@article{MontalbandelBarrioPenskiSchlahsaetal.2016,
  author    = {Montalb{\´a}n del Barrio, Itsaso and Penski, Cornelia and Schlahsa, Laura and Stein, Roland G. and Diessner, Joachim and W{\"o}ckel, Achim and Dietl, Johannes and Lutz, Manfred B. and Mittelbronn, Michel and Wischhusen, J{\"o}rg and H{\"a}usler, Sebastian F. M.},
  title     = {Adenosine-generating ovarian cancer cells attract myeloid cells which differentiate into adenosine-generating tumor associated macrophages - a self-amplifying, CD39- and CD73-dependent mechanism for tumor immune escape},
  series = {Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer},
  number    = {49},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40425-016-0154-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146624},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background Ovarian cancer (OvCA) tissues show abundant expression of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 which generate immunomodulatory adenosine, thereby inhibiting cytotoxic lymphocytes. Little, however, is known about the effect of adenosine on myeloid cells. Considering that tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) constitute up to 20 \% of OvCA tissue, we investigated the effect of adenosine on myeloid cells and explored a possible contribution of myeloid cells to adenosine generation in vitro and ex vivo. Methods Monocytes were used as human blood-derived myeloid cells. After co-incubation with SK-OV-3 or OAW-42 OvCA cells, monocyte migration was determined in transwell assays. For conversion into M2-polarized "TAM-like" macrophages, monocytes were co-incubated with OAW-42 cells. Ex vivo TAMs were obtained from OvCA ascites. Macrophage phenotypes were investigated by intracellular staining for IL-10 and IL-12. CD39 and CD73 expression were assessed by FACS analysis both on in vitro-induced TAM-like macrophages and on ascites-derived ex situ-TAMs. Myeloid cells in solid tumor tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Generation of biologically active adenosine by TAM-like macrophages was measured in luciferase-based reporter assays. Functional effects of adenosine were investigated in proliferation-experiments with CD4+ T cells and specific inhibitors. Results When CD39 or CD73 activity on OvCA cells were blocked, the migration of monocytes towards OvCA cells was significantly decreased. In vivo, myeloid cells in solid ovarian cancer tissue were found to express CD39 whereas CD73 was mainly detected on stromal fibroblasts. Ex situ-TAMs and in vitro differentiated TAM-like cells, however, upregulated the expression of CD39 and CD73 compared to monocytes or M1 macrophages. Expression of ectonucleotidases also translated into increased levels of biologically active adenosine. Accordingly, co-incubation with these TAMs suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation which could be rescued via blockade of CD39 or CD73. Conclusion Adenosine generated by OvCA cells likely contributes to the recruitment of TAMs which further amplify adenosine-dependent immunosuppression via additional ectonucleotidase activity. In solid ovarian cancer tissue, TAMs express CD39 while CD73 is found on stromal fibroblasts. Accordingly, small molecule inhibitors of CD39 or CD73 could improve immune responses in ovarian cancer.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoesslerHermannWeberetal.2016,
  author    = {Koessler, Juergen and Hermann, Stephanie and Weber, Katja and Koessler, Angela and Kuhn, Sabine and Boeck, Markus and Kobsar, Anna},
  title     = {Role of Purinergic Receptor Expression and Function for Reduced Responsiveness to Adenosine Diphosphate in Washed Human Platelets},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0147370},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146400},
  pages     = {e0147370},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background Washing of platelets is an important procedure commonly used for experimental studies, e.g. in cardiovascular research. As a known phenomenon, responsiveness to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is reduced in washed platelets, although underlying molecular mechanisms—potentially interfering with experimental results—have not been thoroughly studied. Objectives Since ADP mediates its effects via three purinergic receptors P2Y1, P2X1 and P2Y12, their surface expression and function were investigated in washed platelets and, for comparison, in platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) at different time points for up to 2 hours after preparation. Results In contrast to PRP, flow cytometric analysis of surface expression in washed platelets revealed an increase of all receptors during the first 60 minutes after preparation followed by a significant reduction, which points to an initial preactivation of platelets and consecutive degeneration. The activity of the P2X1 receptor (measured by selectively induced calcium flux) was substantially maintained in both PRP and washed platelets. P2Y12 function (determined by flow cytometry as platelet reactivity index) was partially reduced after platelet washing compared to PRP, but remained stable in course of ongoing storage. However, the function of the P2Y1 receptor (measured by selectively induced calcium flux) continuously declined after preparation of washed platelets. Conclusion In conclusion, decreasing ADP responsiveness in washed platelets is particularly caused by impaired activity of the P2Y1 receptor associated with disturbed calcium regulation, which has to be considered in the design of experimental studies addressing ADP mediated platelet function.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OttLohseKlotzetal.1982,
  author    = {Ott, Ilka and Lohse, Martin J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Vogt-Moykopf, Ingolf and Schwabe, Ulrich},
  title     = {Effects of Adenosine on Histamine Release from Human Lung Fragments},
  series = {International Archives of Allergy and Immunology},
  volume    = {98},
  journal   = {International Archives of Allergy and Immunology},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127877},
  pages     = {50-56},
  year      = {1982},
  abstract  = {The actions of adenosine on histamine release of human lung fragments were investigated. Histamine release was stimulated either with the calcium ionophore A 23187 orwith concanavalin A. Adenosine and its analogue 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine alone had no significant effect on basal release or on the release elicited by A 23187 or concanavalin A. However, in the presence of the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-[4-[[[[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-carbonyl] methyloxy]-phenyl]-1,3-dipropylaxanthine (XAC), which itself did not affect the release, adenosine increased the stimulated histamine release. On the other hand, in the presence of the nucleoside transport inhibitor S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioninosine (NBTI), adenosine caused a reduction in stimulated histamine release. NBTI itself caused a stimulation of release. Thus, a stimulatory effect of adenosine was seen in the presence ofXAC, whereas an inhibitory effect was unmasked by NBTI. From these data it is concluded that adenosine exerts two opposing effects on histamine release in the human lung which neutralize each other: it inhibits release via a si te antagonized by XAC, which presumably represents an A2 adenosine receptor, and it stimulates release via a mechanism that is blocked by NBTI, suggesting that adenosine needs to reach the interior of cells to exert this effect. The slight stimulatory effect of NBTI alone demonstrates that trapping intracellularly formed adenosine inside mast cells leads to sufficient concentrations of adenosine to stimulate histamine release. These findings suggest an important bimodal role of adenosine in regulating histamine release in the human lung.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HaeuslerdelBarrioDiessneretal.2014,
  author    = {H{\"a}usler, Sebastian F. M. and del Barrio, Itsaso Montalb{\´a}n and Diessner, Joachim and Stein, Roland G. and Strohschein, Jenny and H{\"o}nig, Arnd and Dietl, Johannes and Wischhusen, J{\"o}rg},
  title     = {Anti-CD39 and anti-CD73 antibodies A1 and 7G2 improve targeted therapy in ovarian cancer by blocking adenosine-dependent immune evasion},
  series = {American Journal of Translational Research},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {American Journal of Translational Research},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {1943-8141},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120016},
  pages     = {129-139},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 degrade ATP to adenosine which inhibits immune responses via the \(A_{2A}\) adenosine receptor (ADORA2A) on T and NK cells. The current study investigates the potential therapeutic use of the specific anti CD39- and anti CD73-antibodies A1 (CD39) and 7G2 (CD73) as these two ectonucleotidases are overexpressed in ovarian cancer (OvCA). As expected, NK cell cytotoxicity against the human ovarian cancer cell lines OAW-42 or SK-OV-3 was significantly increased in the presence of A1 or 7G2 antibody. While this might partly be due to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, a luciferase-dependent assay for quantifying biologically active adenosine further showed that A1 and 7G2 can inhibit CD39 and CD73-dependent adenosine-generation. In turn, the reduction in adenosine levels achieved by addition of A1 and 7G2 to OAW-42 or SK-OV-3 cells was found to de-inhibit the proliferation of \(CD4^+\) T cells in coculture with OvCA cells. Likewise, blocking of CD39 and CD73 on OvCA cells via A1 and 7G2 led to an increased cytotoxicity of alloreactive primed T cells. Thus, antibodies like A1 and 7G2 could improve targeted therapy in ovarian cancer not only by specifically labeling overexpressed antigens but also by blocking adenosine-dependent immune evasion in this immunogenic malignancy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Heinlein2013,
  author    = {Heinlein, U-Ju},
  title     = {Adenosinrezeptoren auf Ovarialkarzinomzellen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-81920},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Seit der Entdeckung, dass Adenosin auch als Botenstoff dient, besch{\"a}ftigen sich Forschungsgruppen mit Adenosinrezeptoren und ihrer m{\"o}glichen therapeutischen Modulation, insbesondere in Zusammenhang mit Krebserkrankungen. Bislang sind die Rezeptoren auf diversen Krebszellen nachgewiesen worden. So konnten beispielsweise in einer Brustkrebszelllinie A2B Adenosinrezeptoren nachgewiesen werden, deren Stimulation zu einer Hemmung der wachstumsf{\"o}rdernden MAP Kinase f{\"u}hrt. Pharmaka zur weitgehend selektiven Aktivierung oder Hemmung einzelner Adenosinrezeptor-Subtypen stehen ebenfalls zur Verf{\"u}gung. Beim Ovarialkarzinom mit seiner leider meist erst sp{\"a}t auftretenden Symptomatik besteht derzeit noch keine M{\"o}glichkeit zur fr{\"u}hen Diagnosestellung, sodass die Prognose ausgesprochen ung{\"u}nstig ausf{\"a}llt und die Erkrankung bei Frauen eine der h{\"a}ufigsten krebsbedingten Todesursachen darstellt. Daher war es ein Ziel dieser Arbeit herauszufinden, ob Adenosinrezeptoren auf diesen Zellen einen m{\"o}glichen therapeutischen Angriffspunkt bieten. Dazu untersuchten wir die vier Ovarialkarzinomzelllinien OVCAR-3, SK-OV-3, PA-1 und OAW-42 auf eine m{\"o}gliche Expression von allen vier Adenosinrezeptorsubtypen. Zun{\"a}chst wurden mit radioaktiv markierten Liganden ([3H]CCPA, [3H]NECA und [3H]HEMADO) Bindungsstudien f{\"u}r den A1-, A2A- und A3-Subtyp durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Expression des A2B-Rezeptors wurde mithilfe eines funktionellen Nachweises, der Stimulation der Adenylylcyclase mithilfe von NECA (einem unspezifischen Adenosinrezeptoragonisten) analysiert. Im Anschluss daran untersuchten wir an OAW-42 und SK-OV-3 Zellen, ob sich ihr Proliferationsverhalten durch eine Stimulation mit NECA ver{\"a}ndern ließe und ob sich das Ansprechen auf g{\"a}ngige Chemotherapeutika bzw. einen Todesliganden {\"a}ndern w{\"u}rde. Trotz des erfolgreichen Nachweises von Adenosinrezeptoren auf allen Zelllinien waren die Ergebnisse der Proliferationsstudien aber nicht eindeutig. OAW-42 und SK-OV-3 Zellen reagierten zwar auf eine NECA-Stimulation mit sinkendem BrdU-Einbau, OAW-42 Zellen zeigten aber nach Behandlung mit NECA eine leicht erh{\"o}hte Resistenz gegen{\"u}ber Cisplatin. NECA-behandelte SK-OV-3 Zellen reagierten hingegen etwas sensitiver auf Doxorubicin und Fas-Ligand. Die Unterschiede waren aber insgesamt sehr gering und wurden daher von uns als nicht entscheidender Effekt gewertet. Auch Untersuchungen zur Expression der Adenosin-generierenden Enzyme CD39 und CD73 vor und nach NECA-Stimulation blieben ohne erkennbare Ver{\"a}nderung. Insofern ergaben unsere Untersuchungen keine Hinweise darauf, dass Adenosinrezeptoren eine m{\"o}gliche therapeutische Zielstruktur darstellen k{\"o}nnten. Zuk{\"u}nftige Studien k{\"o}nnen aber die gewonnenen Daten als Grundlage und Ausgangspunkt n{\"u}tzen, um auch andere Tumorzellarten zu untersuchen und im Kampf gegen den Krebs nach neuen potenziellen pharmakologischen Angriffspunkten zu suchen.},
  subject      = {Eierstockkrebs},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Hennig2002,
  author    = {Hennig, Thomas},
  title     = {Regulation von Adenosin- und Glutamatrezeptoren bei M{\"a}usen mit molekularen Defekten des Serotoninsystems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5994},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Wir untersuchten die Konzentrationen an Adenosinrezeptoren und Glutamatrezeptoren bei M{\"a}usen mit molekularen Defekten des Serotoninsystems. Dies betraf einerseits den Mangel an Serotonintransportern und andererseits den Mangel an Monoaminoxidase A (MAOA). Dabei verglichen wir M{\"a}use mit einem einzelnen Knockout des entsprechenden Gens mit Doppelknockout-Tieren, denen beide Gene fehlten. Desweiteren untersuchten wir die Ver{\"a}nderung der Konzentration an Glutamatrezeptoren bei alten Tieren mit einem Knockout des Serotonintransporters.},
  language  = {de}
}