@article{DoehlerRoederSchlesingeretal.2023,
  author    = {D{\"o}hler, Ida and R{\"o}der, Daniel and Schlesinger, Tobias and Nassen, Christian Alexander and Germer, Christoph-Thomas and Wiegering, Armin and Lock, Johan Friso},
  title     = {Risk-adjusted perioperative bridging anticoagulation reduces bleeding complications without increasing thromboembolic events in general and visceral surgery},
  series = {BMC Anesthesiology},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {BMC Anesthesiology},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12871-023-02017-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357305},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Background Perioperative bridging of oral anticoagulation increases the risk of bleeding complications after elective general and visceral surgery. The aim of this study was to explore, whether an individual risk-adjusted bridging regimen can reduce bleeding events, while still protecting against thromboembolic events. Methods We performed a quality improvement study comparing bridging parameters and postoperative outcomes before (period 1) and after implementation (period 2) of a new risk-adjusted bridging regimen. The primary endpoint of the study was overall incidence of postoperative bleeding complications during 30 days postoperatively. Secondary endpoints were major postoperative bleeding, minor bleeding, thromboembolic events, postoperative red blood cell transfusion, perioperative length-of-stay (LOS) and in-hospital mortality. Results A total of 263 patients during period 1 and 271 patients during period 2 were compared. The included elective operations covered the entire field of general and visceral surgery. The overall incidence of bleeding complications declined from 22.1\% during period 1 to 10.3\% in period 2 (p < 0.001). This reduction affected both major as well as minor bleeding events (8.4\% vs. 4.1\%; p = 0.039; 13.7\% vs. 6.3\%; p = 0.004). The incidence of thromboembolic events remained low (0.8\% vs. 1.1\%). No changes in mortality or length-of-stay were observed. Conclusion It is important to balance the individual thromboembolic and bleeding risks in perioperative bridging management. The risk adjusted bridging regimen reduces bleeding events in general and visceral surgery while the risk of thromboembolism remains comparably low.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Borst2021,
  author    = {Borst, Peter},
  title     = {Praktische Aspekte der perioperativen {\"U}berbr{\"u}ckung einer oralen Antikoagulation (Bridging) in der Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-22102},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221024},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Die Anzahl von Patienten mit einer dauerhaften oralen Antikoagulation sowie einer elektiven Operation steigt kontinuierlich. Meist erfolgt die perioperative Umstellung auf ein niedermolekulares Heparin, das sogenannte Bridging. Bisher gibt es keine evidenzbasierte Leitlinie. In der aktuellen Literatur zeigt sich, dass das perioperative Bridging das Risiko einer postoperativen Blutung erh{\"o}ht. Ziel der Studie war es, das Blutungsrisiko beim Bridging und die Leitlinienadh{\"a}renz bei viszeralchirurgischen Eingriffen zu untersuchen. Es handelt sich um eine retrospektive, monozentrische Studie. Die Patientenselektion erfolgte mit dem Krankenhausinformationssystem f{\"u}r den Zeitraum 01. Januar 2011 bis 31. Dezember 2014. Eingeschlossen wurden Patienten mit einer dauerhaften oralen Antikoagulation, verf{\"u}gbaren Patientenakte und einem elektiven operativen Eingriff. Ausschlusskriterien waren Notfalleingriffe, bariatrische Eingriffe und Gef{\"a}ßoperationen. Erfasst wurden Komorbidit{\"a}ten, die perioperative Dosierung und Pausierung des Bridging sowie postoperative Komplikationen. Insgesamt konnten 263 F{\"a}lle ausgewertet werden, wobei in 58 F{\"a}llen postoperative Blutungen auftraten (22,1\%; 30 subkutane H{\"a}matome, 17 lokale Blutungen, 5 H{\"a}maskos, 3 peranale Blutungen, 3 Sonstige), in 68 F{\"a}llen erfolgten Transfusionen (26\%) und in 40 F{\"a}llen Revisionsoperationen (15\%). Das Risiko f{\"u}r Blutungen war erh{\"o}ht beim Bridging in einer therapeutischen Dosierung (2x1mg/kgEnoxaparin;N=51/189,27\%) im Vergleich zur halb- therapeutischen (1x1mg/kg; N=3/26, 12\%) und prophylaktischen Dosierung (1x40mg; N=4/49, 8\%; P=0,007). Thromboembolische Ereignisse traten bei 2 Patienten auf (0,8\%; Apoplex, Lungenembolie). Eine falsche Risikobewertung f{\"u}hrte bei 28 Patienten (11\%) zu einem nicht indizierten therapeutischen Bridging, wobei hier 7 Blutungen auftraten. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus war die perioperative Pausierung des Bridging bei der Mehrzahl der F{\"a}lle zu kurz. Die pr{\"a}operative Pausierung korrelierte mit dem Risiko f{\"u}r Bluttransfusionen (P=0,028). Die Leitlinie wurde bei 96\% der Patienten nicht befolgt. Patienten mit einem Bridging in einer therapeutischen Dosierung unterliegen einem hohen Risiko f{\"u}r postoperative schwere Blutungskomplikationen. In der Praxis wird die Indikation zum Bridging oftmals nicht ausreichend differenziert und die perioperative Pausierung nicht eingehalten. Die Indikation zum perioperativen Bridging muss mit Hilfe einer individuellen pr{\"a}operativen Risikostratifizierung f{\"u}r das perioperative Blutungs- und Thromboembolierisiko gestellt werden.},
  subject      = {bridging},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LockUngeheuerBorstetal.2020,
  author    = {Lock, J. F. and Ungeheuer, L. and Borst, P. and Swol, J. and L{\"o}b, S. and Brede, E. M. and R{\"o}der, D. and Lengenfelder, B. and Sauer, K. and Gremer, C. - T.},
  title     = {Markedly increased risk of postoperative bleeding complications during perioperative bridging anticoagulation in general and visceral surgery},
  series = {Perioperative Medicine},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Perioperative Medicine},
  doi       = {10.1186/s13741-020-00170-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230690},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background Increasing numbers of patients receiving oral anticoagulants are undergoing elective surgery. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is frequently applied as bridging therapy during perioperative interruption of anticoagulation. The aim of this study was to explore the postoperative bleeding risk of patients receiving surgery under bridging anticoagulation. Methods We performed a monocentric retrospective two-arm matched cohort study. Patients that received perioperative bridging anticoagulation were compared to a matched control group with identical surgical procedure, age, and sex. Emergency and vascular operations were excluded. The primary endpoint was the incidence of major postoperative bleeding. Secondary endpoints were minor postoperative bleeding, thromboembolic events, length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. Multivariate analysis explored risk factors of major postoperative bleeding. Results A total of 263 patients in each study arm were analyzed. The patient cohort included the entire field of general and visceral surgery including a large proportion of major oncological resections. Bridging anticoagulation increased the postoperative incidence of major bleeding events (8\% vs. 1\%; p < 0.001) as well as minor bleeding events (14\% vs. 5\%; p < 0.001). Thromboembolic events were equally rare in both groups (1\% vs. 2\%; p = 0.45). No effect on mortality was observed (1.5\% vs. 1.9\%). Independent risk factors of major postoperative bleeding were full-therapeutic dose of LMWH, renal insufficiency, and the procedure-specific bleeding risk. Conclusion Perioperative bridging anticoagulation, especially full-therapeutic dose LMWH, markedly increases the risk of postoperative bleeding complications in general and visceral surgery. Surgeons should carefully consider the practice of routine bridging.},
  language  = {en}
}