@phdthesis{Lehenberger2022,
  author    = {Lehenberger, Maximilian},
  title     = {Ecology and Evolution of symbiotic microbial communities in fungus farming ambrosia beetles},
  publisher = {Fungal Ecology, Frontiers in Microbiology, Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24154},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241546},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Within my PhD project I gained several novel insights into the poorly investigated symbiotic world of fungus farming ambrosia beetles and their bark beetle ancestors, where I especially focused on physiological interactions and capabilities of associated fungal symbionts. Here, (i) I could confirm the association of mutualistic Phialophoropsis fungi with the ambrosia beetle genus Trypodendron and found hints for a possible new Phialophoropsis species in T. signatum and T. domesticum. Moreover, I could show that mutualistic fungi of Trypodendron ambrosia beetles are able to decompose major woody polysaccharides such as cellulose and xylan. Additionally, (ii) I provided the first images using micro-computed tomography (µCT) of the formerly unknown structure of the mycetangium of Trypodendron leave. (iii) I could confirm a general tolerance towards ethanol in mutualistic ambrosia beetle fungi, while antagonistic fungi as well as most examined fungal bark beetle associates (e.g. possibly tree-defense detoxifying species) were highly sensitive to even low concentrations of ethanol. Further, (iv) I found that natural galleries of ambrosia beetles are highly enriched with several biologically important elements (such as N, P, S, K, Mg) compared to the surrounding woody tissue and suggest that mutualistic fungi are translocating and concentrating elements from the immediate surrounding xylem to the beetles galleries. Furthermore, (v) I could show that various fungi associated with bark and ambrosia beetles (mutualists, possibly beneficial symbionts) are emitting several volatile organic compounds mostly within aliphatic and aromatic alcohols and esters, while non-mutualistic and free living species were generally emitting a lower number and amount of volatiles. Finally, especially bark and ambrosia beetle fungi were found to incorporate several amino acids, from which some are especially important for the production of certain volatile organic compounds. Amino acid content also indicated a higher nutritional value for certain species. Here, I propose that especially volatile organic compounds are widespread key players in maintaining various symbioses between fungi and beetles, as already proven by a recent study on the bark beetle Ips typographus (as well as for some other bark beetle-fungus symbioses, see summary in Kandasamy et al. 2016) and also suggested for ambrosia beetles.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jadulco2002,
  author    = {Jadulco, Raquel C.},
  title     = {Isolation and structure elucidation of bioactive secondary metabolites from marine sponges and sponge-derived fungi},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3565},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Low-molecular mass natural products from bacteria, fungi, plants and marine organisms exhibit unique structural diversity which are of interest for the identification of new lead structures for medicinals and agrochemicals. In the search for bioactive compounds from marine sponges and sponge-associated fungi, this research work resulted to the isolation of twenty-six compounds, eight of which are new metabolites. The sponges were collected from the Indo-pacific regions, particularly those from Indonesian and Philippine waters, as well as those from the Mediterranean Sea near the island of Elba in Italy. A combination of the chemically- and biologically-driven approach for drug discovery was employed, wherein extracts were screened for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. In addition to the bioassay-guided approach to purify the compounds responsible for the activity of the extract, TLC, UV and MS were also used to isolate the chemically most interesting substances. Hence, purified compounds which are not responsible for the initial bioscreening activity may have a chance to be evaluated for other bioactivities. Enumerated below are the compounds which have been isolated and structurally elucidated and whose bioactivities have been further characterized. 1. The extract of the fungus Cladosporium herbarum associated with the sponge Callyspongia aerizusa afforded seven structurally related polyketides, including two new twelve-membered macrolides: pandangolide 3 and 4, and a new acetyl congener of the previously isolated 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid. The two furoic acid analogues isolated were found to be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the extract. The isolation of the known phytotoxin Cladospolide B from Cladosporium herbarum, which was originally known from Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum, indicates the possibility that Cladospolide B may be a chemotaxonomic marker of particular Cladosporium species. 2. The extract of the fungus Curvularia lunata associated with the Indonesian sponge Niphates olemda yielded three compounds, namely the new antimicrobially-active anthraquinone lunatin, the known bisanthraquinone cytoskyrin A, and the known plant hormone abscisic acid. The co-occurrence of the two structurally-related anthraquinones suggests that the monomeric lunatin may be a precursor in the biosynthesis of the bisanthraquinone cytoskyrin A. 3. The fungus Penicillium spp. associated with the Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa yielded six compounds, namely the known antifungal griseofulvin and its less active dechloro analogue; the known toxin oxaline; and the known cytotoxic metabolite communesin B and its two new congeners communesin C and D. The new communesins were less active than communesin B in the brine-shrimp lethality test. 4. An unidentified fungus which was also isolated from the same Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa as Penicillium spp. yielded the known compound monocerin which has been reported to possess phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. 5. The fungus Aspergillus flavus associated with the Philippine sponge Hyrtios aff. reticulatus yielded the known toxin a-cyclopiazonic acid. 6. The Indonesian sponge Agelas nakamurai yielded four bromopyrrole alkaloids namely the new compound 4-bromo-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, and the known compounds: 4-bromo-pyrrole-2-carboxamide, mukanadin B and mukanadin C. All of the four compounds except mukanadin B were found to be antimicrobially-active. Bromopyrrole alkaloids are well-known metabolites of the genus Agelas and are proven to play an important role in the chemical defense of the sponge against predation from fishes. 7. The Indonesian sponge Jaspis splendens yielded three known substances which are known for their antiproliferative activities, namely the depsipeptides jaspamide (jasplakinolide), and its derivatives jaspamide B and jaspamide C.},
  subject      = {Meeresschw{\"a}mme},
  language  = {en}
}