@article{ShityakovSalvadorPastorinetal.2015, author = {Shityakov, Sergey and Salvador, Ellaine and Pastorin, Giorgia and F{\"o}rster, Carola}, title = {Blood-brain barrier transport studies, aggregation, and molecular dynamics simulation of multiwalled carbon nanotube functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate}, series = {International Journal of Nanomedicine}, volume = {10}, journal = {International Journal of Nanomedicine}, doi = {10.2147/IJN.S68429}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149233}, pages = {1703-1713}, year = {2015}, abstract = {In this study, the ability of a multiwalled carbon nanotube functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (MWCNT-FITC) was assessed as a prospective central nervous system-targeting drug delivery system to permeate the blood-brain barrier. The results indicated that the MWCNT-FITC conjugate is able to penetrate microvascular cerebral endothelial monolayers; its concentrations in the Transwell® system were fully equilibrated after 48 hours. Cell viability test, together with phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopies, did not detect any signs of MWCNT-FITC toxicity on the cerebral endothelial cells. These microscopic techniques also revealed presumably the intracellular localization of fluorescent MWCNT-FITCs apart from their massive nonfluorescent accumulation on the cellular surface due to nanotube lipophilic properties. In addition, the 1,000 ps molecular dynamics simulation in vacuo discovered the phenomenon of carbon nanotube aggregation driven by van der Waals forces via MWCN-TFITC rapid dissociation as an intermediate phase.}, language = {en} } @article{ShityakovDandekarFoerster2015, author = {Shityakov, Sergey and Dandekar, Thomas and F{\"o}rster, Carola}, title = {Gene expression profiles and protein-protein interaction network analysis in AIDS patients with HIV-associated encephalitis and dementia}, series = {HIV/AIDS: Research and Palliative Care}, volume = {7}, journal = {HIV/AIDS: Research and Palliative Care}, doi = {10.2147/HIV.S88438}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149494}, pages = {265-276}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Central nervous system dysfunction is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and acquired immunodeficiency virus syndrome (AIDS). Patients with AIDS are usually affected by HIV-associated encephalitis (HIVE) with viral replication limited to cells of monocyte origin. To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying HIVE-induced dementia, the GSE4755 Affymetrix data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the samples from AIDS patients with and without apparent features of HIVE-induced dementia were identified. In addition, protein-protein interaction networks were constructed by mapping DEGs into protein-protein interaction data to identify the pathways that these DEGs are involved in. The results revealed that the expression of 1,528 DEGs is mainly involved in the immune response, regulation of cell proliferation, cellular response to inflammation, signal transduction, and viral replication cycle. Heat-shock protein alpha, class A member 1 (HSP90AA1), and fibronectin 1 were detected as hub nodes with degree values >130. In conclusion, the results indicate that HSP90A and fibronectin 1 play important roles in HIVE pathogenesis.}, language = {en} } @article{KoberRohnWeibeletal.2015, author = {Kober, Christina and Rohn, Susanne and Weibel, Stephanie and Geissinger, Ulrike and Chen, Nanhai G. and Szalay, Aladar A.}, title = {Microglia and astrocytes attenuate the replication of the oncolytic vaccinia virus LIVP 1.1.1 in murine GL261 gliomas by acting as vaccinia virus traps}, series = {Journal of Translational Medicine}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of Translational Medicine}, number = {216}, doi = {10.1186/s12967-015-0586-x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126517}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Background Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel approach for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) which is still a fatal disease. Pathologic features of GBM are characterized by the infiltration with microglia/macrophages and a strong interaction between immune- and glioma cells. The aim of this study was to determine the role of microglia and astrocytes for oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) therapy of GBM. Methods VACV LIVP 1.1.1 replication in C57BL/6 and \(Foxn1^{nu/nu}\) mice with and without GL261 gliomas was analyzed. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of microglia and astrocytes was investigated in non-, mock-, and LIVP 1.1.1-infected orthotopic GL261 gliomas in C57BL/6 mice. In cell culture studies virus replication and virus-mediated cell death of GL261 glioma cells was examined, as well as in BV-2 microglia and IMA2.1 astrocytes with M1 or M2 phenotypes. Co-culture experiments between BV-2 and GL261 cells and apoptosis/necrosis studies were performed. Organotypic slice cultures with implanted GL261 tumor spheres were used as additional cell culture system. Results We discovered that orthotopic GL261 gliomas upon intracranial virus delivery did not support replication of LIVP 1.1.1, similar to VACV-infected brains without gliomas. In addition, recruitment of \(Iba1^+\) microglia and \(GFAP^+\) astrocytes to orthotopically implanted GL261 glioma sites occurred already without virus injection. GL261 cells in culture showed high virus replication, while replication in BV-2 and IMA2.1 cells was barely detectable. The reduced viral replication in BV-2 cells might be due to rapid VACV-induced apoptotic cell death. In BV-2 and IMA 2.1 cells with M1 phenotype a further reduction of virus progeny and virus-mediated cell death was detected. Application of BV-2 microglial cells with M1 phenotype onto organotypic slice cultures with implanted GL261 gliomas resulted in reduced infection of BV-2 cells, whereas GL261 cells were well infected. Conclusion Our results indicate that microglia and astrocytes, dependent on their activation state, may preferentially clear viral particles by immediate uptake after delivery. By acting as VACV traps they further reduce efficient virus infection of the tumor cells. These findings demonstrate that glia cells need to be taken into account for successful GBM therapy development.}, language = {en} } @article{SchickBaarBrunoetal.2015, author = {Schick, Martin Alexander and Baar, Wolfgang and Bruno, Raphael Romano and Wollborn, Jakob and Held, Christopher and Schneider, Reinhard and Flemming, Sven and Schlegel, Nicolas and Roewer, Norbert and Neuhaus, Winfried and Wunder, Christian}, title = {Balanced hydroxyethylstarch (HES 130/0.4) impairs kidney function in-vivo without inflammation}, series = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {9}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0137247}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126068}, pages = {e0137247}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Volume therapy is a standard procedure in daily perioperative care, and there is an ongoing discussion about the benefits of colloid resuscitation with hydroxyethylstarch (HES). In sepsis HES should be avoided due to a higher risk for acute kidney injury (AKI). Results of the usage of HES in patients without sepsis are controversial. Therefore we conducted an animal study to evaluate the impact of 6\% HES 130/0.4 on kidney integrity with sepsis or under healthy conditions Sepsis was induced by standardized Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis (sCASP). sCASP-group as well as control group (C) remained untreated for 24 h. After 18 h sCASP+HES group (sCASP+VOL) and control+HES (C+VOL) received 50 ml/KG balanced 6\% HES (VOL) 130/0.4 over 6h. After 24h kidney function was measured via Inulin- and PAH-Clearance in re-anesthetized rats, and serum urea, creatinine (crea), cystatin C and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as well as histopathology were analysed. In vitro human proximal tubule cells (PTC) were cultured +/- lipopolysaccharid (LPS) and with 0.1-4.0\% VOL. Cell viability was measured with XTT-, cell toxicity with LDH-test. sCASP induced severe septic AKI demonstrated divergent results regarding renal function by clearance or creatinine measure focusing on VOL. Soleley HES (C+VOL) deteriorated renal function without sCASP. Histopathology revealed significantly derangements in all HES groups compared to control. In vitro LPS did not worsen the HES induced reduction of cell viability in PTC cells. For the first time, we demonstrated, that application of 50 ml/KG 6\% HES 130/0.4 over 6 hours induced AKI without inflammation in vivo. Severity of sCASP induced septic AKI might be no longer susceptible to the way of volume expansion}, language = {en} } @article{WurmbVollmerSefrinetal.2015, author = {Wurmb, Thomas and Vollmer, Tina and Sefrin, Peter and Kraus, Martin and Happel, Oliver and Wunder, Christian and Steinisch, Andrias and Roewer, Norbert and Maier, Sebastian}, title = {Monitoring of in-hospital cardiac arrest events with the focus on Automated External Defibrillators - a retrospective observational study}, series = {Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine}, volume = {23}, journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine}, number = {87}, doi = {10.1186/s13049-015-0170-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125756}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Background Patients with cardiac arrest have lower survival rates, when resuscitation performance is low. In In-hospital settings the first responders on scene are usually nursing staff without rhythm analysing skills. In such cases Automated External Defibrillators (AED) might help guiding resuscitation performance. At the Wuerzburg University Hospital (Germany) an AED-program was initiated in 2007. Aim of the presented study was to monitor the impact of Automated External Defibrillators on the management of in-hospital cardiac arrest events. Methods The data acquisition was part of a continuous quality improvement process of the Wuerzburg University Hospital. For analysing the CPR performance, the chest compression rate (CCR), compression depth (CCD), the no flow fraction (NFF), time interval from AED-activation to the first compression (TtC), the time interval from AED-activation to the first shock (TtS) and the post schock pause (TtCS) were determined by AED captured data. A questionnaire was completed by the first responders. Results From 2010 to 2012 there were 359 emergency calls. From these 53 were cardiac arrests with an AED-application. Complete data were available in 46 cases. The TtC was 34 (32-52) seconds (median and IQR).The TtS was 30 (28-32) seconds (median and IQR) . The TtCS was 4 (3-6) seconds (median and IQR) . The CCD was 5.5 ± 1 cm while the CCR was 107 ± 11/min. The NFF was calculated as 41 \%. ROSC was achieved in 21 patients (45 \%), 8 patients (17 \%) died on scene and 17 patients (37 \%) were transferred under ongoing CPR to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Conclusion The TtS and TtC indicate that there is an AED-user dependent time loss. These time intervals can be markedly reduced, when the user is trained to interrupt the AED's "chain of advices" by placing the electrode-paddles immediately on the patient's thorax. At this time the AED switches directly to the analysing mode. Intensive training and adaption of the training contents is needed to optimize the handling of the AED in order to maximize its advantages and to minimize its disadvantages.}, language = {en} } @article{NeuhausSchlundtFehrholzetal.2015, author = {Neuhaus, Winfried and Schlundt, Marian and Fehrholz, Markus and Ehrke, Alexander and Kunzmann, Steffen and Liebner, Stefan and Speer, Christian P. and F{\"o}rster, Carola Y.}, title = {Multiple Antenatal Dexamethasone Treatment Alters Brain Vessel Differentiation in Newborn Mouse Pups}, series = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {8}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0136221}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125471}, pages = {e0136221}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Antenatal steroid treatment decreases morbidity and mortality in premature infants through the maturation of lung tissue, which enables sufficient breathing performance. However, clinical and animal studies have shown that repeated doses of glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and betamethasone lead to long-term adverse effects on brain development. Therefore, we established a mouse model for antenatal dexamethasone treatment to investigate the effects of dexamethasone on brain vessel differentiation towards the blood-brain barrier (BBB) phenotype, focusing on molecular marker analysis. The major findings were that in total brains on postnatal day (PN) 4 triple antenatal dexamethasone treatment significantly downregulated the tight junction protein claudin-5, the endothelial marker Pecam-1/CD31, the glucocorticoid receptor, the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, and Abc transporters (Abcb1a, Abcg2 Abcc4). Less pronounced effects were found after single antenatal dexamethasone treatment and in PN10 samples. Comparisons of total brain samples with isolated brain endothelial cells together with the stainings for Pecam-1/CD31 and claudin-5 led to the assumption that the morphology of brain vessels is affected by antenatal dexamethasone treatment at PN4. On the mRNA level markers for angiogenesis, the sonic hedgehog and the Wnt pathway were downregulated in PN4 samples, suggesting fundamental changes in brain vascularization and/or differentiation. In conclusion, we provided a first comprehensive molecular basis for the adverse effects of multiple antenatal dexamethasone treatment on brain vessel differentiation.}, language = {en} } @article{WiegeringSchlegelWinkleretal.2015, author = {Wiegering, V. and Schlegel, P. G. and Winkler, B. and Lazarus, M. and Wirth, C. and Ernestus, K. and Walles, T. and Liese, J.}, title = {Persisting Cough as the Single Presenting Symptom of an Intrathoracic Tumor in a Nine-Month-Old Child with Adenovirus Airway Infection}, series = {Journal of Case Reports and Studies}, volume = {3}, journal = {Journal of Case Reports and Studies}, number = {2}, doi = {10.15744/2348-9820.2.504}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125536}, pages = {204}, year = {2015}, abstract = {We report on a nine-month-old girl who presented with persisting cough, and diminished ventilation of the left hemithorax. Viral pneumonia was suspected after Adenovirus detection by PCR, but chest X-rays showed a persistent shadowing of the left hemithorax and persistent coughing despite clinical improvement. Because of the discrepancy between clinical and radiological signs further investigations by ultrasound and CT scan were performed, which visualized an intrathroracic tumor. Histopathology confirmed diagnosis of a teratoma. This case highlights the need for careful evaluation by the treating physicians. If the chest X-ray provides a discrepancy to the clinical findings or persistent pathologies exist, differential diagnosis should be discussed and further diagnostics be performed.}, language = {en} } @article{NeuhausSchlundtFehrholzetal.2015, author = {Neuhaus, Winfried and Schlundt, Marian and Fehrholz, Markus and Ehrke, Alexander and Kunzmann, Steffen and Liebner, Stefan and Speer, Christian P. and F{\"o}rster, Carola Y.}, title = {Multiple antenatal dexamethasone treatment alters brain vessel differentiation in newborn mouse pups}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {8}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0136221}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148268}, pages = {e0136221}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Antenatal steroid treatment decreases morbidity and mortality in premature infants through the maturation of lung tissue, which enables sufficient breathing performance. However, clinical and animal studies have shown that repeated doses of glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and betamethasone lead to long-term adverse effects on brain development. Therefore, we established a mouse model for antenatal dexamethasone treatment to investigate the effects of dexamethasone on brain vessel differentiation towards the blood-brain barrier (BBB) phenotype, focusing on molecular marker analysis. The major findings were that in total brains on postnatal day (PN) 4 triple antenatal dexamethasone treatment significantly downregulated the tight junction protein claudin-5, the endothelial marker Pecam-1/CD31, the glucocorticoid receptor, the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, and Abc transporters (Abcb1a, Abcg2 Abcc4). Less pronounced effects were found after single antenatal dexamethasone treatment and in PN10 samples. Comparisons of total brain samples with isolated brain endothelial cells together with the stainings for Pecam-1/CD31 and claudin-5 led to the assumption that the morphology of brain vessels is affected by antenatal dexamethasone treatment at PN4. On the mRNA level markers for angiogenesis, the sonic hedgehog and the Wnt pathway were downregulated in PN4 samples, suggesting fundamental changes in brain vascularization and/or differentiation. In conclusion, we provided a first comprehensive molecular basis for the adverse effects of multiple antenatal dexamethasone treatment on brain vessel differentiation.}, language = {en} } @article{SalvadorBurekFoerster2015, author = {Salvador, Ellaine and Burek, Malgorzata and F{\"o}rster, Carola Y.}, title = {Stretch and/or oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in an in vitro traumatic brain injury (TBI) model induces calcium alteration and inflammatory cascade}, series = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience}, volume = {9}, journal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience}, number = {323}, doi = {10.3389/fncel.2015.00323}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148255}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The blood-brain barrier (BBB), made up of endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain, maintains the microenvironment of the central nervous system. During ischemia and traumatic brain injury (TBI), cellular disruption leading to mechanical insult results to the BBB being compromised. Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) is the most commonly used in vitro model for ischemia. On the other hand, stretch injury is currently being used to model TBI in vitro. In this paper, the two methods are used alone or in combination, to assess their effects on cerebrovascular endothelial cells cEND in the presence or absence of astrocytic factors. Applying severe stretch and/or OGD to cEND cells in our experiments resulted to cell swelling and distortion. Damage to the cells induced release of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH) and nitric oxide (NO) into the cell culture medium. In addition, mRNA expression of inflammatory markers interleukin (I L)-6, IL-1\(\alpha\) chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\(\alpha\) also increased. These events could lead to the opening of calcium ion channels resulting to excitotoxicity. This could be demonstrated by increased calcium level in OGD-subjected cEND cells incubated with astrocyte-conditioned medium. Furthermore, reduction of cell membrane integrity decreased tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin expression. In addition, permeability of the endothelial cell monolayer increased. Also, since cell damage requires an increased uptake of glucose, expression of glucose transporter glut1 was found to increase at the mRNA level after OGD. Overall, the effects of OGD on cEND cells appear to be more prominent than that of stretch with regards to TJ proteins, NO, glutl expression, and calcium level. Astrocytes potentiate these effects on calcium level in cEND cells. Combining both methods to model TBI in vitro shows a promising improvement to currently available models.}, language = {en} } @article{ShityakovPuskasPapaietal.2015, author = {Shityakov, Sergey and Pusk{\´a}s, Istv{\´a}n and P{\´a}pai, Katalin and Salvador, Ellaine and Roewer, Norbert and F{\"o}rster, Carola and Broscheit, Jens-Albert}, title = {Sevoflurane-sulfobutylether-\(\beta\)-cyclodextrin complex: preparation, characterization, cellular toxicity, molecular modeling and blood-brain barrier transport studies}, series = {Molecules}, volume = {20}, journal = {Molecules}, doi = {10.3390/molecules200610264}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148543}, pages = {10264-10279}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The objective of the present investigation was to study the ability of sulfobutylether-\(\beta\)-cyclodextrin (SBECD) to form an inclusion complex with sevoflurane (SEV), a volatile anesthetic with poor water solubility. The inclusion complex was prepared, characterized and its cellular toxicity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation potential of the formulated SEV have also been examined for the purpose of controlled drug delivery. The SEV-SBE\(\beta\)CD complex was nontoxic to the primary brain microvascular endothelial (pEND) cells at a clinically relevant concentration of sevoflurane. The inclusion complex exhibited significantly higher BBB permeation profiles as compared with the reference substance (propranolol) concerning calculated apparent permeability values (P\(_{app}\)). In addition, SEV binding affinity to SBE\(\beta\)CD was confirmed by a minimal Gibbs free energy of binding (ΔG\(_{bind}\)) value of -1.727 ± 0.042 kcal・mol\(^{-1}\) and an average binding constant (K\(_{b}\)) of 53.66 ± 9.24 mM indicating rapid drug liberation from the cyclodextrin amphiphilic cavity.}, language = {en} }