@phdthesis{Wende2014,
  author    = {Wende, Beate},
  title     = {Diversity of saproxylic beetles and host tree specialisation in differently managed forests across Germany},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-107049},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Chapter I The gradual turnover of dead organic material into mineral nutrients is a key ecological function, linking decomposition and primary production, the essential parts of the nutrient-energy cycle. However, disturbances in terms of species or resource losses might impair the equilibrium between production and decomposition. Humanity has converted large proportions of natural landscapes and intensified land-use activity for food production. Globally, only very few areas are totally unaffected by human activity today. To ensure the maintenance of both essential ecosystem services, knowledge about the interplay of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning as well as effects of intensified management on both is crucial. The vast majority of terrestrial biomass production as well as decomposition take place in forest ecosystems. Though forestry has a long sustainable history in Europe, its intensification during the last century has caused severe impacts on forest features and, consequently, on the associated biota, especially deadwood dependent organisms. Among these, saproxylic beetles are the most diverse group in terms of species numbers and functional diversity, but also most endangered due to habitat loss. These features classify them as ideal research organisms to study effects of intensified forestry on ecosystem services. The BELONGDEAD project located in Germany aimed to investigate deadwood decay and functional consequences of diversity changes in the associated fauna on the decomposition process from the initialisation of deadwood decay to complete degradation. As part of the BeLongDead project, this dissertation focussed on saproxylic beetle species, thereby evaluating (1) regionally effects of tree species identity of fresh deadwood and (2) forest management of varying intensities on the diversity, abundance and community composition of saproxylic beetles (chapter II); (3) the specialisation degree of different trophic guilds of saproxylic beetles, and thus the stability and robustness of their interaction networks against disturbances (chapter III); (4) the impact of environmental features of local to regional spatial scales on species richness of saproxylic beetles differing in their habitat niche in terms of deadwood decay stages (chapter IV). Chapter II The vast majority of European forest ecosystems have been anthropogenically affected, leaving less than 1\% of the about 1 milliard hectare as natural forests. A long history of forestry and especially the technological progress during the last century have caused massive habitat fragmentation as well as substantial loss of essential resources in European forest ecosystems. Due to this, the substrate-dependent group of saproxylic beetles has experienced severe species losses. Thus, investigations concerning saproxylic diversity and deadwood volume were badly needed. However, the importance of different deadwood in terms of tree species identity for the colonization by saproxylic beetles under different local and regional management regimes is poorly understood. Therefore, we studied possible regional differences in colonization patterns of saproxylic beetle species in a total of 688 fresh deadwood logs of 13 tree species in 9 sites of managed conifer and beech forests, and unmanaged beech forests, respectively. We found that tree species identity was an important driver in determining saproxylic species composition and abundance within fresh deadwood. However, saproxylic species showed different colonization patterns of deadwood items of the same tree species among the study regions. Regionally consistent, conifer forests were most diverse. We attribute the latter result to the historically adaption of saproxylic beetle species to semi-open forests, which conditions are actually best reflected by conifer forests. To preserve a diverse local species pool of early successional saproxylic beetles, we suggest an equal high degree of deadwood diversity in a tree species context in due consideration of regional differences. Chapter III The extinction risk of a particular species corresponds with its species-specific requirements on resources and habitat conditions, in other words with the width of the species` ecological niche. Species with a narrow ecological niche are defined as specialists. Members of this group experience higher extinction risk by resource limitation than generalists, which are able to utilize a variety of resources. For the classification of species as specialists or generalists, thus evaluating possible extinction risks, ecologists use the concept of interaction networks. This method has often been applied for mutualistic or antagonistic plant-animal interactions, but information for networks of detritivores is scarce. Therefore, saproxylic beetle species sampled as described in chapter II were categorised according to their larval diet; additionally their interaction networks (N=108) with 13 dead host tree species were analysed. Specialisation degree was highest for wood-digesting beetles and decreased with increasing trophic level. Also the network indices evaluating robustness and generality indicated a higher susceptibility to species extinctions for xylophagous than for mycetophagous and predatory beetles. The specialisation of xylophagous species on specific tree species might be an adaption to tree species specific ingredients stored for defence against pathogens and pests. However, we conclude that the high specialisation degree of xylophages and thus their higher extinction risk by resource loss harbours certain dangers for ecosystem function and stability as species diversity is positively linked to both. Chapter IV Populations depend on individual emigration and immigration events to ensure genetic exchange. For successful migration it is of utmost importance that spatially separated populations are obtainable by specimen. Migratory success depends on the one hand on the species dispersal abilities and on the other on the availability of suitable habitats in the surrounding landscape in which the distinct host populations exist. However, consequences of intensive forest management correspond not only to severe reduction of local deadwood amount, but, among others, also a change in tree species composition and high levels of fragmentation in the surrounding forest area. Saproxylic beetle species differ in their dispersal behaviour according to the temporal availability of their preferred habitat. Generally, early successional saproxylic beetles are able to disperse over large distances, whereas beetles inhabiting advanced decayed wood often remain close to their larval habitat. Due to this, environmental factors might affect saproxylic beetle guilds differently. We classified the saproxylic beetles sampled as described in chapter II according to their calculated habitat niche as early, intermediate or late successional saproxylic beetles. For the different guilds the effects of 14 environmental factors on different spatial scales (stand factors at 0.1 km radius, landscape composition at 2 km radius, and regionally differing abiotic factors in 400 km to 700 km distance) were investigated. Consistently for all guilds, species richness decreased with fragmentation at local and landscape scale, and increased in warmer climate. However, we found contradictory results between the guilds to some extent. We relate this to guild specific habitat requirements of the saproxylic beetles. Therefore, for the development of appropriate conservation practices guild-specific requirements saproxylic beetles have to be considered not only locally but on larger spatial scales. Chapter V In conclusion, this dissertation identified main drivers of early successional saproxylic beetle species richness on various spatial scales. Our results emphasize the importance to develop management schemes meeting species-specific and guild-specific habitat requirements of the saproxylic beetle fauna at relevant spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, short-term actions suggested for sustainable forest management should be the focus on a diverse tree species composition consisting of indigenous tree species with respect to regional differences. Moreover, senescent trees, fallen and standing deadwood should remain in the forests, and some tree individuals should be allowed to grow old. Long-term actions should involve the reduction of forest fragmentation and the connection of spatial widely separated forest fragments. Furthermore, to fully understand the effects of forest management long-term research should be conducted to compare habitat requirements of intermediate and late successional beetles with the results presented in this dissertation.},
  subject      = {Saproxylophage},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kunz2008,
  author    = {Kunz, Britta K.},
  title     = {Frugivory and Seed Dispersal: Ecological Interactions between Baboons, Plants, and Dung Beetles in the Savanna-Forest Mosaic of West Africa},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37519},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Das Guinea-Savanne-Wald-Mosaik Westafrikas weist einen hohen Reichtum an Pflanzenarten auf, deren Samen durch Frugivore ausgebreitet werden. Afrikanische Savannen beherbergen zudem die artenreichste Dungk{\"a}ferfauna weltweit. Dennoch wurden Interaktionen zwischen Fruchtpflanzen, Primaten und Dungk{\"a}fern in Savannen{\"o}kosysteme bisher kaum erforscht. Meine Untersuchungen am Anubispavian (Papio anubis Lesson 1827, Cercopithecinae) im Como{\´e} Nationalpark (CNP), im NO der Elfenbeink{\"u}ste, zeigten, dass sich westafrikanische Pavianpopulationen in verschiedener Hinsicht von Populationen in Ostafrika unterscheiden. Paviane werden zumeist vornehmlich als Pr{\"a}datoren der Samen ihrer Nahrungspflanzen angesehen. Im Savannen-Wald-Mosaik Westafrikas ern{\"a}hren sie sich jedoch {\"u}berwiegend frugivor und sind bedeutende Samenausbreiter einer Vielzahl von Geh{\"o}lzpflanzenarten mit unterschiedlichen Fruchttypen und Samengr{\"o}ßen. Sie breiten intakte Samen von mind. 22\% der regionalen Geh{\"o}lzpflanzenarten aus. Ihr "Ausbreitungspotential" bzgl. Samenzahl und Samengr{\"o}ße ist mit dem der großen Menschenaffen vergleichbar. Der Anteil der Baumarten im Nahrungsspektrum der Paviane ist signifikant h{\"o}her als es aufgrund des Anteils im regionalen Artenpool der Geh{\"o}lzpflanzen zu erwarten w{\"a}re. Fruchtarten, die von Pavianen gefressen wurden, waren signifikant gr{\"o}ßer als nicht konsumierte Arten. Von verschiedenen morphologischen Fruchtmerkmalen eignen sich Fruchttyp und Farbe am besten, um vorherzusagen, ob die Fr{\"u}chte einer Art Nahrungsbestandteil der Paviane im CNP sind. Fruchttyp und Samengr{\"o}ße wiederum sind am besten geeignet, um auf die Art der Nutzung (Samenausbreitung bzw. -pr{\"a}dation) zu schließen. Die Samengr{\"o}ße einer Pflanze ist ein wichtiges Fitnessmerkmal, das verschiedene Abschnitte von der Fruchtentwicklung bis zur Etablierung des Keimlings beeinflussen kann. Sie weist bei vielen Pflanzenarten erhebliche intraspezifische Schwankungen auf. Primaten k{\"o}nnten aus unterschiedlichen Gr{\"u}nden Fr{\"u}chte mit bestimmter Samengr{\"o}ße ausw{\"a}hlen, zum Beispiel um unverdaulichen Ballast zu reduzieren oder um den Fruchtfleischgewinn pro Frucht zu optimieren. Bei acht von zehn untersuchten Pflanzenarten, die sich in Fruchttyp, Samenzahl und Samengr{\"o}ße unterscheiden, erwiesen sich die Paviane als selektiv in Bezug auf die Samengr{\"o}ße. F{\"u}r die intraspezifische Fruchtauswahl der Paviane scheint unter anderem das je nach Frucht- und Samenform unterschiedlich variierende Verh{\"a}ltnis von Fruchtfleisch zu Samen eine Rolle zu spielen. Als Habitatgeneralisten (mit einer Pr{\"a}ferenz f{\"u}r Waldhabitate), die relativ große Gebiete durchstreifen, scheinen Paviane besonders wichtig f{\"u}r den genetischen Austausch der Pflanzen zwischen entfernten Waldinseln. Da die meisten Geh{\"o}lzpflanzenarten im Savannen-Wald-Mosaik des CNP mittelgroße bis große Fr{\"u}chte und Samen haben, kommt den Pavianen eine herausragende Rolle bei der Samenausbreitung und nat{\"u}rlichen Regeneration dieses {\"O}kosystems zu. Die Bedeutung der Paviane f{\"u}r die Samenausbreitung von Pflanzenarten mit kleinen Fr{\"u}chten sollte jedoch nicht untersch{\"a}tzt werden. Meine Untersuchungen an typischen "vogelausgebreiteten" Baumarten, von denen V{\"o}gel fast ausschließlich unreife Fr{\"u}chte fraßen, weisen darauf hin, dass eine qualitative und quantitative Beurteilung verschiedener Frugivorengruppen allein aufgrund der Fruchtsyndrome nicht immer zuverl{\"a}ssig ist. Anubispaviane breiten in der Regel mehrere Pflanzensamen in einzelnen F{\"a}zes aus was {\"u}blicherweise als ung{\"u}nstig f{\"u}r die Pflanze angesehen wird. Die Samen aller Pflanzenarten, die in Pavianf{\"a}zes im CNP w{\"a}hrend Zeiten saisonal hoher Dungk{\"a}feraktivit{\"a}t zu finden waren, k{\"o}nnen jedoch potentiell von Dungk{\"a}fern ausgebreitet werden. Die Dungk{\"a}fer-Aktivit{\"a}t im Untersuchungsgebiet an Pavianf{\"a}zes war hoch, es wurden 99 Arten aus 26 Gattungen nachgewiesen. Sowohl die Wahrscheinlichkeit sekund{\"a}rer Samenausbreitung durch Dungk{\"a}fer als auch das sekund{\"a}re r{\"a}umliche Ausbreitungsmuster h{\"a}ngen von der Struktur und Zusammensetzung der Dungk{\"a}fergemeinschaft am Ort der prim{\"a}ren Ausbreitung ab. Die Dungk{\"a}fergemeinschaft wiederum scheint stark von der Vegetation beeinflusst zu sein. Im Savannen-Wald-Mosaik Westafrikas erwartete ich daher deutliche Unterschiede in der sekund{\"a}ren Ausbreitung zwischen Samen, die von Pavianen in die Savanne bzw. in den Wald ausgebreitet werden. Experimente ergaben, dass Samen, die von Pavianen in die Savanne ausgebreitet werden, eine h{\"o}here Wahrscheinlichkeit haben (a) {\"u}berhaupt sekund{\"a}r durch Dungk{\"a}fer ausgebreitet zu werden, (b) horizontal von Telekopriden vom Ort der prim{\"a}ren Ausbreitung wegbewegt zu werden, (c) relativ schnell aus den F{\"a}zes entfernt zu werden und (d) {\"u}ber relativ gr{\"o}ßere Distanzen ausgebreitet zu werden als Samen im Wald. Generell sollten Savannenpflanzen und Habitatgeneralisten unter den Pflanzenarten, deren Samen von Pavianen in die Savanne ausgebreitet werden, am ehesten von sekund{\"a}rer Ausbreitung durch Dungk{\"a}fer profitieren.},
  subject      = {Anubispavian},
  language  = {en}
}