerns and limitations with the use of viral vectors for CAR T cell generation with regard to safety, cost and scale of vector production. In order to address these concerns, we aimed to improve non-viral gene transfer and genome editing tools as an effective, safe and broadly applicable alternative to viral delivery methods for T-cell engineering. In the first part of the study, we engineered CAR T cells through non-viral Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposition of CAR genes from minimalistic DNA vectors called minicircles rather than conventional SB plasmids. This novel approach dramatically increased stable gene transfer rate and cell viability and resulted in higher yield of CAR+ T cells without the need of long ex vivo expansion to generate therapeutic doses of CAR+ T cells. Importantly, CD19-CAR T cells modified by MC-based SB transposition were equally effective as LV transduced CD19-CAR T cells in vitro and in a murine xenograft model (NSG/Raji-ffLuc), where a single administration of CD8+ and CD4+ CAR T cells led to complete eradication of lymphoma and memory formation of CAR T cells after lymphoma clearance. To characterize the biosafety profile of the CAR T cell products, we did the most comprehensive genomic insertion site analysis performed so far in T cells modified with SB. The data showed a close-to-random integration profile of the SB transposon with a higher number of insertions in genomic safe harbors compared to LV integrants. We developed a droplet digital PCR assay that enables rapid determination of CAR copy numbers for clinical applications. In the second part of the study, we ablated expression of PD-1, a checkpoint and negative regulator of T cell function to improve the therapeutic index of CAR T cells. This was accomplished using non-viral CRISPR/Cas9 via pre-assemble Cas9 protein and in vitro-transcribed sgRNA (Cas9 RNP). Finally, we combined our developed Cas9 RNP tool with CAR transposition from MC vectors into a single-step protocol and successfully generated PD-1 knockout CAR+ T cells. Based on the promising results achieved from antibody-mediated PD-1 blockade in the treatment of hematological and solid tumors, we are confident that PD-1 knockout CAR T cells enhance the potency of CAR T cell therapies for treatment of cancers without the side effects of antibody-based therapies. In conclusion, we provide a novel platform for virus-free genetic engineering of CAR T cells that can be broadly applied in T-cell cancer therapy. The high level of gene transfer rate and efficient genome editing, superior safety profile as well as ease-of-handling and production of non-viral MC vectors and Cas9 RNP position our developed non-viral strategies to become preferred approaches in advanced cellular and gene-therapy.},
  subject      = {Krebs <Medizin>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Riano2016,
  author    = {Ria{\~n}o, Rub{\´e}n Felipe},
  title     = {BTN3A1 in the immune response of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142084},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are the main γδ T cell subset in the circulation, accounting for up to 5\% of the total peripheral blood lymphocyte population. They have been suggested to be important in response to tumors and infections. Their immune mechanisms encompass cell killing via cytotoxicity and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The main stimulators of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), denominated phosphoantigens (PAg). A major advance in the understanding of PAg detection and Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation has been the identification of the butyrophlin 3A (BTN3A) proteins as key mediators in these processes. In humans, three isoforms constitute the BTN3A family: BTN3A1, BTN3A2, and BTN3A3; and their genes are localized on the short arm of chromosome 6. The role of BTN3A1 has been highlighted by BTN3A-specific monoclonal antibody 20.1 (mAb 20.1), which has an agonist effect and causes proliferation, expansion, and activation of primary human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. On the other hand, BTN3A-specific monoclonal antibody 103.2 (mAb 103.2) is antagonistic, inhibiting the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response. The actual mechanism underlying both PAg- and mAb 20.1-mediated activation is not completely elucidated, but the importance of BTN3A1 is clear. The main objective of this dissertation was to characterize the role of BTN3A1 in the PAg-dependent and PAg-independent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation and to evaluate its contribution in the response to influeza A virus infected cells. This research work demonstrated, by using Vγ9Vδ2 TCR MOP-transduced murine cells (reporter cells), that human chromosome 6 (Chr6) is mandatory for PAg-induced stimulation, but not for stimulation with mAb 20.1. The reporter cells responded to mAb 20.1 in cultures with BTN3A1-transduced Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO BTN3A1) as antigen presenting cells. Nevertheless, for PAg-dependent activation the presence of Chr6 in CHO BTN3A1 was mandatory. Although reporter cells expressing clonotypically different Vγ9Vδ2 TCRs showed similar PAg response, they clearly differed in the mAb 20.1 response. The reporter cell line transduced with Vγ9Vδ2 TCR D1C55 demonstrated essentially no response to mAb 20.1 compared to Vγ9Vδ2 TCR MOP cells. These findings were further supported by experiments performed with human PBMCs-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cell clones. The results indicate heterogeneity in the PAg- and 20.1-dependent responses, in terms of CD25 and CD69 expression, among three different Vγ9Vδ2 T cells clones. Co-cultures of reporter cells with Raji RT1BI and PAg plus mAb 20.1 or single chain antibody 20.1 (sc 20.1) revealed no additive or synergistic activating effects. In contrast, mAb 20.1 or sc 20.1 inhibited the PAg-mediated activation of the reporter cells. The comparison of the relative contribution of the isoforms BTN3A2 and BTN3A3, in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, was undertaken by overexpression of these isoforms in CHO cells. The results showed that BTN3A2 contributes to both PAg- and mAb-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation. On the contrary, BTN3A3 does not support PAg-mediated γδ T cell response. Additionally, mutations in the proposed PAg- and mAb 20.1-binding sites of the extracellular BTN3A1 domain were generated by means of site-directed mutagenesis. These mutations revoked the mAb 20.1-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, but not that induced by PAg. Finally, co-cultures of Vγ9Vδ2 TCR MOP-transduced murine reporter cells with influenza A/PR/8/34-infected cells, or infection of PBMCs with this virus strain indicated that BTN3A1 might be dispensable for the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response against influenza A. The data of this research work points out that: i) in addition to BTN3A1, other Chr6-encoded genes are necessary for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation with PAg; ii) clonotypical (CDR3) differences influence the PAg- and mAb 20.1-mediated Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation; iii) the PAg- and mAb 20.1-induced responses are not synergistic and interfere with each other; iv) BTN3A2 and BTN3A3 isoforms differ in the ability to support PAg- or mAb 20.1-dependent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation; v) the importance of the intracellular B30.2 domain of BTN3A1, in the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, might be higher than that of the extracellular domain; and vi) in spite of the importance of BTN3A1 in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, it is possible that many molecules with redundant functions are involved in the elimination of influenza virus infection by these cells. In summary, it is possible to hypothesize a model in which BTN3A1 detects prenyl pyrophosphates in the cytoplasm via its B30.2 domain and in association with another protein(s). The binding of PAg to this domain induces a multimerization of BTN3A1 or a conformational change of its extracellular domain (mimicked by mAb 20.1). These modifications might be recognized by the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR or by an associated T cell protein. In the case that the TCR directly recognizes BTN3A1, the intensity of the response will depend on the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR clonotype. Future research will allow to gain a better understanding of BTN3A1, its interaction with other proteins, its actual role in the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and its importance in specific models of cancer or infection. This knowledge will be necessary to transform these cells into effective tools in the clinic.},
  subject      = {T-Lymphozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Voegtle2014,
  author    = {V{\"o}gtle, Timo},
  title     = {Studies on receptor signaling and regulation in platelets and T cells from genetically modified mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97114},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Receptors with tyrosine-based signaling motifs control essential functions of hematopoietic cells, including lymphocytes and platelets. Downstream of the platelet receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI and the T cell receptor (TCR) the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) initiates a signaling cascade that involves kinases, adapter and effector proteins and finally leads to cellular activation. This thesis summarizes the results of three studies investigating different aspects of receptor signaling and regulation in platelets and T cells. In the first part, the impact of constitutive Ca2+ influx on TCR signaling and T cell physiology was investigated using a transgenic mouse line with a mutation in the Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). The elevated cytoplasmic Ca2+ level resulted in an altered phosphorylation pattern of the key enzyme phospholipase (PL) Cγ1 in response to TCR stimulation, but without affecting its enzymatic activity. Withdrawal of extracellular Ca2+ or inhibition of the phosphatase calcineurin restored the normal phosphorylation pattern. In addition, there was a decrease in the release of Th2-type cytokines interleukin 4, 5 and 13 upon stimulation in vitro. The second part of the thesis deals with the role of the adapter protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) in platelets using a megakaryocyte/platelet-specific knockout mouse line. Loss of Grb2 severely impaired signaling of GPVI and C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2), a related hemITAM receptor. This was attributed to defective stabilization of the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) signalosome and resulted in reduced adhesion, aggregation, Ca2+ mobilization and procoagulant activity downstream of (hem)ITAM-coupled receptors in vitro. In contrast, the signaling pathways of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the integrin αIIbβ3, which do not utilize the LAT signalosome, were unaffected. In vivo, the defective (hem)ITAM signaling caused prolonged bleeding times, however, thrombus formation was only affected under conditions where GPCR signaling was impaired (upon acetylsalicylic acid treatment). These results establish Grb2 as an important adapter protein in the propagation of GPVI- and CLEC-2-induced signals. Finally, the proteolytic regulation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM)-bearing receptor CD84 in platelets was investigated. This study demonstrated that in mice CD84 is cleaved by two distinct and independent proteolytic mechanisms upon platelet activation: shedding of the extracellular part, which is exclusively mediated by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 and cleavage of the intracellular C-terminus by the protease calpain. Finally, the analysis of soluble CD84 levels in the plasma of transgenic mice revealed that shedding of CD84 by ADAM10 occurs constitutively in vivo.},
  subject      = {Thrombozyt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wegner2015,
  author    = {Wegner, Julia},
  title     = {Restoring tissue-like functionality in circulating CD8 T-cells: mechanistic studies and application in immunomonitoring of cancer patients},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124177},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are the only source of human lymphoid cells routinely available for immunologic research and for immunomonitoring of T-cell responses to microbial and tumor-associated antigens. However the large majority of human T-cells resides in tissues, especially in lymphatic organs, while only 1 \% of the body's T-cells circulate in the blood stream. Previous work in mice and humans had indicated that CD4 T-cells transiently lose antigen sensitivity when cellular contacts are lost, e.g. by leaving lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes (LNs) and entering the circulation. In this study, these findings were extended to CD8 T-cells. Thus, CD8 T-cell responses of the human tonsil show a significant drop in sensitivity to viral antigens if tissue-exit was simulated by keeping cells in dispersed culture at body temperature for two hours. Conversely, tissue-like functionality in blood-derived CD8 T-cells was restored by applying the simple and robust RESTORE protocol. Indeed, application of the RESTORE protocol, i.e. pre-culturing PBMCs for two days at a high cell density before initiation of antigenic stimulation, demonstrated that CD8 T-cell responses to a broad range of viral and to tumor-associated antigens are greatly underestimated, and sometimes even remain undetected if conventional, unprocessed PBMC cultures are used. The latter finding is particularly striking with regard to the appearance of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1)-specific CD8 T-cell responses in leukemia patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. My studies on the mechanism of the RESTORE protocol show that HD preculture of PBMCs does not involve antigen-or cytokine-driven clonal expansion of T-cells. Moreover, the gain in antigen sensitivity cannot be explained by a decreased activity of regulatory T-cells during the preculture step. The increased antigen sensitivity of CD8 T-cells from HD precultures of PBMCs is associated with tonic T-cell receptor signaling as indicated by enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the CD3 ζ chains and the tyrosine kinase Lck, thereby preparing T-cells for full responses. The upregulation of genes involved in aerobic glycolysis in "restored" CD8 memory T-cells relative to fresh cells might be an essential requirement for increased T-cell functionality including the regulation of IFN-γ production. Taken together, the RESTORE protocol, which was initially described for the CD4 T-cell response to the antibody TGN1412 permits a more meaningful monitoring of CD8 T-cell responses to viral infections and tumors. Furthermore, when generating T-cell lines for adoptive T-cell therapy, the RESTORE protocol allows the generation of CD8 T-cell lines with an improved representation of clones responding to low antigen concentrations.},
  subject      = {Antigen CD8},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{GonzalezLeal2014,
  author    = {Gonzalez-Leal, Iris Janet},
  title     = {Roles of cathepsins B and L in the Th1/Th2 polarization by dendritic cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114397},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that can be manifested through different clinical forms, ranging from cutaneous to visceral. The host response against Leishmania spp. is greatly dependent on T cell-mediated immunity, in which T helper 1 responses are associated with macrophage activation and elimination of the parasite, while regulatory T cells and T helper 2 responses are correlated with parasite survival and persistence of infection. Leishmania uses different virulence factors as strategies for evading the immune response of the host. One of them are cathepsin-like cysteine proteases, which are currently under extensive investigation as targets for drug development. Previous studies with inhibitors of cathepsins B and L in vivo revealed an outstanding modulation of the host T helper cell response. However, the mechanisms behind these observations were not further investigated. Given the urgent need for better treatments against leishmaniasis, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects that the lack of cathepsin B and L activity have on the signals that dendritic cells use to instruct T helper cell polarization in response to infection with Leishmania major. The cathepsin inhibitors tested showed low or no cytotoxicity in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, and dendritic cells and macrophages could be generated from cathepsin B and cathepsin L-deficient mice without apparent alterations in their phenotype in comparison to wild-type controls. Furthermore, lack of cathepsin B and L activity showed no impact in the rate of promastigote processing by dendritic cells. Cathepsin B and cathepsin L-deficient macrophages showed no differences in parasite proliferation and capacity to produce nitric oxide in comparison to wild-type macrophages. In response to the parasite, dendritic cells treated with a cathepsin B inhibitor and dendritic cells from cathepsin B-deficient mice showed higher levels of expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules than dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or wild-type controls, but it was not accompanied by changes in the expression of costimulatory molecules. Wild-type dendritic cells and macrophages are not able to express the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 in response to promastigotes. However, cells treated with a cathepsin B inhibitor or cells deficient for cathepsin B were able to express IL-12, whilethe expression of other cytokines -including IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-remained unchanged. These characteristics point towards a more "pro-Th1" profile of dendritic cells in the absence of cathepsin B. This data is the first report on IL-12 regulation depending on cathepsin B. The IL-12 up-regulation observed was already present at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, it was also present in macrophages and dendritic cells in response to LPS, and the latter had a higher capacity to induce T cell helper 1 polarization in vitro than wild-type dendritic cells. The activation of different signaling pathways was analyzed, but the up-regulation of IL-12 could not be attributed to modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathways. Thus, the mechanism behind IL-12 regulation by cathepsin B remains to be elucidated, and the impact of these effects is yet to be confirmed in vivo. Altogether it is tempting to speculate that cathepsin B, in addition to its role in processing endocytosed material, is involved in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12.},
  subject      = {Leishmaniose},
  language  = {en}
}