@article{HausmanKubik2023, author = {Hausman, Hannah and Kubik, Veit}, title = {Delayed metacomprehension judgments do not directly improve learning from texts}, series = {Journal of Intelligence}, volume = {11}, journal = {Journal of Intelligence}, number = {7}, issn = {2079-3200}, doi = {10.3390/jintelligence11070150}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-323361}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Making judgments of learning (JOLs) after studying can directly improve learning. This JOL reactivity has been shown for simple materials but has scarcely been investigated with educationally relevant materials such as expository texts. The few existing studies have not yet reported any consistent gains in text comprehension due to providing JOLs. In the present study, we hypothesized that increasing the chances of covert retrieval attempts when making JOLs after each of five to-be-studied text passages would produce comprehension benefits at 1 week compared to restudy. In a between-subjects design, we manipulated both whether participants (N = 210) were instructed to covertly retrieve the texts, and whether they made delayed target-absent JOLs. The results indicated that delayed, target-absent JOLs did not improve text comprehension after 1 week, regardless of whether prior instructions to engage in covert retrieval were provided. Based on the two-stage model of JOLs, we reasoned that participants' retrieval attempts during metacomprehension judgments were either insufficient (i.e., due to a quick familiarity assessment) or were ineffective (e.g., due to low retrieval success).}, language = {en} } @article{EwaldGlotzbachSchoonGerdesetal.2014, author = {Ewald, Heike and Glotzbach-Schoon, Evelyn and Gerdes, Antje B. M. and Andreatta, Marta and M{\"u}ller, Mathias and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas and Pauli, Paul}, title = {Delay and trace fear conditioning in a complex virtual learning environment - neural substrates of extinction}, series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}, number = {323}, issn = {1662-5161}, doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2014.00323}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116230}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Extinction is an important mechanism to inhibit initially acquired fear responses. There is growing evidence that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) inhibits the amygdala and therefore plays an important role in the extinction of delay fear conditioning. To our knowledge, there is no evidence on the role of the prefrontal cortex in the extinction of trace conditioning up to now. Thus, we compared brain structures involved in the extinction of human delay and trace fear conditioning in a between-subjects-design in an fMRI study. Participants were passively guided through a virtual environment during learning and extinction of conditioned fear. Two different lights served as conditioned stimuli (CS); as unconditioned stimulus (US) a mildly painful electric stimulus was delivered. In the delay conditioning group (DCG) the US was administered with offset of one light (CS+), whereas in the trace conditioning group (TCG) the US was presented 4s after CS+ offset. Both groups showed insular and striatal activation during early extinction, but differed in their prefrontal activation. The vmPFC was mainly activated in the DCG, whereas the TCG showed activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during extinction. These results point to different extinction processes in delay and trace conditioning. VmPFC activation during extinction of delay conditioning might reflect the inhibition of the fear response. In contrast, dlPFC activation during extinction of trace conditioning may reflect modulation of working memory processes which are involved in bridging the trace interval and hold information in short term memory.}, language = {en} } @article{RinnLudwigFassleretal.2023, author = {Rinn, Robin and Ludwig, Jonas and Fassler, Pauline and Deutsch, Roland}, title = {Cues of wealth and the subjective perception of rich people}, series = {Current Psychology}, volume = {42}, journal = {Current Psychology}, number = {31}, issn = {1046-1310}, doi = {10.1007/s12144-022-03763-y}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324922}, pages = {27442-27457}, year = {2023}, abstract = {These pre-registered studies shed light on the cues that individuals use to identify rich people. In two studies (N = 598), we first developed a factor-analytical model that describes the content and the mental structure of 24 wealth cues. A third within-subject study (N = 89) then assessed the perception of rich subgroups based on this model of wealth cues. Participants evaluated the extent to which the wealth cues applied to two distinct subgroups of rich people. The results show: German and US-American participants think that one can identify rich people based on the same set of cues which can be grouped along the following dimensions: luxury consumption, expensive hobbies, spontaneous spending, greedy behavior, charismatic behavior, self-presentation, and specific possessions. However, Germans and US-Americans relied on these cues to different degrees to diagnose wealth in others. Moreover, we found evidence for subgroup-specific wealth cue profiles insofar as target individuals who acquired their wealth via internal (e.g., hard work) compared to external means (e.g., lottery winners) were evaluated differently on these wealth cues, presumably because of their perceived differences in valence and competence. Together, this research provides new insights in the cognitive representation of the latent construct of wealth. Practical implications for research on the perception of affluence, and implications for political decision makers, are discussed in the last section.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pieczykolan2016, author = {Pieczykolan, Aleksandra}, title = {Cross-Modal Action Control}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142356}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Multitasking als allgegenw{\"a}rtiges Ph{\"a}nomen wird heutzutage in verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird Multitasking aus der Perspektive der kognitiven Verhaltenswissenschaften beleuchtet mit dem Fokus auf der Rolle von Konfliktl{\"o}sungs- prozessen bei der Verarbeitung von Mehrfacht{\"a}tigkeiten. Insbesondere liegt der Fokus auf kognitiven Mechanismen der crossmodalen Handlungskontrolle, d.h. der Kontrolle von zwei Handlungen in verschiedenen Effektorsystemen. Mit dem Ziel, den bisherigen Umfang derjenigen Handlungsmodalit{\"a}ten zu erweitern, die {\"u}blicherweise in Studien eingesetzt wurden, wurden okulomotorische Reaktionen (d.h. Sakkaden), die bisher als Handlungsmodalit{\"a}t in der Forschung vernachl{\"a}ssigt wurden, in Kombination mit Reaktionen in anderen Efffektorsystemen untersucht (d.h. mit manuellen und vokalen Reaktionen). Weiterhin wurde beabsichtigt, Mechanismen von Crosstalk zu spezifizieren, welches ein Erkl{\"a}rungskonzept darstellt, das sich auf den Aufgabeninhalt bezieht. Crosstalk erscheint besonders relevant f{\"u}r crossmodale Handlungen, da sich Handlungsmodalit{\"a}ten vor allem bez{\"u}glich ihrer Reaktionsmerkmale unterscheiden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden vier Studien berichtet, die auf jeweils zwei oder drei Experimenten beruhen. In Studie A wurden crossmodale Doppelreaktionen auf einen einzelnen Stimulus untersucht mit der Fragestellung, wie sich das Zusammenspiel des Vorhandenseins von Reaktionsalternativen und der Kompatibilit{\"a}t zwischen Reaktionen (also dem Crosstalkpotential) auswirkt. In drei Experimenten zeigte sich, dass Crosstalk in mehrere Komponenten dissoziiert werden kann, n{\"a}mlich eine Komponente, die auf der aktuellen Konfliktst{\"a}rke (Online-Crosstalk) basiert, und eine ged{\"a}chtnisbasierte Komponente, die entweder durch Restaktivit{\"a}t vergangener Handlungsanforderungen bestimmt wird (retrospektiver Crosstalk), oder durch Vorbereitung auf zuk{\"u}nftige Handlungsanforderungen (prospektiver Crosstalk). Studie B lieferte Evidenz daf{\"u}r, dass okulomotorische Reaktionen sowohl struktureller als auch inhaltsbasierte Interferenz unterliegen. In drei Experimenten wurde das Paradigma zeitlich {\"u}berlappender Aufgaben verwendet, bei dem zwei Stimuli mit zeitlichem Versatz pr{\"a}sentiert wurden, auf die jeweils mit einer okulomotorischen und einer manuellen Handlung reagiert werden musste. Dabei wurden sowohl Hinweise auf einen seriellen als auch auf einen parallelen Verarbeitungsmodus gefunden. Weiterhin deuteten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass abh{\"a}ngig von der Aufgabenkompatibilit{\"a}t zwischen diesen Verarbeitungsmodi gewechselt wurde, d.h. zu eher paralleler Verarbeitung bei kompatiblen Aufgabenanforderungen und zu eher serieller Verarbeitung bei inkompatiblen Aufgabenanforderungen. In Studie C wurden Verarbeitungspriorit{\"a}ten zwischen Effektorsystemen untersucht. In zwei Experimenten zeigte sich, dass das zuvor berichtete Verarbeitungsdominanzmuster repliziert werden konnte, bei der okulomotorische Reaktionen vokale Reaktionen dominieren und diese wiederum manuelle Reaktionen dominieren. Die relative St{\"a}rke der Dominanz konnte allerdings bei vorhandenem Reaktionskonflikt angepasst werden. Die Verarbeitungspriorit{\"a}ten wurden hierbei zum Teil in Richtung derjenigen Reaktion verschoben, in der bereits ein Konflikt im Bezug auf die Kompatibilit{\"a}t zwischen Stimulus und Reaktion gel{\"o}st werden musste. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass Verarbeitungspriorit{\"a}ten flexibel an die spezifischen Handlungsanforderungen angepasst werden k{\"o}nnen. Studie D besch{\"a}ftigte sich mit einem bisher weitgehend vernachl{\"a}ssigten Bereich innerhalb der Doppelaufgabenforschung, n{\"a}mlich der Kontrolle der zeitlichen Reaktionsreihenfolge. In einer drei Experimente umfassenden Untersuchung wurden mehrere Faktoren variiert, die sich in fr{\"u}heren Studien bereits als relevant f{\"u}r Mechanismen der Doppelaufgabeninterferenz gezeigt haben. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde gezeigt, dass die finale Reaktionsreihenfolge in einem Handlungsdurchgang das Ergebnis eines kontinuierlichen Anpassungsprozesses ist, welcher auf dem Zusammenspiel mehrerer top-down-Faktoren, z.B. der Antizipation von Reaktionsmerkmalen, und mehrerer bottom-up-Faktoren, wie z.B. der Stimulusreihenfolge oder der Aufgabenkompatibilit{\"a}t, basiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert somit einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Fortschritt des Verst{\"a}ndnisses der Verarbeitung komplexer Handlungsanforderungen aus der Perspektive crossmodaler Handlungen. Insbesondere wurden Spezifikationen f{\"u}r Mechanismen der Effektorpriorisierung und der Kontrolle der Reaktionsreihenfolge als auch eine neuartige Taxonomie von Crosstalk vorgestellt, welche als umfassende Rahmenvorstellung zur Erkl{\"a}rung von Interferenzmechanismen bei Kontrollprozessen von Mehrfachanforderungen dienlich sein kann.}, subject = {Kognition}, language = {en} } @article{PieczykolanHuestegge2017, author = {Pieczykolan, Aleks and Huestegge, Lynn}, title = {Cross-modal Action Complexity: Action- and Rule-related Memory Retrieval in Dual-response Control}, series = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, number = {529}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00529}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157794}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Normally, we do not act within a single effector system only, but rather coordinate actions across several output modules (cross-modal action). Such cross-modal action demands can vary substantially with respect to their complexity in terms of the number of task-relevant response combinations and to-be-retrieved stimulus-response (S-R) mapping rules. In the present study, we study the impact of these two types of cross-modal action complexity on dual-response costs (i.e., performance differences between single- and dual-action demands). In Experiment 1, we combined a manual and an oculomotor task, each involving four response alternatives. Crucially, one (unconstrained) condition involved all 16 possible combinations of response alternatives, whereas a constrained condition involved only a subset of possible response combinations. The results revealed that preparing for a larger number of response combinations yielded a significant, but moderate increase in dual-response costs. In Experiment 2, we utilized one common lateralized auditory (e.g., left) stimulus to trigger incompatible response compounds (e.g., left saccade and right key press or vice versa). While one condition only involved one set of task-relevant S-R rules, another condition involved two sets of task-relevant rules (coded by stimulus type: noise/tone), while the number of task-relevant response combinations was the same in both conditions. Here, an increase in the number of to-be-retrieved S-R rules was associated with a substantial increase in dual-response costs that were also modulated on a trial-by-trial basis when switching between rules. Taken together, the results shed further light on the dependency of cross-modal action control on both action- and rule-related memory retrieval processes.}, language = {en} } @article{ReisPfisterKundeetal.2023, author = {Reis, Moritz and Pfister, Roland and Kunde, Wilfried and Foerster, Anna}, title = {Creative thinking does not promote dishonesty}, series = {Royal Society Open Science}, volume = {10}, journal = {Royal Society Open Science}, number = {12}, issn = {2054-5703}, doi = {10.1098/rsos.230879}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349859}, year = {2023}, abstract = {We assessed the relation of creativity and unethical behaviour by manipulating the thinking style of participants (N = 450 adults) and measuring the impact of this manipulation on the prevalence of dishonest behaviour. Participants performed one of three inducer tasks: the alternative uses task to promote divergent thinking, the remote associates task to promote convergent thinking, or a simple classification task for rule-based thinking. Before and after this manipulation, participants conducted the mind game as a straightforward measure of dishonesty. Dishonest behaviour increased from before to after the intervention, but we found no credible evidence that this increase differed between induced mindsets. Exploratory analyses did not support any relation of trait creativity and dishonesty either. We conclude that the influence of creative thinking on unethical behaviour seems to be more ambiguous than assumed in earlier research or might be restricted to specific populations or contexts.}, language = {en} } @article{BoschetScherbaumPittig2022, author = {Boschet, Juliane M. and Scherbaum, Stefan and Pittig, Andre}, title = {Costly avoidance of Pavlovian fear stimuli and the temporal dynamics of its decision process}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-09931-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301041}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Conflicts between avoiding feared stimuli versus approaching them for competing rewards are essential for functional behavior and anxious psychopathology. Yet, little is known about the underlying decision process. We examined approach-avoidance decisions and their temporal dynamics when avoiding Pavlovian fear stimuli conflicted with gaining rewards. First, a formerly neutral stimulus (CS+) was repeatedly paired with an aversive stimulus (US) to establish Pavlovian fear. Another stimulus (CS-) was never paired with the US. A control group received neutral tones instead of aversive USs. Next, in each of 324 trials, participants chose between a CS-/low reward and a CS+/high reward option. For the latter, probability of CS+ presentation (Pavlovian fear information) and reward magnitude (reward information) varied. Computer mouse movements were tracked to capture the decision dynamics. Although no more USs occurred, pronounced and persistent costly avoidance of the Pavlovian fear CS+ was found. Time-continuous multiple regression of movement trajectories revealed a stronger and faster impact of Pavlovian fear compared to reward information during decision-making. The impact of fear information, but not reward information, modestly decreased across trials. These findings suggest a persistently stronger weighting of fear compared to reward information during approach-avoidance decisions, which may facilitate the development of pathological avoidance.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Stojanovic2010, author = {Stojanovic, Jelena}, title = {Cortical functional activations in musical talents and nontalents in visuomotor and auditory tasks: implications of the effect of practice on neuroplasticity}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51898}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Neuroplasticity is a term indicating structural and functional changes in the brain through the lifespan. In the present study, differences in the functional cortical activations between the musical talents and non-talents were investigated after a short-term practice of the visuomotor and auditory tasks. Visuomotor task consisted of the finger tapping sequences, while auditory task consisted of passive listening to the classical music excerpts. Non-talents were divided in two groups: trained non-talents who practiced the task prior to scanning and untrained non-talents who did not practice the task. Functional activations were obtained by the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a 1.5T Scanner. It was hypothesized that talents would exhibit different functional activations from non-talents in both tasks as a result of the long-term music practice, which would account for the brain plasticity. Decreased activation of the same areas in talents in respect to the non-talents as well as the activation of different areas between the talents and non-talents was hypothesized. In addition due to a plethora of previous studies showing increased activations in the primary motor cortex (M1) in musicians, as well as left inferior frontal gyrus (lIFG), increased activation of the M1 and lIFG in talents were hypothesized. Behavioral results did not reveal differences in performance among the three groups of subjects (talents, non-talents who practiced the task, and non-talents who did not practice the task). The main findings from imaging results of the visuomotor task confirmed the hypothesis of the increased activation in the M1 in talents. Region of interest analyses of the lIFG revealed the highest activation in the untrained non-talents, lower activation in talents, and least activation in the trained non-talents. Posthoc imaging analyses revealed higher activations in the cerebella of subjects who practiced the visuomotor task. For the auditory task, the effect of auditory practice was observed in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). These results should be interpreted with caution due to the absence of behavioral differences among the groups.}, subject = {Neuronale Plastizit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @article{TopolinskiStrack2015, author = {Topolinski, Sascha and Strack, Fritz}, title = {Corrugator activity confirms immediate negative affect in surprise}, series = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {6}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, number = {134}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00134}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144068}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The emotion of surprise entails a complex of immediate responses, such as cognitive interruption, attention allocation to, and more systematic processing of the surprising stimulus. All these processes serve the ultimate function to increase processing depth and thus cognitively master the surprising stimulus. The present account introduces phasic negative affect as the underlying mechanism responsible for this switch in operating mode. Surprising stimuli are schema discrepant and thus entail cognitive disfluency, which elicits immediate negative affect. This affect in turn works like a phasic cognitive tuning switching the current processing mode from more automatic and heuristic to more systematic and reflective processing. Directly testing the initial elicitation of negative affect by surprising events, the present experiment presented high and low surprising neutral trivia statements to N = 28 participants while assessing their spontaneous facial expressions via facial electromyography. High compared to low surprising trivia elicited higher corrugator activity, indicative of negative affect and mental effort, while leaving zygomaticus (positive affect) and frontalis (cultural surprise expression) activity unaffected. Future research shall investigate the mediating role of negative affect in eliciting surprise-related outcomes.}, language = {en} } @misc{HaufNiedingSeger2021, author = {Hauf, Juliane E. K. and Nieding, Gerhild and Seger, Benedikt T.}, title = {Correction to: The development of dynamic perceptual simulations during sentence comprehension}, series = {Cognitive Processing}, volume = {22}, journal = {Cognitive Processing}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1007/s10339-021-01027-4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-352611}, pages = {731}, year = {2021}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, language = {en} }