@article{MoremiClausVogeletal.2019,
  author    = {Moremi, Nyambura and Claus, Heike and Vogel, Ulrich and Mshana, Stephen E.},
  title     = {The role of patients and healthcare workers Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in occurrence of surgical site infection among patients admitted in two centers in Tanzania},
  series = {Antimicrobial Resistance \& Infection Control},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Antimicrobial Resistance \& Infection Control},
  doi       = {10.1186/s13756-019-0554-y},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224185},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Background Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as a risk for subsequent occurrence of infection. This study investigated the relationship between S. aureus colonization of patients and healthcare workers (HCWs), and subsequent surgical site infections (SSI). Methods Between December 2014 and September 2015, a total of 930 patients and 143 HCWs were enrolled from the Bugando Medical Centre and Sekou Toure hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. On admission and discharge nasal swabs, with an additional of wound swab for those who developed SSI were collected from patients whereas HCWs were swabbed once. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done by VITEK-MS and VITEK-2, respectively. Detection of Panton Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and mecA genes was done by PCR. S. aureus isolates were further characterized by spa typing and Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). Results Among 930 patients screened for S. aureus on admission, 129 (13.9\%) were positive of which 5.4\% (7/129) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Amongst 363 patients rescreened on discharge, 301 patients had been tested negative on admission of whom 29 (9.6\%) turned positive after their hospital stay. Three (10.3\%) of the 29 acquired S. aureus were MRSA. Inducible Clindamycin resistance occurred more often among acquired S. aureus isolates than among isolates from admission [34.5\% (10/29) vs. 17.1\% (22/129), P = 0.018]. S. aureus contributed to 21.1\% (n = 12) of the 57 cases of investigated SSIs among 536 patients followed. Seven out of eight S. aureus carriage/infection pairs had the same spa and sequence types. The previously reported dominant PVL-positive ST88 MRSA strain with spa type t690 was detected in patients and HCW. Conclusion A significant proportion of patients acquired S. aureus during hospitalization. The finding of more than 90\% of S. aureus SSI to be of endogenous source underscores the need of improving infection prevention and control measures including screening and decolonization of high risk patients.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LichteneggerBinaRoieretal.2014,
  author    = {Lichtenegger, Sabine and Bina, Isabelle and Roier, Sandro and Bauernfeind, Stilla and Keidel, Kristina and Schild, Stefan and Anthony, Mark and Reidl, Joachim},
  title     = {Characterization of lactate utilization and its implication on the physiology of Haemophilus influenzae},
  series = {International Journal of Medical Microbiology},
  volume    = {304},
  journal   = {International Journal of Medical Microbiology},
  number    = {3-4},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.02.010},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121335},
  pages     = {490-8},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacillus and a frequent commensal of the human nasopharynx. Earlier work demonstrated that in H. influenzae type b, l-lactate metabolism is associated with serum resistance and in vivo survival of the organism. To further gain insight into lactate utilization of the non-typeable (NTHi) isolate 2019 and laboratory prototype strain Rd KW20, deletion mutants of the l-lactate dehydrogenase (lctD) and permease (lctP) were generated and characterized. It is shown, that the apparent KM of l-lactate uptake is 20.1μM as determined for strain Rd KW20. Comparison of the COPD isolate NTHi 2019-R with the corresponding lctP knockout strain for survival in human serum revealed no lactate dependent serum resistance. In contrast, we observed a 4-fold attenuation of the mutant strain in a murine model of nasopharyngeal colonization. Characterization of lctP transcriptional control shows that the lactate utilization system in H. influenzae is not an inductor inducible system. Rather negative feedback regulation was observed in the presence of l-lactate and this is dependent on the ArcAB regulatory system. Additionally, for 2019 it was found that lactate may have signaling function leading to increased cell growth in late log phase under conditions where no l-lactate is metabolized. This effect seems to be ArcA independent and was not observed in strain Rd KW20. We conclude that l-lactate is an important carbon-source and may act as host specific signal substrate which fine tunes the globally acting ArcAB regulon and may additionally affect a yet unknown signaling system and thus may contribute to enhanced in vivo survival.},
  language  = {en}
}