@article{ReinermannGessnerAsametal.2022,
  author    = {Reinermann, Sophie and Gessner, Ursula and Asam, Sarah and Ullmann, Tobias and Schucknecht, Anne and Kuenzer, Claudia},
  title     = {Detection of grassland mowing events for Germany by combining Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time series},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs14071647},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267164},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Grasslands cover one-third of the agricultural area in Germany and play an important economic role by providing fodder for livestock. In addition, they fulfill important ecosystem services, such as carbon storage, water purification, and the provision of habitats. These ecosystem services usually depend on the grassland management. In central Europe, grasslands are grazed and/or mown, whereby the management type and intensity vary in space and time. Spatial information on the mowing timing and frequency on larger scales are usually not available but would be required in order to assess the ecosystem services, species composition, and grassland yields. Time series of high-resolution satellite remote sensing data can be used to analyze the temporal and spatial dynamics of grasslands. Within this study, we aim to overcome the drawbacks identified by previous studies, such as optical data availability and the lack of comprehensive reference data, by testing the time series of various Sentinel-2 (S2) and Sentinal-1 (S1) parameters and combinations of them in order to detect mowing events in Germany in 2019. We developed a threshold-based algorithm by using information from a comprehensive reference dataset of heterogeneously managed grassland parcels in Germany, obtained by RGB cameras. The developed approach using the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) derived from S2 led to a successful mowing event detection in Germany (60.3\% of mowing events detected, F1-Score = 0.64). However, events shortly before, during, or shortly after cloud gaps were missed and in regions with lower S2 orbit coverage fewer mowing events were detected. Therefore, S1-based backscatter, InSAR, and PolSAR features were investigated during S2 data gaps. From these, the PolSAR entropy detected mowing events most reliably. For a focus region, we tested an integrated approach by combining S2 and S1 parameters. This approach detected additional mowing events, but also led to many false positive events, resulting in a reduction in the F1-Score (from 0.65 of S2 to 0.61 of S2 + S1 for the focus region). According to our analysis, a majority of grasslands in Germany are only mown zero to two times (around 84\%) and are probably additionally used for grazing. A small proportion is mown more often than four times (3\%). Regions with a generally higher grassland mowing frequency are located in southern, south-eastern, and northern Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReinermannAsamKuenzer2020,
  author    = {Reinermann, Sophie and Asam, Sarah and Kuenzer, Claudia},
  title     = {Remote Sensing of Grassland Production and Management - A Review},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {12},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs12121949},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207799},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Grasslands cover one third of the earth's terrestrial surface and are mainly used for livestock production. The usage type, use intensity and condition of grasslands are often unclear. Remote sensing enables the analysis of grassland production and management on large spatial scales and with high temporal resolution. Despite growing numbers of studies in the field, remote sensing applications in grassland biomes are underrepresented in literature and less streamlined compared to other vegetation types. By reviewing articles within research on satellite-based remote sensing of grassland production traits and management, we describe and evaluate methods and results and reveal spatial and temporal patterns of existing work. In addition, we highlight research gaps and suggest research opportunities. The focus is on managed grasslands and pastures and special emphasize is given to the assessment of studies on grazing intensity and mowing detection based on earth observation data. Grazing and mowing highly influence the production and ecology of grassland and are major grassland management types. In total, 253 research articles were reviewed. The majority of these studies focused on grassland production traits and only 80 articles were about grassland management and use intensity. While the remote sensing-based analysis of grassland production heavily relied on empirical relationships between ground-truth and satellite data or radiation transfer models, the used methods to detect and investigate grassland management differed. In addition, this review identified that studies on grassland production traits with satellite data often lacked including spatial management information into the analyses. Studies focusing on grassland management and use intensity mostly investigated rather small study areas with homogeneous intensity levels among the grassland parcels. Combining grassland production estimations with management information, while accounting for the variability among grasslands, is recommended to facilitate the development of large-scale continuous monitoring and remote sensing grassland products, which have been rare thus far.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wagner2003,
  author    = {Wagner, Joachim},
  title     = {Optische Charakterisierung von II-VI-Halbleiter-Oberfl{\"a}chen in Kombination mit First-Principles-Rechnungen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-8722},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit sind Methoden der optischen Spektroskopie, insbesondere die Ramanspektroskopie (RS) und die Reflexions-Anisotropie-Spektroskopie (RAS), angewandt worden, um die Oberfl{\"a}chen von II-VI Halbleitern zu charakterisieren. F{\"u}r die experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde eine eigens f{\"u}r diesen Zweck entwickelte UHV-Optikkammer benutzt. Diese einzigartige M{\"o}glichkeit, II-VI Halbleiterproben aus einer state-of-the-art MBE-Anlage mit einer UHV-Optikanlage zu kombinieren hat gezeigt, dass optische Spektroskopie sehr gut daf{\"u}r geeignet ist, strukturelle Eigenschaften, z.B. Rekonstruktionen, und chemische Bindungen an Oberfl{\"a}chen, sowie die damit verbundene Schwingungsdynamik zu analysieren. Neben den experimentellen Arbeiten wurden u. a. first principles Rechnungen mittels der Dichtefunktionaltheorie im Rahmen der Lokalen-Dichte-Approximation durchgef{\"u}hrt. Damit konnten f{\"u}r die Oberfl{\"a}chen einerseits ihre geometrischen Eigenschaften, d.h die atomare Anordnung der Oberfl{\"a}chenatome, und andererseits auch ihre Dynamik, d.h. die Schwingungsfrequenzen und die Auslenkungsmuster der an der Rekonstruktion beteiligten Atome der Oberfl{\"a}che und der oberfl{\"a}chennahen Schichten, im Rahmen der Frozen-Phonon-N{\"a}herung bestimmt werden. Die Kombination von experimenteller und theoretischer Vibrationsbestimmung von Oberfl{\"a}chen bietet also, neben den klassischen Oberfl{\"a}chen-Analysemethoden wie RHEED, LEED, XPS, Auger und SXRD, ein zus{\"a}tzliches Werkzeug zur Charakterisierung von Oberfl{\"a}chen. Da die Frozen-Phonon-N{\"a}herung nicht elementarer Bestandteil des hier benutzten DFT-Programmcodes fhi96md ist, wurde diese Erweiterung im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die theoretische Berechnung von Schwingungsfrequenzen mit dynamischen Matrizen ist in einem Unterkapitel dargestellt. Die so berechneten Schwingungsfrequenzen f{\"u}r verschiedene Oberfl{\"a}chen-Rekonstruktionen konnten erfolgreich am Beispiel der reinen BeTe(100)-Oberfl{\"a}che mit den experimentell mit der UHV-Ramanspektroskopie beobachteten Frequenzen verglichen werden. So gelang erstmalig die optische identifizierung von rekonstruktionsinduzierten Eigenschwingungen einer Oberfl{\"a}che. Nach detaillierter Kenntnis der BeTe(100)-Oberfl{\"a}che wurde die Ramanspektroskopie als Sonde benutzt, um die Entwicklung der BeTe-Oberfl{\"a}che bei unterschiedlichen Behandlungen (Modifikation) zu verfolgen. Dabei dienten die fr{\"u}heren Ergebnisse als Referenzpunkte, um die modifizierten Spektren zu erkl{\"a}ren. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde ein Konzept zur Passivierung der Te-reichen BeTe(100)-Oberfl{\"a}che entwickelt, um diese Proben ohne einen technisch aufwendigen UHV-Transportbeh{\"a}lter {\"u}ber gr{\"o}ssere Entfernungen transportieren zu k{\"o}nnen (z.B. zu Experimenten an einem Synchrotron). Mit der RAS wurden auch die Oberfl{\"a}chen von weiteren Gruppe II-Telluriden, n{\"a}mlich die Te-reiche (2x1) CdTe(100)-Oberfl{\"a}che, die Te-reiche (2x1) MnTe(100)-Oberfl{\"a}che und die Hg-reiche c(2x2) HgTe(100)-Oberfl{\"a}che untersucht. Schließlich wurde der Wachstumsstart von CdSe auf der BeTe(100)-Oberfl{\"a}che im Bereich weniger Monolagen (1-5 ML) CdSe analysiert, wobei die hohe Empfindlichkeit der Ramanspektroskopie bereits den Nachweis einer Monolage CdSe erlaubte.},
  subject      = {Zwei-Sechs-Halbleiter},
  language  = {de}
}