@phdthesis{Zachary2021,
  author    = {Zachary, Marie},
  title     = {Functional characterization of small non-coding RNAs of \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24582},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245826},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {During infection, bacteria need to adapt to a changing environment and have to endure various stress conditions. Small non-coding RNAs are considered as important regulators of bacterial gene expression and so allow quick adaptations by altering expression of specific target genes. Regulation of gene expression in the human-restricted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea, is only poorly understood. The present study aims a better understanding of gene regulation in N. gonorrhoeae by studying small non-coding RNAs. The discovery of antisense RNAs for all opa genes led to the hypothesis of asRNA-mediated degradation of out-of-frame opa transcripts. Analysis of asRNA expression revealed a very low abundance of the transcripts and inclusion of another phase-variable gene in the study indicates that the asRNAs are not involved in degradation of out-of-frame transcripts. This doctoral thesis focuses on the analysis of trans-acting sRNAs. The sibling sRNAs NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 were discovered as post-transcriptional regulators altering expression of genes involved in metabolic processes, amino acid uptake and transcriptional regulation. A more detailed analysis by in silico and transcriptomic approaches showed that the sRNAs regulate a broad variety of genes coding for proteins of central metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and degradation and several transport processes. Expression levels of the sibling sRNAs depend on the growth phase of the bacteria and on the growth medium. This indicates that NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 are involved in the adaptation of the gonococcal metabolism to specific growth conditions. This work further initiates characterisation of the sRNA NgncR_237. An in silico analysis showed details on sequence conservation and a possible secondary structure. A combination of in silico target prediction and differential RNA sequencing resulted in the identification of several target genes involved in type IV pilus biogenesis and DNA recombination. However, it was not successful to find induction conditions for sRNA expression. Interestingly, a possible sibling sRNA could be identified that shares the target interaction sequence with NgncR_237 and could therefore target the same mRNAs. In conclusion, this thesis provides further insights in gene regulation by non-coding RNAs in N. gonorrhoeae by analysing two pairs of sibling sRNAs modulating bacterial metabolism or possibly type IV pilus biogenesis.},
  subject      = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Yang2020,
  author    = {Yang, Manli},
  title     = {\(Chlamydia\) \(trachomatis\) metabolism during infection and metatranscriptome analysis in \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\) coinfected STD patients},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18499},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-184993},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is an obligate intracellular human pathogen. It causes blinding trachoma and sexually transmitted disease such as chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease and lymphogranuloma venereum. Ct has a unique biphasic development cycle and replicates in an intracellular vacuole called inclusion. Normally it has two forms: the infectious form, elementary body (EB); and the non-infectious form, reticulate body (RB). Ct is not easily amenable to genetic manipulation. Hence, to understand the infection process, it is crucial to study how the metabolic activity of Ct exactly evolves in the host cell and what roles of EB and RB play differentially in Ct metabolism during infection. In addition, Ct was found regularly coinfected with other pathogens in patients who got sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A lack of powerful methods to culture Ct outside of the host cell makes the detailed molecular mechanisms of coinfection difficult to study. In this work, a genome-scale metabolic model with 321 metabolites and 277 reactions was first reconstructed by me to study Ct metabolic adaptation in the host cell during infection. This model was calculated to yield 84 extreme pathways, and metabolic flux strength was then modelled regarding 20hpi, 40hpi and later based on a published proteomics dataset. Activities of key enzymes involved in target pathways were further validated by RT-qPCR in both HeLa229 and HUVEC cell lines. This study suggests that Ct's major active pathways involve glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycerolphospholipid biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathway, while Ct's incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis are less active. EB is more activated in almost all these carbohydrate pathways than RB. Result suggests the survival of Ct generally requires a lot of acetyl-CoA from the host. Besides, both EB and RB can utilize folate biosynthesis to generate NAD(P)H but may use different pathways depending on the demands of ATP. When more ATP is available from both host cell and Ct itself, RB is more activated by utilizing energy providing chemicals generated by enzymes associated in the nucleic acid metabolism. The forming of folate also suggests large glutamate consumption, which is supposed to be converted from glutamine by the glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (glmS) and CTP synthase (pyrG). Then, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis was performed by me in a coinfection study. Metatranscriptome from patient RNA-seq data provides a realistic overview. Thirteen patient samples were collected and sequenced by our collaborators. Six male samples were obtained by urethral swab, and seven female samples were collected by cervicovaginal lavage. All the samples were Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) positive, and half of them had coinfection with Ct. HISAT2 and Stringtie were used for transcriptomic mapping and assembly respectively, and differential expression analysis by DESeq2, Ballgown and Cuffdiff2 are parallelly processed for comparison. Although the measured transcripts were not sufficient to assemble Ct's transcriptome, the differential expression of genes in both the host and GC were analyzed by comparing Ct positive group (Ct+) against Ct-uninfected group. The results show that in the Ct+ group, the host MHC class II immune response was highly induced. Ct infection is associated with the regulation of DNA methylation, DNA double-strand damage and ubiquitination. The analysis also shows Ct infection enhances host fatty acid beta oxidation, thereby inducing mROS, and the host responds to reduce ceramide production and glycolysis. The coinfection upregulates GC's own ion transporters and amino acid uptake, while it downregulates GC's restriction and modification systems. Meanwhile, GC has the nitrosative and oxidative stress response and also increases the ability for ferric uptake especially in the Ct+ group compared to Ct-uninfected group. In conclusion, methods in bioinformatics were used here in analyzing the metabolism of Ct itself, and the responses of the host and GC respectively in a coinfection study with and without Ct. These methods provide metabolic and metatranscriptomic details to study Ct metabolism during infection and Ct associated coinfection in the human microbiota.},
  subject      = {chlamydia trachomatis},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Xian2014,
  author    = {Xian, Yibo},
  title     = {Identification of essential genes and novel virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by transposon mutagenesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-102659},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a human-specific pathogen that causes gonorrhea. It is defined as a super bacterium by the WHO due to the emergence of gonococci that are resistant to a variety of antibiotics and a rapidly increasing infection incidence. Genome-wide investigation of neisserial gene essentiality and novel virulence factors is urgently required in order to identify new targets for anti-neisserial therapeutics. To identify essential genes and new virulence factors, a high-density mutant library in N. gonorrhoeae MS11 was generated by in vitro transposon mutagenesis. The transposon library harbors more than 100,000 individual mutants, a density that is unprecedented in gonococcal research. Essential genes in N. gonorrhoeae were determined by enumerating frequencies of transposon insertion sites (TIS) with Illumina deep sequencing (Tn-seq). Tn-seq indicated an average distance between adjacent TIS of 25 bp. Statistical analysis unequivocally demonstrated 781 genes that were significantly depleted in TIS and thus are essential for Neisseria survival. A subset of the genes was experimentally verified to comprise essential genes and thus support the outcome of the study. The hereby identified candidate essential genes thus may constitute excellent targets for the development of new antibiotics or vaccines. In a second study, the transposon mutant library was applied in a genome-scale "negative-selection strategy" to identify genes that are involved in low phosphate-dependent invasion (LPDI). LPDI is dependent on the Neisseria porin subtype PorBIA which acts as an epithelial cell invasin in absence of phosphate and is associated with severe pathogenicity in disseminated gonococcal infections (DGI). Tn-seq demonstrated 98 genes, which were involved in adherence to host cells and 43 genes involved in host cell invasion. E.g. the hypothetical protein NGFG_00506, an ABC transporter ATP-binding protein NGFG_01643, as well as NGFG_04218 encoding a homolog of mafI in N. gonorrhoeae FA1090 were experimentally verified as new invasive factors in LPDI. NGFG_01605, a predicted protease, was identified to be a common factor involved in PorBIA, Opa50 and Opa57-mediated neisserial engulfment by the epithelial cells. Thus, this first systematic Tn-seq application in N. gonorrhoeae identified a set of previously unknown N. gonorrhoeae invasive factors which demonstrate molecular mechanisms of DGI.},
  subject      = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TahaClausLappannetal.2016,
  author    = {Taha, Muhamed-Kheir and Claus, Heike and Lappann, Martin and Veyrier, Fr{\´e}d{\´e}ric J. and Otto, Andreas and Becher, D{\"o}rte and Deghmane, Ala-Eddine and Frosch, Matthias and Hellenbrand, Wiebke and Hong, Eva and du Ch{\^a}telet, Isabelle Parent and Prior, Karola and Harmsen, Dag and Vogel, Ulrich},
  title     = {Evolutionary Events Associated with an Outbreak of Meningococcal Disease in Men Who Have Sex with Men},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0154047},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-179870},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Meningococci spread via respiratory droplets, whereas the closely related gonococci are transmitted sexually. Several outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease have been reported in Europe and the United States among men who have sex with men (MSM). We recently identified an outbreak of serogroup C meningococcal disease among MSM in Germany and France. In this study, genomic and proteomic techniques were used to analyze the outbreak isolates. In addition, genetically identical urethritis isolates were recovered from France and Germany and included in the analysis. Genome sequencing revealed that the isolates from the outbreak among MSM and from urethritis cases belonged to a clade within clonal complex 11. Proteome analysis showed they expressed nitrite reductase, enabling anaerobic growth as previously described for gonococci. Invasive isolates from MSM, but not urethritis isolates, further expressed functional human factor H binding protein associated with enhanced survival in a newly developed transgenic mouse model expressing human factor H, a complement regulatory protein. In conclusion, our data suggest that urethritis and outbreak isolates followed a joint adaptation route including adaption to the urogenital tract.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SteinerZacharyBaueretal.2023,
  author    = {Steiner, Thomas and Zachary, Marie and Bauer, Susanne and M{\"u}ller, Martin J. and Krischke, Markus and Radziej, Sandra and Klepsch, Maximilian and Huettel, Bruno and Eisenreich, Wolfgang and Rudel, Thomas and Beier, Dagmar},
  title     = {Central Role of Sibling Small RNAs NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 in Main Metabolic Pathways of Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  series = {mBio},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {mBio},
  doi       = {10.1128/mbio.03093-22},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313323},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Small bacterial regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of numerous metabolic pathways. In most of these studies, sRNA-dependent regulation of mRNAs or proteins of enzymes in metabolic pathways has been predicted to affect the metabolism of these bacteria. However, only in a very few cases has the role in metabolism been demonstrated. Here, we performed a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis to define the regulon of the sibling sRNAs NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 (NgncR_162/163) and their impact on the metabolism of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These sRNAs have been reported to control genes of the citric acid and methylcitric acid cycles by posttranscriptional negative regulation. By transcriptome analysis, we now expand the NgncR_162/163 regulon by several new members and provide evidence that the sibling sRNAs act as both negative and positive regulators of target gene expression. Newly identified NgncR_162/163 targets are mostly involved in transport processes, especially in the uptake of glycine, phenylalanine, and branched-chain amino acids. NgncR_162/163 also play key roles in the control of serine-glycine metabolism and, hence, probably affect biosyntheses of nucleotides, vitamins, and other amino acids via the supply of one-carbon (C\(_1\)) units. Indeed, these roles were confirmed by metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis, which revealed a bipartite metabolic network with glucose degradation for the supply of anabolic pathways and the usage of amino acids via the citric acid cycle for energy metabolism. Thus, by combined deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and metabolomics, we significantly extended the regulon of NgncR_162/163 and demonstrated the role of NgncR_162/163 in the regulation of central metabolic pathways of the gonococcus.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Solger2021,
  author    = {Solger, Franziska},
  title     = {Central role of sphingolipids on the intracellular survival of \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\) in epithelial cells},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24753},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-247534},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae are Gram-negative bacteria with diplococcal shape. As an obligate human pathogen, it is the causative agent of gonorrhoea, a sexually transmitted disease. Gonococci colonize a variety of mucosal tissues, mainly the urogenital tract in men and women. Occasionally N. gonorrhoeae invades the bloodstream, leading to disseminated gonococcal infection. These bacteria possess a repertoire of virulence factors, which expression patterns can be adapted to the environmental conditions of the host. Through the accumulation of antibiotic resistances and in absence of vaccines, some neisserial strains have the potential to spread globally and represent a major public health threat. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the successful infection and progression of gonococci within their host. This deeper understanding of neisserial infection and survival mechanisms is needed for the development of new therapeutic agents. In this work, the role of host-cell sphingolipids on the intracellular survival of N. gonorrhoeae was investigated. It was shown that different classes of sphingolipids strongly interact with invasive gonococci in epithelial cells. Therefore, novel and highly specific clickable sphingolipid analogues were applied to study these interactions with this pathogen. The formation of intra- and extracellular sphingosine vesicles, which were able to target gonococci, was observed. This direct interaction led to the uptake and incorporation of sphingosine into the neisserial membrane. Together with in vitro results, sphingosine was identified as a potential bactericidal reagent as part of the host cell defence. By using different classes of sphingolipids and their clickable analogues, essential structural features, which seem to trigger the bacterial uptake, were detected. Furthermore, effects of key enzymes of the sphingolipid signalling pathway were tested in a neutrophil infection model. In conclusion, the combination of click chemistry and infection biology made it possible to shed some light on the dynamic interplay between cellular sphingosine and N. gonorrhoeae. Thereby, a possible "catch-and-kill" mechanism could have been observed.},
  subject      = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schielke2010,
  author    = {Schielke, Stephanie},
  title     = {Functional and molecular characterization of FarR - a transcriptional regulator of the MarR family in Neisseria meningitidis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48550},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Neisseria meningitidis is a facultatively pathogenic human commensal and strictly adapted to its niche within the human host, the nasopharynx. Not much is known about the regulatory processes required for adaptation to this environment. Therefore the role of the transcriptional regulator NMB1843, one of the two predicted regulators of the MarR family in the meningococcal genome, was investigated. As this gene displayed a high sequence homology to FarR, the Fatty acid resistance Regulator in N. gonorrhoeae, we designated the meningococcal protein FarR (NmFarR). Homology modeling of this protein revealed a dimeric structure with the characteristic winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif of the MarR family. NmFarR is highly conserved among meningococcal strains and expression of farR during exponential growth is controlled post-transcriptionally, being highest in the late exponential phase. By means of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) the direct and specific binding of FarR to the farAB promoter region was shown, comparable to its homologue in gonococci. As FarR is involved in fatty acid resistance in N. gonorrhoeae, susceptibility assays with the medium chain lauric acid (C12:0), the long chain saturated palmitic acid (C16:0) and the long chain unsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) were performed, testing a wide variety of strains of both species. In contrast to the unusually susceptible gonococci, a high intrinsic fatty acid resistance was detected in almost all meningococcal isolates. The molecular basis for this intrinsic resistance in N. meningitidis was elucidated, showing that both a functional FarAB efflux pump system as well as an intact lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are responsible for palmitic acid resistance. However, even despite circumvention of the intrinsic resistance, FarR could not be connected with fatty acid resistance in meningococci. Instead, FarR was shown to directly and specifically repress expression of the Neisseria adhesin A (nadA), a promising vaccine candidate absent in N. gonorrhoeae. Microarray analyses verified these results and disclosed no further similarly regulated genes, rendering the FarR regulon the smallest regulon in meningococci reported until now. The exact FarR binding site within the nadA promoter region was identified as a 16 bp palindromic repeat and its influence on nadA transcription was proved by reporter gene fusion assays. This repression was also shown to be relevant for infection as farR deficient mutant strains displayed an increased attachment to epithelial cells. Furthermore, farR transcription was attested to be repressed upon contact with active complement components within human serum. Concluding, it is shown that FarR adopted a role in meningococcal host niche adaptation, holding the balance between immune evasion by repressing the highly antigenic nadA and host cell attachment via this same adhesin.},
  subject      = {Transkription <Genetik>},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RemmeleXianAlbrechtetal.2014,
  author    = {Remmele, Christian W. and Xian, Yibo and Albrecht, Marco and Faulstich, Michaela and Fraunholz, Martin and Heinrichs, Elisabeth and Dittrich, Marcus T. and M{\"u}ller, Tobias and Reinhardt, Richard and Rudel, Thomas},
  title     = {Transcriptional landscape and essential genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  doi       = {10.1093/nar/gku762},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113676},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The WHO has recently classified Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a super-bacterium due to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistant derivatives and an overall dramatic increase in infection incidences. Genome sequencing has identified potential genes, however, little is known about the transcriptional organization and the presence of non-coding RNAs in gonococci. We performed RNA sequencing to define the transcriptome and the transcriptional start sites of all gonococcal genes and operons. Numerous new transcripts including 253 potentially non-coding RNAs transcribed from intergenic regions or antisense to coding genes were identified. Strikingly, strong antisense transcription was detected for the phase-variable opa genes coding for a family of adhesins and invasins in pathogenic Neisseria, that may have regulatory functions. Based on the defined transcriptional start sites, promoter motifs were identified. We further generated and sequenced a high density Tn5 transposon library to predict a core of 827 gonococcal essential genes, 133 of which have no known function. Our combined RNA-Seq and Tn-Seq approach establishes a detailed map of gonococcal genes and defines the first core set of essential gonococcal genes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reimer2017,
  author    = {Reimer, Anastasija},
  title     = {Search for novel antimicrobials against \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\) and \(Chlamydia\) \(trachomatis\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143168},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is responsible for the widespread sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea, which in rare cases also leads to the development of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). DGI is mediated by PorBIA-expressing bacteria that invade host cells under low phosphate condition by interaction with the scavenger receptor-1 (SREC-I) expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. The interaction of PorBIA and SREC-I was analysed using different in vitro approaches, including surface plasmon resonance experiments that revealed a direct phosphate-independent high affinity interaction of SREC-I to PorBIA. However, the same binding affinity was also found for the other allele PorBIB, which indicates unspecific binding and suggests that the applied methods were unsuitable for this interaction analysis. Since N. gonorrhoeae was recently classified as a "super-bug" due to a rising number of antibiotic-resistant strains, this study aimed to discover inhibitors against the PorBIA-mediated invasion of N. gonorrhoeae. Additionally, inhibitors were searched against the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes sexually transmitted infections as well as infections of the upper inner eyelid. 68 compounds, including plant-derived small molecules, extracts or pure compounds of marine sponges or sponge-associated bacteria and pipecolic acid derivatives, were screened using an automated microscopy based approach. No active substances against N. gonorrhoeae could be identified, while seven highly antichlamydial compounds were detected. The pipecolic acid derivatives were synthesized as potential inhibitors of the virulence-associated "macrophage infectivity potentiator" (MIP), which exhibits a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) enzyme activity. This study investigated the role of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae MIP during infection. The two inhibitors PipN3 and PipN4 decreased the PPIase activity of recombinant chlamydial and neisserial MIP in a dose-dependent manner. Both compounds affected the chlamydial growth and development in epithelial cells. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the contribution of MIP to a prolonged survival of N. gonorrhoeae in the presence of neutrophils, which was significantly reduced in the presence of PipN3 and PipN4. SF2446A2 was one of the compounds that had a severe effect on the growth and development of C. trachomatis. The analysis of the mode of action of SF2446A2 revealed an inhibitory effect of the compound on the mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATP production of the host cell. However, the chlamydial development was independent of proper functional mitochondria, which excluded the connection of the antichlamydial properties of SF2446A2 with its inhibition of the respiratory chain. Only the depletion of cellular ATP by blocking glycolysis and mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibited the chlamydial growth. A direct effect of SF2446A2 on C. trachomatis was assumed, since the growth of the bacteria N. gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus aureus was also affected by the compound. In summary, this study identified the severe antichlamydial activity of plant-derived naphthoquinones and the compounds derived from marine sponges or sponge-associated bacteria SF2446A2, ageloline A and gelliusterol E. Furthermore, the work points out the importance of the MIP proteins during infection and presents pipecolic acid derivatives as novel antimicrobials against N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis.},
  subject      = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Peterson2008,
  author    = {Peterson, Lisa},
  title     = {CEACAM3-mediated phagocytosis of human-specific bacterial pathogens involves the adaptor molecule Nck},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46378},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) are exploited by human-specific pathogens to anchor themselves to or invade host cells. Interestingly, human granulocytes express a specific isoform, CEACAM3, that can direct efficient, opsonin-independent phagocytosis of CEACAM-binding Neisseria, Moraxella and Haemophilus species. As opsonin-independent phagocytosis of CEACAM-binding Neisseria depends on Src-family protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) phosphorylation of the CEACAM3 cytoplasmic domain, we hypothesized that an SH2-containing protein might be involved in CEACAM3-initiated, phagocytosis-promoting signals. Accordingly, we screened glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins containing SH2 domains derived from a panel of signaling and adapter molecules for their ability to associate with CEACAM3. In vitro pull-down assays demonstrated that the SH2 domain of the adapter molecule Nck (GST-Nck SH2), but not other SH2 domains such as the Grb2 SH2 domain, interact with CEACAM3 in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. Either deletion of the cytoplasmic tail of CEACAM3, or point-mutation of a critical arginine residue in the SH2 domain of Nck (GST-NckSH2R308K) that disrupts phosphotyrosine binding, both abolished CEACAM3-Nck-SH2 interaction. Upon infection of human cells with CEACAM-binding Neisseria, full-length Nck comprising an SH2 and three SH3 domains co-localized with tyrosine phosphorylated CEACAM3 and associated bacteria as analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. In addition, Nck could be detected in CEACAM3 immunoprecipitates confirming the interaction in vivo. Importantly, overexpression of a GFP-fusion protein of the isolated Nck SH2 domain (GFP-Nck-SH2), but not GFP or GFP-Nck SH2 R308K reduced CEACAM3-mediated phagocytosis of CEACAM-binding Neisseria suggesting that the adaptor molecule Nck plays an important role in CEACAM3-initiated signaling leading to internalization and elimination of human-specific pathogens.},
  subject      = {Adaptorproteine},
  language  = {en}
}