@unpublished{WangArrowsmithBoehnkeetal.2017, author = {Wang, Sunewang R. and Arrowsmith, Merle and B{\"o}hnke, Julian and Braunschweig, Holger and Dellermann, Theresa and Dewhurst, Rian D. and Kelch, Hauke and Krummenacher, Ivo and Mattock, James D. and M{\"u}ssig, Jonas H. and Thiess, Torsten and Vargas, Alfredo and Zhang, Jiji}, title = {Engineering a Small HOMO-LUMO Gap and Intramolecular B-B Hydroarylation by Diborene/Anthracene Orbital Intercalation}, series = {Angewandte Chemie, International Edition}, volume = {56}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie, International Edition}, number = {27}, doi = {10.1002/anie.201704063}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148126}, pages = {8009-8013}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The diborene 1 was synthesized by reduction of a mixture of 1,2-di-9-anthryl-1,2-dibromodiborane(4) (6) and trimethylphosphine with potassium graphite. The X-ray structure of 1 shows the two anthryl rings to be parallel and their π(C\(_{14}\)) systems perpendicular to the diborene π(B=B) system. This twisted conformation allows for intercalation of the relatively high-lying π(B=B) orbital and the low-lying π* orbital of the anthryl moiety with no significant conjugation, resulting in a small HOMO-LUMO gap (HLG) and ultimately an unprecedented anthryl B-B bond hydroarylation. The HLG of 1 was estimated to be 1.57 eV from the onset of the long wavelength band in its UV-vis absorption spectrum (THF, λ\(_{onset}\) = 788 nm). The oxidation of 1 with elemental selenium afforded diboraselenirane 8 in quantitative yield. By oxidative abstraction of one phosphine ligand by another equivalent of elemental selenium, the B-B and C\(^1\)-H bonds of 8 were cleaved to give the cyclic 1,9-diboraanthracene 9.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Aschenbrenner2017, author = {Aschenbrenner, Doris}, title = {Human Robot Interaction Concepts for Human Supervisory Control and Telemaintenance Applications in an Industry 4.0 Environment}, isbn = {978-3-945459-18-8}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-15052}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150520}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {While teleoperation of technical highly sophisticated systems has already been a wide field of research, especially for space and robotics applications, the automation industry has not yet benefited from its results. Besides the established fields of application, also production lines with industrial robots and the surrounding plant components are in need of being remotely accessible. This is especially critical for maintenance or if an unexpected problem cannot be solved by the local specialists. Special machine manufacturers, especially robotics companies, sell their technology worldwide. Some factories, for example in emerging economies, lack qualified personnel for repair and maintenance tasks. When a severe failure occurs, an expert of the manufacturer needs to fly there, which leads to long down times of the machine or even the whole production line. With the development of data networks, a huge part of those travels can be omitted, if appropriate teleoperation equipment is provided. This thesis describes the development of a telemaintenance system, which was established in an active production line for research purposes. The customer production site of Braun in Marktheidenfeld, a factory which belongs to Procter \& Gamble, consists of a six-axis cartesian industrial robot by KUKA Industries, a two-component injection molding system and an assembly unit. The plant produces plastic parts for electric toothbrushes. In the research projects "MainTelRob" and "Bayern.digital", during which this plant was utilised, the Zentrum f{\"u}r Telematik e.V. (ZfT) and its project partners develop novel technical approaches and procedures for modern telemaintenance. The term "telemaintenance" hereby refers to the integration of computer science and communication technologies into the maintenance strategy. It is particularly interesting for high-grade capital-intensive goods like industrial robots. Typical telemaintenance tasks are for example the analysis of a robot failure or difficult repair operations. The service department of KUKA Industries is responsible for the worldwide distributed customers who own more than one robot. Currently such tasks are offered via phone support and service staff which travels abroad. They want to expand their service activities on telemaintenance and struggle with the high demands of teleoperation especially regarding security infrastructure. In addition, the facility in Marktheidenfeld has to keep up with the high international standards of Procter \& Gamble and wants to minimize machine downtimes. Like 71.6 \% of all German companies, P\&G sees a huge potential for early information on their production system, but complains about the insufficient quality and the lack of currentness of data. The main research focus of this work lies on the human machine interface for all human tasks in a telemaintenance setup. This thesis provides own work in the use of a mobile device in context of maintenance, describes new tools on asynchronous remote analysis and puts all parts together in an integrated telemaintenance infrastructure. With the help of Augmented Reality, the user performance and satisfaction could be raised. A special regard is put upon the situation awareness of the remote expert realized by different camera viewpoints. In detail the work consists of: - Support of maintenance tasks with a mobile device - Development and evaluation of a context-aware inspection tool - Comparison of a new touch-based mobile robot programming device to the former teach pendant - Study on Augmented Reality support for repair tasks with a mobile device - Condition monitoring for a specific plant with industrial robot - Human computer interaction for remote analysis of a single plant cycle - A big data analysis tool for a multitude of cycles and similar plants - 3D process visualization for a specific plant cycle with additional virtual information - Network architecture in hardware, software and network infrastructure - Mobile device computer supported collaborative work for telemaintenance - Motor exchange telemaintenance example in running production environment - Augmented reality supported remote plant visualization for better situation awareness}, subject = {Fernwartung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ostermayer2017, author = {Ostermayer, Ludwig}, title = {Integration of Prolog and Java with the Connector Architecture CAPJa}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150713}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Modern software is often realized as a modular combination of subsystems for, e. g., knowledge management, visualization, verification, or the interaction with users. As a result, software libraries from possibly different programming languages have to work together. Even more complex the case is if different programming paradigms have to be combined. This type of diversification of programming languages and paradigms in just one software application can only be mastered by mechanisms for a seamless integration of the involved programming languages. However, the integration of the common logic programming language Prolog and the popular object-oriented programming language Java is complicated by various interoperability problems which stem on the one hand from the paradigmatic gap between the programming languages, and on the other hand, from the diversity of the available Prolog systems. The subject of the thesis is the investigation of novel mechanisms for the integration of logic programming in Prolog and object-oriented programming in Java. We are particularly interested in an object-oriented, uniform approach which is not specific to just one Prolog system. Therefore, we have first identified several important criteria for the seamless integration of Prolog and Java from the object-oriented perspective. The main contribution of the thesis is a novel integration framework called the Connector Architecture for Prolog and Java (CAPJa). The framework is completely implemented in Java and imposes no modifications to the Java Virtual Machine or Prolog. CAPJa provides a semi-automated mechanism for the integration of Prolog predicates into Java. For compact, readable, and object-oriented queries to Prolog, CAPJa exploits lambda expressions with conditional and relational operators in Java. The communication between Java and Prolog is based on a fully automated mapping of Java objects to Prolog terms, and vice versa. In Java, an extensible system of gateways provides connectivity with various Prolog system and, moreover, makes any connected Prolog system easily interchangeable, without major adaption in Java.}, subject = {Logische Programmierung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gebert2017, author = {Gebert, Steffen Christian}, title = {Architectures for Softwarized Networks and Their Performance Evaluation}, issn = {1432-8801}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-15063}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150634}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {This thesis contributes to several issues in the context of SDN and NFV, with an emphasis on performance and management. The main contributions are guide lines for operators migrating to software-based networks, as well as an analytical model for the packet processing in a Linux system using the Kernel NAPI.}, subject = {Telekommunikationsnetz}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Wittstadt2017, author = {Wittstadt, Katrin}, title = {Tiefenrisskorrosion an historischen Gl{\"a}sern - Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Kl{\"a}rung von Schadensursachen und dem Einfluss von Umgebungsbedingungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150502}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Arch{\"a}ologische Gl{\"a}ser k{\"o}nnen verschiedene Korrosionsph{\"a}nomene aufweisen, die h{\"a}ufig mit der Ausbildung von Br{\"u}chen und Mikrorissen einhergehen. Ein besonders schwerwiegendes Korrosionsph{\"a}nomen an Glasartefakten wird unter Arch{\"a}ologen als „sugaring" bezeichnet. Die betroffenen Gl{\"a}ser weisen korrosionsbedingt eine ausgesprochen kleinteilige Fragmentierung auf, die im Extremfall an Zuckerkristalle erinnert. Im Rahmen der Dissertation erfolgte eine genaue Schadensbeschreibung und Schadensuntersuchung an gesch{\"a}digten arch{\"a}ologischen Gl{\"a}sern und Fensterglas mittels Lichtmikroskopie und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM-EDX). Aufbauend auf den Untersuchungen an Originalgl{\"a}sern wurden Modellgl{\"a}ser nachgeschmolzen und in Laborversuchen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen k{\"u}nstlich bewittert. Ziel war es m{\"o}gliche Einflussfaktoren f{\"u}r die Ausbildung des Schadens zu bestimmen - wie den Einfluss von w{\"a}ssrigen L{\"o}sungen mit unterschiedlichen pH-Werten, Feuchtigkeitsschwankungen, unterschiedliche Oberfl{\"a}cheneigenschaften des Glases bzw. die Materialst{\"a}rke. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass vor allem das Vorhandensein von Wasser bzw. Feuchtigkeit der dominierende Parameter ist, der die Schadensentwicklung beeinflusst.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kramer2017, author = {Kramer, Christian}, title = {Investigation of Nanostructure-Induced Localized Light Phenomena Using Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150681}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In recent years, the interaction of light with subwavelength structures, i.e., structures that are smaller than the optical wavelength, became more and more interesting to scientific research, since it provides the opportunity to manipulate light-induced dynamics below the optical diffraction limit. Specifically designed nanomaterials can be utilized to tailor the temporal evolution of electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale. For the investigation of strongly localized processes, it is essential to resolve both their spatial and their temporal behavior. The aim of this thesis was to study and/or control the temporal evolution of three nanostructure-induced localized light phenomena by using ultrafast laser spectroscopy with high spatial resolution. In Chapter 4, the absorption of near-infrared light in thin-film a-Si:H solar cells was investigated. Using nanotextured instead of smooth interfaces for such devices leads to an increase of absorption from < 20\% to more than 50\% in the near-infrared regime. Time-resolved experiments with femtosecond laser pulses were performed to clarify the reason for this enhancement. The coherent backscattered radiation from nanotextured solar cell devices was measured as a function of the sample position and evaluated via spectral interferometry. Spatially varying resonance peaks in the recorded spectra indicated the formation of localized photonic modes within the nanotextured absorber layers. In order to identify the modes separately from each other, coherent two-dimensional (2D) nanoscopy was utilized, providing a high spatial resolution < 40 nm. In a nanoscopy measurement on a modified device with an exposed nanotextured a-Si:H absorber layer, hot-spot electron emission was observed and confirmed the presence of localized modes. Fitting the local 2D nanospectra at the hot-spot positions enabled the determination of the resonance frequencies and coherence lifetimes of the modes. The obtained lifetime values varied between 50 fs and 130 fs. Using a thermionic emission model allowed the calculation of the locally absorbed energy density and, with this, an estimation of the localization length of the photonic modes (≈1 μm). The localization could be classified by means of the estimated localization length and additional data evaluation of the backscattered spectra as strong localization ─ the so-called Anderson localization. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that the enhanced absorption of near-infrared light in thin-film silicon solar cells with nanotextured interfaces is caused by the formation of strongly localized photonic modes within the disordered absorber layers. The incoming near-infrared light is trapped in these long-living modes until absorption occurs. In Chapter 5, a novel hybridized plasmonic device was introduced and investigated in both theory and experiment. It consists of two widely separated whispering gallery mode (WGM) nanoantennas located in an elliptical plasmonic cavity. The goal was to realize a periodic long-range energy transfer between the nanoantennas. In finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, the device was first optimized with respect to strong coupling between the localized antenna modes and the spatially-extended cavity mode. The geometrical parameters of the antennas and the cavity were adjusted separately so that the m="0" antenna mode and the cavity mode were resonant at λ="800 nm" . A high spatial overlap of the modes was achieved by positioning the two antennas in the focal spots of the cavity, leading to a distance between the antenna centers of more than twice the resonant wavelength of the modes. The spectral response of the optimized device revealed an energy splitting of the antenna and the cavity mode into three separated hybridized eigenmodes within an energy range of about 90 meV due to strong coupling. It could be well reproduced by a simple model of three coupled Lorentzian oscillators. In the time domain, an oscillatory energy transfer between both antennas with a period of 86 fs and an energy transfer efficiency of about 7\% was observed for single-pulse excitation. For the experiments, devices with cavities and antennas of varying size were fabricated by means of focused-ion-beam (FIB) milling. Time-resolved correlation measurements were performed with high spatial and temporal resolution by using sequences of two femtosecond laser pulses for excitation and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) for detection. Local correlation traces at antennas in resonant devices, i.e., devices with enhanced electron emission at both antenna positions, were investigated and reconstructed by means of the coupled-oscillator model. The corresponding spectral response revealed separated peaks, confirming the formation of hybridized eigenmodes due to strong coupling. In a subsequent simulation for single-pulse excitation, one back-and-forth energy transfer between both antennas with an energy transfer efficiency of about 10\% was observed. Based on the theoretical and experimental results, it was demonstrated that in the presented plasmonic device a periodic long-range energy transfer between the two nanoantennas is possible. Furthermore, the coupled-oscillator model enables one to study in depth how specific device properties impact the temporal electric-field dynamics within the device. This can be exploited to further optimize energy transfer efficiency of the device. Future applications are envisioned in ultrafast plasmonic nanocircuitry. Moreover, the presented device can be employed to realize efficient SPP-mediated strong coupling between widely separated quantum emitters. In Chapter 6, it was investigated in theory how the local optical chirality enhancement in the near field of plasmonic nanostructures can be optimized by tuning the far-field polarization of the incident light. An analytic expression was derived that enables the calculation of the optimal far-field polarizations, i.e., the two far-field polarizations which lead to the highest positive and negative local optical chirality, for any given nanostructure geometry. The two optimal far-field polarizations depend on the local optical response of the respective nanostructure and thus are functions of both the frequency ω and the position r. Their ellipticities differ only in their sign, i.e., in their direction of rotation in the time domain, and the angle between their orientations, i.e., the angle between the principal axes of their ellipses, is ±π/"2" . The handedness of optimal local optical chirality can be switched by switching between the optimal far-field polarizations. In numerical simulations, it was exemplarily shown for two specific nanostructure assemblies that the optimal local optical chirality can significantly exceed the optical chirality values of circularly polarized light in free space ─ the highest possible values in free space. The corresponding optimal far-field polarizations were different from linear and circular and varied with frequency. Using femtosecond polarization pulse shaping provides the opportunity to coherently control local optical chirality over a continuous frequency range. Furthermore, symmetry properties of nanostructures can be exploited to determine which far-field polarization is optimal. The theoretical findings can have impact on future experimental studies about local optical chirality enhancement. Tuning the far-field polarization of the incident light offers a promising tool to enhance chirally specific interactions of local electromagnetic fields with molecular and other quantum systems in the vicinity of plasmonic nanostructures. The presented approach can be utilized for applications in chiral sensing of adsorbed molecules, time-resolved chirality-sensitive spectroscopy, and chiral quantum control. In conclusion, each of the localized light phenomena that were investigated in this thesis ─ the enhanced local absorption of near-infrared light due to the formation of localized photonic modes, the periodic long-range energy transfer between two nanoantennas within an elliptical plasmonic cavity, and the optimization of local optical chirality enhancement by tuning the far-field polarization of the incident light ─ can open up new perspectives for a variety of future applications. .}, subject = {Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie}, language = {en} } @unpublished{BaumannWillaschekKertessSzlaninkaetal.2017, author = {Baumann, Christoph and Willaschek, Christian and Kertess-Szlaninka, Tuende and Lang, Johanna and Buchhorn, Reiner}, title = {Implementing high energy liquid nutrition, omega-3 fatty acids and nutritional supplements for the treatment of anorexia nervosa}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150430}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Objective: To examine the effects of two different treatment approaches on the course of anorexia nervosa (AN) over time. Methods: The subjects were 27 hospitalized AN patients (mean age: 14.91 years; mean BMI: 14.58; mean height: 163.56) . In our retrospective analysis we compared weight gain in two groups. While one group was treated with a standard oral refeeding protocol (historical control) through January 2013 (N=16), the second group (highly standardized refeeding protocol) received a high energy liquid nutrition and nutritional supplements including omega-3 fatty acids (N=11). Results: On admission, the two groups were comparable in terms of height, weight, age and heart rate. At the end of our monitoring time frame of 25 days, weight gain was 121.4\% higher in the highly standardized refeeding protocol group than in the historical control group (66.5 ±52.4 vs 147.3 ±55.7 grams/day; t-Test p=0.004; CI95\%: 29.3-132.2). About 45\% of our patients stated they were vegetarians at admission. However, we could not identify a vegetarian diet as a statistically significant negative prognostic factor for weight gain. Discussion: The highly standardized refeeding protocol seems to be helpful in malnourished AN patients to improve weight gain without enhancing the risk of a refeeding syndrome. Because of an increasing energy turnover, caloric intake should be adjusted during refeeding.}, subject = {Anorexia nervosa}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Glasgow2017, author = {Glasgow, Rupert}, title = {The Minimal Self}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-052-8 (print)}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-053-5}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145252}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {392}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The aim of The Minimal Self is to undertake a conceptual analysis of the term 'self' and thereby establish the minimal conditions that must be met to ascribe selfhood to an entity. This conceptual analysis focuses on what is termed 'intrinsic reflexivity', which is taken as the defining feature of selfhood. Three underlying categories of intrinsic reflexivity are distinguished: self-maintenance, self-reproduction and self-containment. These three fundamental categories provide a framework within which it is possible to distinguish entities that can be designated 'selves' from entities that are merely 'self-like', thus establishing the logical preconditions for the 'emergence' of selfhood. By examining the fuzzy borderlines between selves and the merely self-like as manifest in phenomena such as dissipative systems, genetic material, viruses and bacteria, it becomes possible to ascertain a form of 'minimal selfhood', a mode of being shared by all selves qua selves. Free-living single-celled organisms such as protozoa are paradigmatic instances of minimal selfhood to the extent that they can be characterized in terms of the three intrinsically reflexive processes of self-maintenance, self-reproduction and self-containment. Minimal selfhood is also presupposed by more complex multicellular selves such as animals. Such an analysis is found to shed light on the origin of life and on the nature of organisms and biological individuals.}, subject = {Selbst}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Wietschorke2017, author = {Wietschorke, Katharina}, title = {Transkranielle Gleichstrom-Stimulations-Behandlung zur Modulation der Cue-Reaktivit{\"a}t bei alkoholabh{\"a}ngigen Patienten - ein neuer Ansatz zur Reduktion des Alkohol Cravings?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150328}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Alkoholabh{\"a}ngigkeit ist weltweit ein pr{\"a}valentes Problem und Alkohol-Craving stellt einen wichtigen Faktor f{\"u}r die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung der Abh{\"a}ngigkeit und f{\"u}r einen R{\"u}ckfall dar. Craving kann mithilfe subjektiver Messmethoden, bildgebenden Verfahren und mithilfe der Cue-Reaktivit{\"a}t gemessen werden. Ein Paradigma hierf{\"u}r ist die Messung der Alkohol-Cue-Reaktivit{\"a}t mithilfe des akustisch induzierten Startle Reflexes w{\"a}hrend der Pr{\"a}sentation alkoholrelevanter und anderer emotional erregender Bilder. Bei alkoholabh{\"a}ngigen Patienten wurde eine erh{\"o}hte Aktivit{\"a}t des Dorsolateralen Pr{\"a}frontalen Kortex (DLPFC) beobachtet, einem Hirnareal, das f{\"u}r exekutive Funktionen zust{\"a}ndig ist und dem eine große Rolle im Prozess des Cravings zugeschrieben wird. In der Literatur wurde gezeigt, dass eine ver{\"a}nderte Aktivit{\"a}t im DLPFC mit einem erh{\"o}hten Craving einhergeht. Zur Modulation der Aktivit{\"a}t des DLPFC kann die transkranielle Gleichstromstimulation (tDCS), eine Form der nichtinvasiven Neurostimulation, eingesetzt werden. Hierbei f{\"u}hrt eine kathodale tDC Stimulation zu einer Verringerung der neuronalen Exzitabilit{\"a}t, w{\"a}hrend anodale Stimulation diese steigert. In unserer Studie sollte {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft werden, ob durch die Modulation der Aktivit{\"a}t in Richtung einer Inaktivierung des DLPFC die Cue Reaktivit{\"a}t auf Alkoholreize im Startle Test ver{\"a}ndert werden kann und das Craving hierdurch reduziert werden kann. Hierf{\"u}r wurde eine kathodale Stimulation gew{\"a}hlt. In einer doppelblinden randomisiert-kontrollierten Studie untersuchten wir den Effekt von tDCS an 30 alkoholabh{\"a}ngigen station{\"a}ren Patienten, die sich direkt nach dem akuten Entzug befanden. Die Probanden wurden zwei Gruppen randomisiert zugeteilt, eine Gruppe mit links kathodaler Verum-Stimulation und eine Gruppe mit Sham-Stimulation. W{\"a}hrend einer 20-min{\"u}tigen tDCS-Stimulation {\"u}ber dem DLPFC wurden emotional positive, neutrale und negative Bilder sowie Alkohol-Bilder pr{\"a}sentiert und parallel der akustische Startle-Response gemessen. In unserer Untersuchung konnte gezeigt werden, dass Alkohol-Bilder im Startle Test aversiv verarbeitet werden. Zudem konnte ein signifikanter Effekt der tDCS Intervention gezeigt werden. TDCS f{\"u}hrte zu einer noch negativeren Modulation des Startle Responses. Auch f{\"u}r das subjektive Craving konnte ein mittlerer Effekt in Richtung einer Reduktion des Cravings durch tDCS gezeigt werden. Im subjektiven Bilder-Rating nach Arousal zeigte sich ein appetitiver Effekt von Alkoholreizen, jedoch kein Effekt durch die Intervention. Zusammenfassend konnte diese Studie einen signifikanten Effekt durch transkranielle Stimulation mit tDCS auf die Cue-Reaktivit{\"a}t alkoholrelevanter Reize und das subjektive Craving zeigen und unterstreicht damit die Wirksamkeit der tDC Stimulation als neuromodulatorische Methode. Dies er{\"o}ffnet neue Perspektiven f{\"u}r die zuk{\"u}nftige Modulation des Cravings durch eine Ver{\"a}nderung der neuronalen Exzitabilit{\"a}t. Trotzdem werden weitere Studien notwendig sein, die den Effekt der tDCS auf die Cue-Reaktivit{\"a}t und das Craving pr{\"u}fen. Zudem w{\"a}re es wichtig, standardisierte Stimulations- und Messprotokolle zu entwickeln, um eine bessere Vergleichbarkeit der Studien zu erm{\"o}glichen. Das Ziel weiterer Untersuchungen k{\"o}nnte sein, die tDCS als m{\"o}gliche Therapieoption zur Unterst{\"u}tzung der Therapie bei Alkoholabh{\"a}ngigkeit in den klinischen Einsatz zu etablieren. Hierzu werden multimodale klinische Therapiestudien n{\"o}tig sein, die den praktischen Einsatz in der Klinik und zudem Langzeiteffekte pr{\"u}fen. Diese Studie m{\"o}chte dazu beitragen, das Ph{\"a}nomen des Alkohol-Cravings und der Cue-Reaktivit{\"a}t besser zu verstehen, die tDCS als neue Herangehensweise zur Reduktion des Cravings zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen und langfristig die Therapie der Alkoholabh{\"a}ngigkeit zu verbessern.}, subject = {Craving}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{NitschgebLube2017, author = {Nitsch [geb. Lube], J{\"o}rn S.}, title = {Struktur, Reaktivit{\"a}t und Photophysik von Kupfer(I)-Komplexen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123787}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In der Arbeit wurden die Strukturen, Reaktivit{\"a}ten und die Photophysik von verschiedenen Kupfer(I)-Komplexen untersucht. Dazu wurden zun{\"a}chst Kupfer(I)-Halogenid und -Pseudohalogenid Verbindungen der Typen [CuX] und [Cu2I2] mit Phenanthrolin und dessen Derivaten sowohl strukturell als auch photophysikalisch detailliert charakterisiert. Diese Verbindungen weisen eine breite XMLCT-Absorption zwischen 450-600 nm und Emissionsbanden zwischen 550-850 nm im Festk{\"o}rper auf. Es zeigte sich f{\"u}r diese strukturell einfachen Verbindungen ein komplexes und sehr unterschiedliches photophysikalisches Verhalten. Dabei wurde neben strukturellen Parametern, wie z.B. π-Wechselwirkungen, auch der Einfluss des Halogen bzw. Pseudohalogenatoms untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mindestens zwei angeregte Zust{\"a}nde an der Emission von [CuI(dtbphen)] (16) und [CuBr(dtbphen)] (17) im Feststoff beteiligt sind und es wurden m{\"o}gliche Mechanismen wie TADF und die Beteiligung von zwei Triplett Zust{\"a}nden diskutiert. Die Glasmatrixmessungen von 17 in 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran wie auch die temperaturabh{\"a}ngigen Messungen von [Cu2(µ2-I)2(dmphen)2] (21) zeigen im Gegensatz dazu keinen Hinweis auf TADF. In der Summe zeichnet sich ein komplexes photophysikalisches Bild dieser Komplexe, in der neben molekularen Parametern auch Festk{\"o}rpereffekte eine wichtige Rolle spielen und die eine einfache Zuordnung zu einem bestimmten Mechanismus schwierig machen. Neuartige Verbindungen mit einem Cuban-Strukturmotiv [L4Cu4X4] (X = Br (32) und Cl (33)), die von einem Phosphininliganden (L = 2,4-Diphenyl-5-methyl-6-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-phosphinin, 31) koordiniert sind, wurden in einer weiteren Studie photophysikalisch untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Schweratomkomplexen des Phosphinins, wie z.B. [Ir(C^P)3] (mit C^P = cyclometalliertes 2,4,6-Triphenylphosphinin) zeigen die Cu(I)-Verbindungen bereits bei Raumtemperatur eine intensive Phosphoreszenz. Die LE-Emission kann auf der Grundlage von DFT-Rechnungen einem 3XMLCT Zustand zugeordnet werden. Im Kontrast zu strukturanalogen Pyridin Komplexen ist kein clusterzentrierter 3CC {\"U}bergang festzustellen, sondern eine schwache HE-Emissionsbande ist mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit der Restfluoreszenz des Phosphininliganden 31 geschuldet. Eine weitere Ligandenmodifikation wurde mit der Einf{\"u}hrung von NHCs als starke σ-Donor Liganden erreicht. Einerseits wurde die Photophysik von [Cu2Cl2(NHC^Pic)2]-Systemen (mit NHC^Pic = N-Aryl-N'-(2-picolyl) imidazolin 2 yliden) untersucht, die einen Hybridliganden mit Picolyl- und NHC Funktionalit{\"a}t beinhalten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Verkn{\"u}pfung eines starken σ-Donoren und eines π*-Akzeptors zu hohen Quantenausbeuten von bis zu 70\% f{\"u}hren kann, wenn zus{\"a}tzlich auch dispersive Cu-Cu-Wechselwirkungen vorhanden sind. Die Effizienz der Emission kann sich bei Anwesenheit dieser dispersiven Interaktionen im Gegensatz zu Systemen ohne kurze Cu-Cu-Abst{\"a}nde um den Faktor zwei erh{\"o}hen. Dinukleare Strukturen von Typ [Cu2Cl2(IMesPicR)2] wurden f{\"u}r die Komplexe 41-44 gefunden, die einen Donor-Substituenten in der para-Position der Picolyl-Funktionalit{\"a}t tragen. F{\"u}r eine Nitro-Gruppe in der 4-Postion konnte der mononukleare Komplex [CuCl(IMesPicR)] (45) isoliert werden. Ferner k{\"o}nnen die Substituenten am NHC ebenfalls die Strukturen im Festk{\"o}rper beeinflussen. So kann f{\"u}r 46 eine polymere Struktur [CuCl(IDippPic)]∞ festgestellt werden. Die Emission in diesen Systemen ist mit einer Elektronenumverteilung aus der Pyridin- und Carbenfunktionalit{\"a}t in das Kupfer- bzw. Chloridatom (LMXCT-{\"U}bergang) verbunden. Dabei zeigen die Komplexe [Cu2Cl2(IMesPicH)2] (41), [Cu2Cl2(IMesPicMe)2] (42) und [Cu2Cl2(IMesPicCl)2] (43) zus{\"a}tzlich Anzeichen von TADF. Zum anderem sind NHC Liganden und dispersive Cu-Cu-Wechselwirkungen Gegenstand einer weiteren strukturellen und photophysikalischen Studie. In dieser wurden die Cu-Cu-Abst{\"a}nde in dinuklearen Kupfer(I)-Bis-NHC-Komplexen [Cu2(tBuIm2(R^R))2](PF6)2 (50-52) durch die Einf{\"u}hrung von Methylen, Ethylen und Propylenbr{\"u}ckeneinheiten systematisch variiert. Die erhaltenen Komplexe wurden strukturell und photophysikalisch mit einem mononuklearen Komplex [Cu(tBu2Im)2](PF6) (53) verglichen. Dadurch konnte der Einfluss von kurzen Cu-Cu-Abst{\"a}nden auf die Emissionseigenschaften gezeigt werden, auch wenn der genaue Ursprung einer ebenfalls beobachteten Mechanochromie noch nicht g{\"a}nzlich aufgekl{\"a}rt ist. M{\"o}glich ist die Existenz verschiedener Konformere in den Pulverproben (Polymorphie), die das Entstehen niederenergetischer Banden in der zerriebenen, amorphen Pulverprobe von [Cu2(tBuIm2(C3H6))2](PF6)2 (52), aber auch die duale Emissionen von [Cu2(tBuIm2(CH2))2](PF6)2 (50) und [Cu2(tBuIm2(C2H4))2](PF6)2 (51) erkl{\"a}ren k{\"o}nnten. Die hochenergetische Bande kann f{\"u}r alle Komplexe aufgrund von DFT-und TD-DFT-Rechnungen, 3LMCT Zust{\"a}nden zugeordnet werden, w{\"a}hrend niederenergetische Emissionsbanden immer dann zu erwarten sind, wenn 3MC-Zust{\"a}nde populiert werden k{\"o}nnen, bzw. wenn dispersive Cu-Cu-Wechselwirkungen m{\"o}glich sind. Der letzte Beweis steht jedoch mit der Isolation anderer polymorpher Phasen und derer photophysikalischen Charakterisierung noch aus. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, wie die Deformations und Interaktionsenergie das Koordinationsverhalten und die Reaktivit{\"a}t von d10 [M(NHC)n]-Komplexen beeinflussen k{\"o}nnen. Hierzu wurden die Bildung von d10-[M(NHC)n]-Komplexen (n = 1-4; mit M = Co-, Rh-, Ir-, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu+, Ag+, Au+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+) in der Gasphase und in polarer L{\"o}sung (DMSO) auf DFT-D3(BJ)-ZORA-BLYP/TZ2P-Niveau berechnet und die Bindungssituation der Metall-Carben-Bindung analysiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass dikoordinierte Komplexe [M(NHC)2] f{\"u}r alle d10-Metalle thermodynamisch stabile Spezies darstellen, jedoch jede weitere h{\"o}here Koordination stark vom Metall bzw. von der Deformationsenergie abh{\"a}ngen. Hier konnte auf Grundlage einer quantitativen Kohn Sham-Molek{\"u}lorbitalbetrachtung die Ursache f{\"u}r die unterschiedlich hohen Werte der Deformationsenergie (ΔEdef) in den NHC‒M‒NHC-Fragmenten aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Hohe Werte sind auf ein effektives sd-Mischen bzw. auf das σ-Bindungsger{\"u}sts zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren, w{\"a}hrend niedrige bzw. negative Werte von ΔEdef mit einem signifikanten π-R{\"u}ckbindungsanteil assoziiert sind. Zudem ist ein hoher elektrostatischer Anteil in der Interaktionsenergie ein wichtiger Faktor. So k{\"o}nnen trotz hoher berechneter Werte f{\"u}r die Deformationsenergien der Gruppe 12 (Zn(II), Cd(II) und Hg(II)), tetrakoordinierte Komplexe der Form [M(NHC)4] hohe thermodynamische Stabilit{\"a}t aufweisen. Diese allgemeinen Beobachtungen sollten nicht auf den NHC-Liganden beschr{\"a}nkt sein, und sind deswegen f{\"u}r Synthesen und Katalysezyklen von Bedeutung, in denen d10-MLn (n = 1-4) Komplexe Anwendung finden.}, subject = {Kupferkomplexe}, language = {de} }