@phdthesis{Bahndorf2022,
  author    = {Bahndorf, Katrin},
  title     = {Synthese und Charakterisierung von Aminos{\"a}ure-basierten Amphiphilen und deren Umsetzung zu C\(_3\)-symmetrischen Sternmesogenen - Strukturkontrolle in weicher Materie {\"u}ber Oligopeptidaggregation},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25275},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-252753},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Synthese einer Bibliothek von Aminos{\"a}ure-basierten Oligopeptid-Amphiphilen mittels Festphasensynthese, deren kovalente Kn{\"u}pfung an einen nukleophilen Kern zu C3-symmetrischen Sternmesogenen und die Analyse der Einfl{\"u}sse der verwendeten Aminos{\"a}uren auf die Sekund{\"a}rstruktur des synthetisierten Molek{\"u}ls.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Pawellek2021,
  author    = {Pawellek, Ruben},
  title     = {Charged Aerosol Detector Performance Evaluation and Development of Optimization Strategies for the Analysis of Amino Acids},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24319},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-243197},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The charged aerosol detector (CAD) is an aerosol-based detector employed in liquid chromatography which has become established in the field of pharmaceutical analysis due to its outstanding performance characteristics, e.g. the almost uniform response for nonvolatile analytes. Owing to its principle of detection, the response of the CAD depends on the volatility of a compound and is inherently nonlinear. However, the newly implemented instrumental settings evaporation temperature and power function value (PFV) are valuable tools to overcome some of these drawbacks and can even enhance the detector's capabilities when adjusted properly. This thesis aimed to evaluate the impact of the new instrumental settings on the CAD performance. Additionally, the influence of modern separation techniques for small polar compounds on the CAD was assessed and the applicability of hyphenated UV-CAD techniques explored. The optimization strategies derived from the evaluation procedures and the conjunction of the instrumental and chromatographic techniques investigated were utilized for the challenging impurity profiling of amino acids and amino acid-like drugs. The results of the method validation procedures confirmed the broad applicability of the CAD in the pharmaceutical analysis of nonvolatile compounds, supported by satisfactory sensitivity and reproducibility for meeting the regulatory requirements with respect to the ICH guidelines Q2(R1) and Q3A(R2). The limits of applicability include the analysis of semivolatile compounds, and the method transfer between current and legacy CAD models. Further advances in the definition and standardization of allowed ranges for the instrumental settings and the establishment of general optimization procedures in the method development could lead to a more widespread use of the detection technique in compendial methods.},
  subject      = {Instrumentelle Analytik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Unger2020,
  author    = {Unger, Nina},
  title     = {Stability of Tryptophan in Parenteral Amino Acid Solutions: Identification of Degradation Products and Development of HPLC Analysis Methods},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19982},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-199825},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The stability of Trp in pure solutions and in parenteral AA formulations was evaluated with regard to typically used manufacturing processes, storage conditions and primary packaging. Therefore, thorough stability studies on Trp solutions were conducted beforehand. The applied stressing method, i.e. steam sterilization by autoclave, are chemically seen relatively mild but showed to be efficient to induce Trp degradation in the presence of oxygen. Subsequent identification, separation and characterization were challenging due to similar substance properties, numerous stereoisomers and pairs of diastereomers found amongst them. However, the identified o-aminoacetophenone compounds, Kyn and NFK, are associated with photo reactivity and have photo-oxidizing properties. Thus, best possible protection from UV-light, together with strict oxygen expulsion, are the most important criteria to impede Trp degradation after autoclaving. The identification of Trp degradation products was assisted by the compilation of a substance library, which included manifold reported and chemically plausible Trp degradation substances. The substances were classified for priority and their early or late-stage occurrence. The large number of possible substances and stereoisomers was narrowed down with the information retrieved from LC-UV/MS experiments. However, final identification was achieved by the synthesis of proposed substances as references. The following eight substances were characterized as Trp degradation substances: Kyn, NFK and three pairs of diastereomers R,R/R,S DiOia, R,R/R,S Oia and cis/trans PIC. Fig. 33 shows the proposed degradation pathway and demonstrates the close chemical relationship, which may be an explanation for the conversion of some substances into each other during the storage period. The proposed pathway brings together the results of different Trp stability and stressing studies, respectively [89, 94, 97, 98, 103, 133]. To our knowledge, the simultaneous formation of the identified degradation substances has not been reported before and especially not under the stressing conditions applied. The application of a traditional RP-HPLC method was compared to two developed IP-HPLC methods and a RP-HPLC methods using a modified perfluorinated column. Orthogonal analyses methods and especially the combination of UV and MS detection are necessary in order to indicate potentially undetected degradation substances. Main evaluation criteria were the separation performance, analyses time, reproducibility and feasibility. The best results upon assessment of all Trp degradation products, in both; pure Trp solutions and pharmaceutical formulations, were obtained by a traditional RP-HPLC. The optimized method was validated according to ICH guidelines Q2(R1) and meets the criteria of a stability-indicating HPLC-UV method. The validated method has a sufficient separation performance with an adequate selectivity indicating the Trp degradation substances next to each other and next to other AAs in finished pharmaceutical formulations. The detailed knowledge of Trp degradation and the method presented may be transferred practically to the pharmaceutical industry processing Trp-containing products. In general, the findings might contribute to the quality management of such pharmaceutical products during manufacturing and storage. Additionally, the study results provide basic information for the establishment of an impurity consideration following the ICH guidelines Q3B (R2) (impurities in new drug products) for products containing Trp. However, further development of the method applying more sophisticated detectors or more potent HPLC techniques like e.g. UHPLC and the implication of more sensitive (MS) detectors like ToF-MS would be advantageous with regard to economic and practical aspects.},
  subject      = {Stabilit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Drehmann2018,
  author    = {Drehmann, Paul},
  title     = {SLC7A10 als neues Gen f{\"u}r humane Hyperekplexie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159736},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Neuste Studien haben ergeben, dass Asc-1 Knock-out M{\"a}use aufgrund einer verminderten intrazellul{\"a}ren Glycinkonzentration in synaptischen Boutons im Gehirn, einen Hyperekplexie-{\"a}hnlichen Ph{\"a}notyp entwickeln. Aufgrund nicht vollst{\"a}ndig gekl{\"a}rter Ursachen f{\"u}r die Entstehung des Krankheitsbildes der Hyperekplexie beim Menschen, wurde eine Kohorte von 51 Patienten zusammengetragen, um vor dem Hintergrund der Forschungsergebnisse zu Asc-1 im Tiermodell, das kodierende Gen beim Menschen SLC7A10 als m{\"o}gliches Kandidatengen auf Sequenzalterationen zu untersuchen. Hierf{\"u}r wurde aus Vollblut der an Hyperekplexie erkrankten Patienten genomische DNA isoliert, um mittels PCR und anschließendem Screening der Sequenzen, Mutationen innerhalb funktionell wichtiger Bereiche des Gens zu eruieren. Neben weiteren Sequenzunterschieden, die meist in Introns gefunden wurden, wurde die codierende Mutation G307R innerhalb von Exon 7 identifiziert, die letztendlich der Grund f{\"u}r eine Versuchsreihe war, um zu hinterfragen, ob dieser Aminos{\"a}ureaustausch in der Proteinsequenz funktionelle Konsequenzen zur Folge hat. HEK293-Zellen wurden mit dem zuvor hergestellten Klon G307R transfiziert, um {\"u}ber Biotinylierung, immuncytochemische F{\"a}rbungen und funktionelle Untersuchungen die Aktivit{\"a}t des Transporters zu beurteilen. Hier zeigte sich ein Funktionsverlust von {\"u}ber 95 \%, bei uneingeschr{\"a}nkter Oberfl{\"a}chenexpression. ASC-1 best{\"a}tigt sich damit als neue Ursache in der Auspr{\"a}gung von Hyperekplexie. Ferner k{\"o}nnen Zusammenh{\"a}nge mit geistiger Retardierung und eingeschr{\"a}nkter neuronaler Plastizit{\"a}t bestehen.},
  subject      = {Knockout},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kuehnreich2016,
  author    = {K{\"u}hnreich, Raphael},
  title     = {Development and Validation of Methods for Impurity Profiling of Amino Acids},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145718},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The requirements for the impurity profiling of substances for pharmaceutical use have become greater over time. They can be accomplished by the use of modern instrumental analysis techniques, which have been evolved in the last decades. New types of columns with HILIC, mixed-mode and chiral stationary phases are suitable for the separation of all kinds of substances mixtures, that were previously hardly possible with the use of common reversed phase columns. Modern, almost universal detectors like CAD, ELSD and CNLSD can be applied for a sensitive detection of substances without a chromophore. However, in addition to some small individual disadvantages to these methods, the costs are high and applications are still kind of rare. Thus, the introduction of these devices at a broader level has not yet taken place. While this presumably will change over time, there is a need for methods that enable the impurity profiling of challenging substances with widespread analytics devices. Methionine is a substance with hydrophobic and hydrophilic impurities. With the help of a mixed-mode stationary phase, which is a combination of a reversed phase and a strong cationic exchanger, the separation of all putative impurities was found possible with good sensitivity and selectivity. The method requires apart from the column only standard isocratic HPLC equipment and was successfully validated. The evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of amino acids is challenging. Two approaches were made. The first method utilizes CE by means of in-capillary derivation with OPA and the subsequent separation with a cyclodextrin. With the use of OPA/NAC and γ-cyclodextrin, a simple and cost-effective method for the indirect enantioseparation of 16 amino acids was developed. With the second approach, racemic amino acids can be analyzed with HPLC and in-needle derivatization. For this, different columns and chiral thiols were evaluated and the chromatographic parameters were optimized. A method with OPA/NIBLC, a pentafluorophenyl column made the enantioseparation of 17 amino acids feasible. A LOQ of the minor enantiomer down to 0.04 \% can be achieved with UV spectrophotometric detection. A similar method was developed for impurity profiling of L-amino acids. This can be used alternatively for the amino acid analysis performed by the European Pharmacopoeia. A simple, robust, precise and accurate method for the evaluation of impurities in glyceryl trinitrate solution was developed and validated. The four impurities of glyceryl trinitrate are separated by means of an acetonitrile-water gradient and the assay for this substance is also possible.},
  subject      = {Aminos{\"a}uren},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wahl2016,
  author    = {Wahl, Oliver},
  title     = {Impurity Profiling of Challenging Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients without Chromophore},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137205},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The impurity profiling of pharmaceutical ingredients can oppose many challenges. The best part of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the related substances are detectable by UV detection, a very common detection principle. However, if an API lacks a suitable chromophore other means of detection are necessary. The corona charged aerosol detector (CAD) is a detector capable of detecting substances independent of their chemical structure. This "universal" detector has only one limitation: The analyte has to have a sufficiently low vapor pressure. Another important challenge that comes often together with the lack of a chromophore concerns the separation. These substances (e.g. most amino acids and derivatives) often contain structures that make them difficult to retain on conventional reversed phase columns. Possible solutions to overcome these challenges, like the application of the CAD and the benefit of so-called mixed-mode stationary phases in impurity profiling for pharmacopoeial purposes were explored in this work. The related substances analyzed in this thesis comprise amino acids, inorganic ions, bisphosphonic acids, basic and acidic derivatives of amino acids (esters and amides). The successful development and validation of mixed-mode liquid chromatography methods with CAD detection for carbocisteine and ibandronate sodium might help to increase the acceptance of this versatile detector in the pharmaceutical industry and in official authorities dealing with the determination of related substances. The combination of UV and CAD detection proved very useful during the analysis of Bicisate. Most of the related substances and some unidentified impurities were detectable by CAD whereas a synthesis by-product, a semi-volatile ester, was only detectable in the UV trace. The simple combination covers all relevant impurities in a single analysis. Two truly orthogonal methods regarding separation and detection for the enantiomeric purity of magnesium-L-aspartate helped to find the reason for elevated D aspartic acid content in the drug substance. A very quick and sensitive indirect separation using the OPA derivatization with NAC was developed as a powerful screening tool, whereas the direct separation of D- and L-CBQCA-Asp derivatives confirmed the results. Both methods were optimized in order to do without substances mentioned on the REACH list, like sodium tetraborate which is very frequently applied in standard derivatization protocols and CE separations. The importance of orthogonal detection principles in the determination of related substances of amino acids was discussed in a review article dealing with the revision of amino acid monographs in the Ph. Eur..},
  subject      = {Chromatographie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Meyer2015,
  author    = {Meyer, Frank},
  title     = {Soft X-ray Spectroscopic Study of Amino Acid and Salt Solutions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124295},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {This thesis focuses on the investigation of the electronic structure of amino acids and salts in aqueous solution using X-ray spectroscopic methods. Both material groups are of fundamental importance with regards to many physiological reactions, especially for the Hofmeister effect which describes the solubility of proteins in salt solutions. Hence, the investigation of the electronic structure of amino acids and the influence of ions on the hydrogen bonding network of liquid water are important milestones to a deeper understanding of the Hofmeister series. Besides investigating the electronic structure of amino acids in aqueous solution, the spectra were used to develop a building block model of the spectral fingerprints of the functional groups and were compared to spectral signatures of suitable reference molecules. In the framework of this thesis, it is shown that the building block approach is a useful tool with allows the interpretation of spectral signatures of considerably more complex molecules In this work, the focus lies on the investigation of the occupied and unoccupied electronic states of molecules in solid state, as well as in aqueous solution. Hereby, different X-ray spectroscopic methods were applied. X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) was used to probe the occupied electronic structure of the solution, while the unoccupied electronic structure was addressed by using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Finally, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) as a combination of XAS and XES measurements provides the combined information about the unoccupied and occupied molecular levels. The element specific character of the three measurement methods is a feature which allows the investigation of the local electronic structure of a single functional group. With RIXS, also non-equivalent atoms of the same element can be addressed separately. Within this thesis firstly, a library of the XE spectra of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids in zwitterionic form is presented. From this sample-set XES fingerprints of the protonated alpha-amino group NH3+ and the deprotonated carboxylic group COO- were evaluated and used to identify the XES fingerprints of the nitrogen and oxygen containing functional groups of the side chains of the amino acids. The data is discussed based on a building block approach. Furthermore, the XE spectra of the functional groups of lysine and histidine, namely the NH2 group and the C3N2H4 ring structure, are both compared to XE spectra of suitable reference molecules (imidazole, ammonia and methylamine). It is found that the XE and RIXS spectra of the side chains of lysine and histidine show large similarities to the XE spectra of the reference molecules. This agreement in the XE and RIXS spectra allows a qualitative investigation of XE and RIXS spectra of more complex amino acids using the XE and RIXS spectra of suitable reference molecules. The chemical structure of histidine and proline is quite different from the structures of the other proteinogenic amino acids. Due to the unique chemical structure of the side chain which in both cases consists of a heterocyclic ring structure, these two amino acids were investigated in more detail. Zubavichus et al. [1] have shown that amino acids are decomposing while exposed to X-ray radiation of the experiment. The damage is irreversible and molecular fragments can adsorb on the membrane of the experimental setup. This contamination can also create a spectral signature which then overlaps with the signal of the solution and which complicates the interpretation of the data. To record spectra which are free from contributions of adsorbed molecular fragments on the membrane, the adsorption behavior was investigated. In contrast to the solid phase in which the amino acids are present as salts in one electronic conformation, the charge state of the amino acids can be manipulated in aqueous solution by tuning the pH-value. By doing this, all possible charge states are accessible (cation, anion, zwitterion). In this work it is shown that also the spectra of the different charge states can be modeled by the spectra of suitable reference molecules using the building block approach. The spectral changes occurring upon protonation and deprotonation of the functional groups are explored and verified by comparing them to theoretical calculations. The comparison with measurements of pyrrolidine show that the electronic structure which surrounds the nitrogen atom of proline is strongly influenced by the ring structure of the side chain. Furthermore, the proline, pyrrolidine, and histidine molecules are also degrading during the liquid sample measurements. This can be observed by the detection of a new spectral component which increases with the measurement time originating from the window membrane. In all cases, the speed of the agglomeration of molecular fragments at the membrane was observed to be highly sensitive to the pH value of the solution. To understand the Hofmeister series, also the impact of the salt ions have to be investigated. In this study the influence of potassium chloride (KCl) on the hydrogen bond network of water was studied by using non-resonantly excited XES as well as RIXS. A decreased dissociation of hydrogen molecules and changes in the molecular vibrations could be detected. These changes were interpreted with a molecular reorganization of the water molecules and a decreased number of hydrogen bonds.},
  subject      = {Aminos{\"a}uren},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{ShephardMeierLutz1991,
  author    = {Shephard, S. E. and Meier, I. and Lutz, Werner K.},
  title     = {Alkylating potency of nitrosated amino acids and peptides},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86320},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Tbe alkylating potency of unstable N-nitrosamino acids and N-nitrosopeptides was investigated in vitro using 4-(para-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) as nucleophile. Of the amino acids, Met and those with an aromatic side chain were the most potent. The relative overall alkylating potency was 23:10:5:4:2:1: for Trp, Met, His, 1)rr, Phe and Gly, respectively. The homo-dipeptides were much more potent than the amino acids, with relative potencies of 400:110:100:8:3:1, for Trp-Trp, l)T-'I)T, Met-Met, Asp-Asp, Phe-Phe and Gly, respectively. In the one-phase reaction system (in which NBP is already present durlog the nitrosation reaction at acidic pH), all amino acids tested showed a second-order reaction for nitrite. In the two-phase system (in which NBP is added only after bringing the nitrosation reaction mixture to neutrality), all amino acids tested except one again showed a second-order reaction for nitrite (Phe, His, Asp and the dipeptide artiticial sweetener aspartame); only Met under these conditions bad a reaction order of one for nitrite. This could mean that nitrosation of the side chain of Metproduces a second N-nitroso product which is relatively stable in acid but reacts with NBP under neutral conditions. In the human stomach, this side-chain nitrosation might become more important than the reactions at the primary amino group, firstly because of the greater stability of the product(s) in acid and secondly because of the tirst-order reaction rate for nitrite. A decrease in nitrite concentration from the millimolar concentrations ofthe in-vitro assay to the micromolar concentrations in the stomach reduces the reaction rate by a factor of 1000 for the side-chain nitrosation, whereas a million-fold reduction will be observed for nitrosation of the amino group.},
  subject      = {Aminos{\"a}uren},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Freitag2011,
  author    = {Freitag, Claudia},
  title     = {Quantifizierung von Aminos{\"a}uren in Infusionsl{\"o}sungen mittels Hochleistungsfl{\"u}ssigkeitschromatographie-(Tandem) - Massenspektrometrie(HPLC-[MS/]MS) Methodenentwicklung und Validierung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65198},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Das Ziel vorliegender Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer HPLC-MS(/MS)-Methode, die im Rahmen der pharmazeutischen Qualit{\"a}tskontrolle zur direkten Quantifizierung von Aminos{\"a}uren (AS) in Infusionsl{\"o}sungen angewendet werden kann. Die Zielset-zung schloss eine Validierung innerhalb der f{\"u}r die Zweckbestimmung vorgesehenen Grenzen ein. Im Rahmen der Methodenentwicklung wurde das ESI-MS/MS-Fragmentierungs-muster von 21 Aminos{\"a}uren, von 20 stabil-isotopenmarkierten Aminos{\"a}uren, die als interne Standards verwendet wurden, sowie von einigen weiteren Substanzen bestimmt. Nach Kenntnis von Precursor- und Produktionen erstellte man eine SRM-Methode zur spezifischen MS/MS-Analyse. Dabei wurden durch das jeweilige Frag-mentierungsmuster bedingte Interferenzen bei den zu untersuchenden Aminos{\"a}uren bestimmt, die bei der zu erarbeitenden HPLC-MS-Methode beachtet werden mussten. Die Methodenentwicklung zur HPLC-MS-Analytik von underivatisierten AS umfasste mit der RP-HPLC unter Verwendung eines Ionenpaarreagenzes (IP) und der hydrophilen Interaktionschromatographie (HILIC) zwei verschiedene chromatographi-sche Ans{\"a}tze. Bei der Anwendung der RP-HPLC ergaben sich Probleme. Die Verwendung eines IP, im vorliegenden Fall TDFHA (Tridecafluorheptans{\"a}ure), f{\"u}hrte zu langen Equilibrierungs-, Re-Equilibrierungs- und Sp{\"u}lzeiten und damit bei zwar relativ kurzer HPLC-Laufzeit zu einem aber insgesamt hohen Zeitaufwand. Gleich-zeitig war die LC-MS-Anlage auf diese Anwendung fixiert, da das Ionenpaarreagenz das Ger{\"a}t stark verschmutzte und dadurch andere Analysen erheblich st{\"o}rte. Zudem waren die Retentionszeiten der Analyten trotz langer Equilibrierungszeiten schlecht reproduzierbar, so dass eine solche Methode im Rahmen der pharmazeutischen Qualit{\"a}tskontrolle schwer validierbar w{\"a}re. Weiterf{\"u}hrende Untersuchungen erfolgten daher nicht. In nachfolgenden Studien mit der HILIC wurden verschiedene Einflussparameter (Anteil organischer Phase im Fließmittel, pH-Wert des Fließmittels, Temperatur der S{\"a}ule, Pufferkonzentration im Fließmittel, Gradientenelution) auf die Trennung der AS an einer ZIC®-HILIC-S{\"a}ule untersucht. Durch Optimierung der Parameter wurde so eine HILIC-HPLC-Methode entwickelt, bei der 21 AS und 20 ihrer isotopen-markierten Referenz-AS innerhalb von 20 min eluierten. Diejenigen AS, bei denen im Rahmen der Fragmentierungsstudien Interferenzen aufgrund gleicher bzw. {\"a}hnlicher Massen der Precursor- bzw. Produktionen aufgetreten waren, wurden chroma-tographisch getrennt. Gleichzeitig hat sich die SIM-Analyse als anwendbar erwiesen. Die Anwendung des spezifischeren SRM-Modus und damit der Tandem-Massenspektrometrie war nicht erforderlich. Im Rahmen der nachfolgenden Studien zur Validierung ergab sich, dass die entwickelte Methode {\"u}ber einen weiten Bereich eine lineare Abh{\"a}ngigkeit zwischen Konzentrations- und Messwerten zeigte. F{\"u}r drei der 21 AS (NAcCys, NAcTyr, Pro) wurde die quadratische Regression mit dem Anpassungstest nach Mandel als geeig-neteres Regressionsmodell ermittelt. Bei Untersuchungen zur Wiederfindung wurde ein Einfluss der Matrix-L{\"o}sung der Infusionsl{\"o}sung festgestellt, der zu Abweichungen hinsichtlich des Quotienten AreaAS / AreaIS f{\"u}hrte, so dass eine Quantifizierung innerhalb der geforderten Grenzen bei Kalibrierung {\"u}ber reine Standardl{\"o}sungen nicht m{\"o}glich war. Die Validierung wurde daher nachfolgend in der Matrixl{\"o}sung durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei wurde gezeigt, dass mit der entwickelten HILIC-HPLC-MS-Methode Aminos{\"a}uren in Infusionsl{\"o}sungen mit hoher Pr{\"a}zision und Richtigkeit bestimmt werden k{\"o}nnen. Neun der 21 untersuchten AS konnten im Bereich von 30\% - 350\%, zehn weitere im Bereich von 50\% - 350\% innerhalb der zur Gehaltsbestimmung von pharmazeutischen Formulierungen vorgeschriebenen Grenzen (Wiederfindung Einzelbestimmung: 98\% -102.0\%, Mittelwert einer Dreifachbestimmung: 98.5\% - 101.5\%) quantifiziert werden. F{\"u}r His und Phe gelang allerdings keine Quantifizierung innerhalb der Akzeptanzkriterien, wobei der Grund hierf{\"u}r in weiteren Studien gekl{\"a}rt werden m{\"u}sste. Mit der entwickelten Methode ist damit eine gleichzeitige Quantifizierung verschiedener AS-Infusionsl{\"o}sungsformulierungen m{\"o}glich, die sich bei gleicher Matrix in der Konzentration an AS unterscheiden. Beispielsweise seien hier die Formulierungen „Aminoplasmal® E 5\% / 10\% /15\%" genannt, die mit der validierten Methode erfassbar sind. Die Probenvorbereitung beschr{\"a}nkt sich dabei auf den Zusatz der IS-Formulierung zur Infusionsl{\"o}sung und einen Verd{\"u}nnungsschritt. Die Quanti-fizierung erfolgt {\"u}ber eine 5-Punkt-Kalibriergerade, die aus einer AS- und IS-Standardmischung, nach Zusatz der einfach herzustellenden Elektrolyt-Matrix, erstellt wird. Die Analysenzeit der HPLC-MS-Methode betr{\"a}gt einschließlich Equilibrie-rungszeit 35 min und ist damit deutlich k{\"u}rzer als die 120 min, die bei der nach wie vor zur AS-Analytik allgemein gebr{\"a}uchlichen Ionenaustauschchromatographie mit Ninhydrin-Nachs{\"a}ulenderivatisierung anzusetzen sind.},
  subject      = {Aminos{\"a}uren},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Beyer2011,
  author    = {Beyer, Tanja},
  title     = {Quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie in der pharmazeutischen Analytik -- Identit{\"a}t, Reinheit und Gehalt von Arzneistoffen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65091},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Kl{\"a}rung der Fragestellung, ob sich die quantitative NMR-Spektroskopie zur Bestimmung von Identit{\"a}t, Reinheit und Gehalt von Arzneistoffen eignet, und wie sich Pr{\"a}zision und Empfindlichkeit dieser Methode im Vergleich zu etablierten chromatographischen Verfahren verhalten. Die quantitative Untersuchung der drei strukturell jeweils verwandten Mehrkomponentengemische Codergocrinmesilat, Clomifencitrat und Flupentixoldihydrochlorid bewies eindrucksvoll die Eignung der 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie als orthogonale, analytische Messmethode im Vergleich zu validierten HPLC-Arzneibuchmethoden. Die im Rahmen einer Validierung der 1H-NMR-Methode ermittelten Ergebnisse erf{\"u}llten bez{\"u}glich Pr{\"a}zision und Richtigkeit die an eine im pharmazeutischen Bereich eingesetzte analytische Methode gestellten Anforderungen; zudem wurden weitere Pr{\"u}fparameter wie Selektivit{\"a}t, Linearit{\"a}t, Robustheit und Stabilit{\"a}t verifiziert. Externe-Standard-Experimente wie "Zwei-R{\"o}hrchen-Methode" und ERETIC-Verfahren best{\"a}tigten die quantitativen Ergebnisse der Internen Standardisierung; jedoch wurde hier -- insbesondere f{\"u}r die ERETIC-Technik -- eine h{\"o}here Fehleranf{\"a}lligkeit und somit eine gr{\"o}ßere Streuung der Einzelergebnisse beobachtet. Am Beispiel von Codergocrinmesilat und Flupentixoldihydrochlorid konnte zudem die Eignung anderer NMR-aktiver Kerne wie 13C und 19F f{\"u}r die quantitative Analyse von komplexen Substanzgemischen aufgezeigt werden. Das Potential der 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie f{\"u}r die Reinheitspr{\"u}fung von Arzneistoffen wurde am Beispiel der Aminos{\"a}ure L-Alanin aufgezeigt. Die zu erwartenden Verunreinigungen Glutamin-, Asparagin-, {\"A}pfel- und Fumars{\"a}ure konnten im Gegensatz zu den "veralteten" Pr{\"u}fmethoden des Europ{\"a}ischen Arzneibuches eindeutig identifiziert und quantifiziert werden; mit einer Bestimmungsgrenze von <= 0.03\% wurden die Vorgaben der ICH-Richtlinie Q3A(R2) erf{\"u}llt. Die deutliche {\"U}bereinstimmung der NMR-spektroskopisch ermittelten Ergebnisse einer quantitativ untersuchten Alanin-Modellmischung mit einer f{\"u}r den Routinebetrieb geeigneten HPLC-Methode unter Einsatz verschiedener Detektoren wie CAD, NQAD, ELSD und MS, sowie der Vergleich wichtiger Pr{\"u}fparameter wie Linearit{\"a}t und Nachweisgrenze best{\"a}tigten die Eignung der 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie im Rahmen der routinem{\"a}ßig durchgef{\"u}hrten Qualit{\"a}tskontrolle. Die Aufdeckung von Arzneimittelf{\"a}lschungen mit Hilfe der NMR-Spektroskopie wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit anhand der zwei aktuellen Fallbeispiele Heparin und Glycerin n{\"a}her untersucht. Die in Zusammenhang mit dem Heparin-Skandal verantwortliche Kontaminante OSCS konnte neben Dermatansulfat und weiteren nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden Glykosaminoglykan-Verunreinigungen im 1H-NMR-Spektrum eindeutig identifiziert und auf 0.1\% OSCS bzw. 0.5\% Dermatansulfat begrenzt werden. Eine pr{\"a}zise und richtige quantitative Bestimmung der beiden Glykosaminoglykane wurde {\"u}ber die N-Acetyl-Resonanzen mit Hilfe der Signalh{\"o}henbestimmung und dem Standard-Additionsverfahren erm{\"o}glicht; deutliche Abweichungen vom "wahren" Gehalt wurden hingegen, bedingt durch starke Signal{\"u}berlagerungen, nach Fl{\"a}chenvergleich beobachtet. Weitere Verunreinigungen, insbesondere L{\"o}sungsmittelr{\"u}ckst{\"a}nde, die w{\"a}hrend des Extraktions- und Reinigungsprozesses des Heparins eingesetzt werden, konnten ebenfalls {\"u}ber charakteristische Resonanzen identifiziert und mit Hilfe der Internen-Standard-Methode quantitativ erfasst werden. Eine umfangreiche Untersuchung von 145 Heparin-API-Mustern mittels NMR-Spektroskopie und weiteren, neuentwickelten Verfahren wie HPLC, CE, IR- und Raman-Spektroskopie konnte die Eignung der entwickelten 1H-NMR-Methode best{\"a}tigen. Potentielle Glycerin-Kontaminanten wie Diethylenglycol und Ethylenglycol konnten ebenso wie eine weitere, nat{\"u}rlich vorkommende Verunreinigung, Propylenglycol, mittels 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie identifiziert und quantifiziert werden. Beide Methoden erf{\"u}llten die in der USP beschriebenen Anforderungen, die f{\"u}r pharmazeutisch eingesetztes Glycerin jeweils h{\"o}chstens 0.1\% Diethylenglycol bzw. Ethylenglycol erlaubt. W{\"a}hrend die quantitative Reinheitspr{\"u}fung beim Einsatz der 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie mit einer Messdauer im Bereich von etwa 30 min f{\"u}r den Routineeinsatz geeignet ist, ist die entwickelte quantitative 13C-NMR-Methode beim Einsatz von Spektrometern geringer Magnetfeldst{\"a}rke aufgrund einer geringen Nachweisempfindlichkeit und der NOE-Problematik f{\"u}r den Routinebetrieb nur bedingt anwendbar. Abschließend kann zusammengefasst werden, dass die untersuchten Beispiele die NMR-Spektroskopie als in hohem Maße geeignet f{\"u}r die quantitative Analyse von Arzneimitteln ausweisen.},
  subject      = {NMR-Spektroskopie},
  language  = {de}
}