@phdthesis{Hartmann2014,
  author    = {Hartmann, Sonja},
  title     = {Relevance of antibodies targeting the beta1-adrenergic receptor for renal function},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106285},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Functionally active (conformational) autoantibodies directed against the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) are supposed to have a pathogenic relevance in human heart failure, particularly in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Prevalence of anti-β1-autoantibodies (anti-β1-aabs) in the healthy population is almost negligible, whereas it amounts to up to 30\% in heart failure patients with idiopathic DCM. As β1-ARs are not restricted to the heart and are also highly expressed in particular segments of the nephron, it is conceivable that such autoantibodies might also affect kidney function to some extent through the activation of renal β1-ARs. In the kidney, β1-ARs are highly abundant in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the distal convoluted tubules, the collecting duct, and the renal arteries. However, the functional significance of β1-ARs at these particular sites along the nephron is poorly understood, as are the effects of conformational stimulating anti-β1-aabs on renal β1-ARs. From the available literature, it is well known that the β1-adrenergic system is involved in, e.g., the regulation of renin-secretion from juxtaglomerular cells. In addition, the β1-adrenergic system is thought to be involved in the regulation of the urine pH via type B-intercalated cells in the collecting duct. In contrast, the regulation of salt- and fluid-secretion in the medullary collecting duct appears to occur independently from the SNS. As a consequence, the present work aimed to unravel the potential pathophysiological links between renal function, alterations in the cardiovascular system, and circulating agonist-like anti- β1-abs. We analyzed possible renal effects of anti-β1-abs in a human-analogous rat model. After immunization with a GST-fusion protein containing the second extracellular loop (β1-ECII) of the human β1-AR, Lewis-rats develop functionally active, stimulating, conformational anti-β1-ECII-abs. Within the first 6 months, anti-β1-ECII-ab-positive animals develop a hypertensive phenotype, which after 9 months evolves into a DCM phenotype. In n=40 GST/ β1-ECII-immunized Lewis rats and n=40 age-matched, 0.9\% NaCl-injected control animals, we sequentially (i.e. at months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 after start of immunization) analyzed the changes in renal function on a molecular, functional, and structural level. We could show that the presence of stimulating anti-β1-ECII-abs - even though having detrimental effects on the heart - has only a minor impact on kidney function and structure. Within the first 3 months after induction of anti-β1-ECII-abs, the levels and activity of renin were significantly increased in immunized compared to corresponding control animals, which was confirmed by experiments on isolated perfused kidneys, in which anti-β1-ECII-abs were able to directly induce the liberation of renin. However, within several weeks the initial anti-β1-ECII-ab-mediated RAAS activation was counter-regulated by auto-regulatory mechanisms activated in the kidney. Similarly, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) were initially decreased in the presence of the stimulating anti-β1-ECII-abs, but returned to control values within 3 months after immunization of the animals. Although expression of several pro-fibrotic markers was significantly up-regulated in anti-β1-ECII-ab-positive rats, no significant differences were noted on a histomorphological level with regard to the occurrence of renal fibrosis, glomerular damage, tubular damage, and perivascular fibrosis. Only a mild decrease in glomerular filtration function was observed in the kidneys of anti-β1-ECII-ab-positive animals from immunization-month 12 on, apparent by increased levels of urinary protein. Even though anti-β1-ECII-abs were able to induce mild changes in renal function, their effects were not strong enough to critically damage the kidneys in our rat-model. Differences between immunized anti-β1-ECII-ab-positive and corresponding control rats at later time-points (that is, from immunization-month 12 on) are most likely secondary to the progressive heart failure phenotype that immunized animals develop in the course of the experiment. The present study is the first to focus on the effects of stimulating anti-β1-ECII-abs on the kidney, and on the prevalence of these effects for the heart (referred to as cardio-renal crosstalk). Although our results were obtained in a rat model, they might contribute to better understand the situation in anti-β1-AR-aab-positive human patients. Following the results of our experiments, treatment of such patients should focus on direct and specific neutralization/elimination of stimulating anti-β1-ECII-aab or at least comprise therapeutic strategies that counteract the anti-β1-ECII-aab-effects on the heart by standard treatment for heart failure (i.e. ACE inhibitors, AT1-receptor blockers, and β-blockers) according to current guidelines.},
  subject      = {Nierenfunktion},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Niebler2008,
  author    = {Niebler, Reinhard},
  title     = {Ver{\"a}nderungen im myokardialen Creatinkinase-System gehen der Entwicklung einer kontraktilen Dysfunktion bei M{\"a}usen mit transgen ver{\"a}ndertem ß1-adrenergem Rezeptor voraus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27642},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Das ß-Rezeptorensystem spielt nicht nur eine wesentliche Rolle in der Modula-tion von linksventrikul{\"a}rer Funktion und Herzfrequenz, sondern ist auch an der Entwicklung der Herzinsuffizienz maßgeblich beteiligt. Es konnte bereits in vorherigen Arbeiten gezeigt werden, dass eine herzspezifische {\"U}berexpression des ß1-adrenergen Rezeptors an transgenen M{\"a}usen initial zu einer gesteigerten Kontraktilit{\"a}t, im weiteren Verlauf zu einer linksventrikul{\"a}ren Hypertrophie und schließlich zu einer Herzinsuffizienz f{\"u}hrt. Da Ver{\"a}nderungen im kardialen Energiestoffwechsel ein Charakteristikum f{\"u}r alle Formen der Herzinsuffizienz sind, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht, ob Ver{\"a}nderungen im myokardialen Energiestoffwechsel dieser M{\"a}use vor den Zeichen einer kardialen Dysfunktion nachweisbar sind. Dazu wurden an isolierten Langendorff-perfundierten Herzen von 4 Monate alten Wildtyp- und ß1-{\"u}berexprimierten M{\"a}usen (TG) simultan die linksventrikul{\"a}re Funktion und der Energiestoffwechsel (31P-NMR-Spektroskopie) bei unterschiedlichen Arbeitslastbedingungen charakterisiert. Die isovolumetrische linksventrikul{\"a}re Funktion (Druck-Frequenz-Produkt) der ß1-{\"u}berexprimierten Herzen unterschied sich nicht von der der Wildtyp-Herzen. Das Phosphocreatin (PCr)/ATP-Verh{\"a}ltnis war jedoch unter gleichen Lastbedingungen in den ß1-{\"u}berexprimierten Herzen signifikant niedriger als in denen der WT-Herzen. Parallel zeigte sich im Vergleich zu den WT-Herzen eine Verringerung des Gesamtcreatin-Gehalts (gemessen mittels HPLC). Des Weiteren konnten eine signifikante Abnahme des Creatintransporter-Gehalts, der Aktivit{\"a}t der mitochondrialen und der totalen Creatinkinase sowie der Aktivit{\"a}t der Citratsynthase (als Marker der Mitochondriendichte) nachgewiesen werden. Zusammenfassend erbringen damit diese noch vor der Entwicklung einer linksventrikul{\"a}ren Dysfunktion in transgenen Herzen nachweisbaren Ver{\"a}nderungen im Creatinkinase-System, im Creatinstoffwechsel und im Bereich der mitochondrialen Proteine einen weiteren Hinweis daf{\"u}r, dass Ver{\"a}nderungen im myokardialen Energiestoffwechsel eine mitentscheidende Rolle bei der Verschlechterung der Herzleistung nach chronischer ß-adrenerger Stimulation spielen.},
  subject      = {Energiestoffwechsel},
  language  = {de}
}