@phdthesis{Friedrich2023,
  author    = {Friedrich, Felix},
  title     = {Magnetic Excitations in Single and Coupled Atoms on Surfaces: From the Kondo Effect to Yu-Shiba-Rusinov States},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-32069},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-320699},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Magnetic systems underlie the physics of quantum mechanics when reaching the limit of few or even single atoms. This behavior limits the minimum size of magnetic bits in data storage devices as spontaneous switching of the magnetization leads to the loss of information. On the other hand, exactly these quantum mechanic properties allow to use such systems in quantum computers. Proposals to realize qubits involve the spin states of single atoms as well as topologically protected Majorana zero modes, that emerge in coupled systems of magnetic atoms in proximity to a superconductor. In order to implement and control the proposed applications, a detailed understanding of atomic spins and their interaction with the environment is required. In this thesis, two different systems of magnetic adatoms coupled to metallic and superconducting surfaces are studied by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy: Co atoms on the clean Cu(111) were among the first systems exhibiting signatures of the Kondo effect in an individual atom. Yet, a recent theoretical work proposed an alternative interpretation of these early experimental results, involving a newly described many-body state. Spin-averaged and -polarized experiments in high magnetic fields presented in this thesis confirm effects beyond the Kondo effect that determine the physics in these Co atoms and suggest a potentially even richer phenomenology than proposed by theory. The second studied system are single and coupled Fe atoms on the superconducting Nb(110) surface. Magnetic impurities on superconducting surfaces locally induce Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states inside the superconducting gap due to their pair breaking potential. Coupled systems of such impurities exhibit YSR bands and, if the bands cross the Fermi level such that the band structure is inverted, host Majorana zero modes. Using the example of Fe atoms on Nb(110), the YSR states' dependence on the adatom-substrate interaction as well as the interatomic YSR state coupling is investigated. In the presence of oxygen on the Nb surface, the adatom-substrate interaction is shown to be heavily modified and the YSR states are found to undergo a quantum phase transition, which can be directly linked to a modified Kondo screening. STM tips functionalized with CO molecules allow to resolve self-assembled one-dimensional chains of Fe atoms on the clean Nb(110) surface to study the YSR states' coupling. Mapping out the states' wave functions reveals their symmetry, which is shown to alter as a function of the states' energy and number of atoms in the chain. These experimental results are reproduced in a simple tight-binding model, demonstrating a straightforward possibility to describe also more complex YSR systems toward engineered, potentially topologically non-trivial states.},
  subject      = {Rastertunnelmikroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kowalski2023,
  author    = {Kowalski, Alexander Anton},
  title     = {Multi-orbital quantum phenomena: from magnetic impurities to lattice models with strong Hund's coupling},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-34587},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-345878},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Strong correlations caused by interaction in systems of electrons can bring about unusual physical phenomena due to many-body quantum effects that cannot properly be captured by standard electronic structure methods like density functional theory. In this thesis, we apply the state-of-the-art continuous-time quantum Monte Carlo algorithm in hybridization expansion (CT-HYB) for the strongly correlated multi-orbital Anderson impurity model (AIM) to the solution of models of magnetic impurities on metallic surfaces and, via dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT), to the solution of a lattice model, the multi-orbital Hubbard model with Hund's coupling. A concise introduction to the theoretical background focuses on information directly relevant to the understanding of applied models, methods, and the interpretation of results. It starts with a discussion of the AIM with its parameters and its solution in the path integral formalism, the basis of the CT-HYB algorithm. We consider its derivation and implementation in some detail before reviewing the DMFT approach to correlated lattice models and the interpretation of the single-particle Green's function. We review two algorithmic developments for the CT-HYB algorithm that help to increase the performance of calculations especially in case of a complex structure of the interaction matrix and allow the precise calculation of self-energies and vertex functions also at intermediate and higher frequencies. Our comparative analysis of Kondo screening in the cobalt on copper impurity system points out the importance of an accurate interaction matrix for qualitatively correct Kondo temperatures and the relevance of all d-orbitals in that case. Theoretical modeling of cobalt impurities in copper "atomic wires" fails to reproduce variations and partial absence of Kondo resonances depending on the wire size. We analyze the dependence of results on parameters and consider possible reasons for the discrepancy. Different Kondo temperatures of iron adatoms adsorbed on clean or oxygen-reconstructed niobium in the normal state are qualitatively reproduced, with the adsorption distance identified as major factor and implications for the superconducting state pointed out. Moving on to lattice problems, we demonstrate the connection between Hund's coupling, shown to cause first-order character of the interaction-driven Mott transition at half-filling in the two-orbital Hubbard model, and a phase separation zone ending in a quantum critical point at finite doping. We touch on similarities in realistic models of iron-pnictide superconductors. We analyze the manifestation of the compressibility divergence at the finite-temperature critical points away from half-filling in the eigenbasis of the two-particle generalized susceptibility. A threshold for impurity susceptibility eigenvalues that indicates divergence of the DMFT lattice compressibility and distinguishes thermodynamic stability and instability of DMFT solutions is determined.},
  subject      = {Starke Kopplung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Praetorius2015,
  author    = {Praetorius, Christian Michael},
  title     = {Ce M4,5 XAS and XMCD as Local Probes for Kondo and Heavy Fermion Materials - A Study of CePt5/Pt(111) Surface Intermetallics -},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-132504},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The aim of the present thesis is to explore the potential of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism(XMCD) experiments on gaining new insights into Kondo and heavy fermion materials. XMCD, which is derived from X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), allows probing magnetic polarization specific to the different elements in a material and to their atomic orbitals. In particular, at the Ce M4,5 edges the method is sensitive to the localized 4f level, which provides the magnetic impurity moment responsible for Kondo physics in Ce compounds. Hence, Ce M4,5 XMCD is ideally suited to investigate local magnetism in the presence of interaction of impurity and conduction electrons in such materials. As a model material, CePt5/Pt(111) surface intermetallics were chosen for the present study. This thin-film material can be prepared by well-defined procedures involving molecular beam epitaxy. Crystalline Ordered samples are obtained by exploiting the single-crystallinity of the Pt(111) substrate. The surface character of thin films ideally matches the probing depth of soft X-ray spectroscopy in the total electron yield mode. The XMCD and XAS experiments, taking into account dependence on temperature, angle of incidence, sample thickness and external magnetic field, revealed the presence of four relevant energy scales that influence the magnetic response: 1. The 4f level in CePt5/Pt(111) is subject to significant crystal field (CF) splitting, which leads to reorganization of the six j = 5/2 sublevels. The hexagonal symmetry of the crystal structure conserves mj as a good quantum number. The proposed CF scheme, which is derived from measurements of the paramagnetic susceptibility by XMCD as well as linear dichroism in XAS, consists of nearly degenerate |1/2> and |3/2> doublets with the |5/2> doublet excited by E5/2 = 15 ... 25 meV. 2. Single impurity Kondo interaction significantly couples the magnetic moments of the impurity and conduction electrons. A signature thereof is the f0 -> f1 contribution to Ce M4,5 XAS, the strength of which can be tuned by control of the sample thickness. This finding is in line with the observation of reduced effective 4f moments as detected by XMCD. 3. Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction induces ferromagnetic correlations on the impurity lattice, which induces a positive Curie-Weiss temperature in the temperature-dependent inverse susceptibility. 4. Indications for the transition to a coherent heavy fermion state are found in the inverse susceptibility at T ~ 20 K; the ferromagnetic ground state is not observed. The fielddependence of the magnetic moment in the coherent state can be interpreted in terms of a metamagnetic transition. This allows studying basic characteristics of the renormalized band structure of a heavy fermion system by XMCD. The disentanglement of these different contributions to the 4f magnetism not only required extensive Ce M4,5 XAS and XMCD data, but also a thorough structural characterization of the material, a fundamental study of the Ce M4,5 line shape in relation to the degree of 4f hybridization and the development of a model for the paramagnetic susceptibility. The unit cell dimensions and sample morphology of CePt5/Pt(111) intermetallics were studied by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). These experiments showed that well-defined intermetallic films form on top of the substrate. This lead to introduction of the film thickness t, measured in unit cells (u.c.), as a key feature to characterize the samples. Systematic LEED measurements in the thickness range t ~ 1 ... 15 u.c. allowed identification of six different phases, which could be interpreted as resulting from the same crystal structure with different rotational alignments and lattice constants. An accurate determination of the surface lattice constant at t ~ 3 u.c. could be achieved by interpretation of additional superstructure spots as arising from a well-defined combination of substrate and film lattices. The thicknessdependence of the lateral lattice constant could be explained in terms of lattice relaxation. Confirmation of the CePt5 stoichiometry and structure was performed by use of thicknessdependent XAS and a representative LEED-IV study. The results of this study indicate that the intermetallic films exhibit hexagonal CaCu5 structure over the entire range of thicknesses that were studied. The terminating layer consists purely of Pt with one additional Pt atom per unit cell compared to the bulk structure. The line shape of Ce M4,5 spectra was analyzed with the help of full multiplet calculations. Experimentally, characteristic variations of the line shape were observed with increasing f0 -> f1 contribution. The calculations show that these variations are not due to an admixture of j = 7/2 character to the ground state, as often stated in the literature. As alternatives, this observation can be explained by either considering an additional contribution to the spectrum or by assumption of an asymmetric lifetime profile. The model that was developed for the inverse paramagnetic susceptibility contains the hexagonal crystal field, magnetic coupling of the impurity moments in a mean field scheme and Kondo screening. The latter is included phenomenologically by screening factors for the effective moment. Assumption of doublet-specific screening factors, which means that the degree of Kondo interaction depends on the mj character of the 4f sublevels, allows satisfactory reproduction of the experimental data.},
  subject      = {Magnetischer R{\"o}ntgenzirkulardichroismus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Thierschmann2014,
  author    = {Thierschmann, Holger},
  title     = {Heat Conversion in Quantum Dot Systems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133348},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This thesis treats the thermopower and other thermal effects in single quantum dots (QD) and quantum dot systems. It contributes new experimental results to the broad and active field of research on thermoelectrics in low dimensional systems. The thermopower experiments discussed in this work focus on QDs which exhibit a net spin and on tunnel-coupled double QDs (DQD). Furthermore, experiments are presented which address the realization of a QD device which extracts thermal energy from a heat reservoir and converts it into a directed charge current in a novel way. The samples used for these investigations have been fabricated from GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures which contain a two dimensional electron gas. Using optical and electron beam lithography, the devices have been realized by means of the top-gate technology. All experiments have been performed at low temperature. In order to create a controllable temperature difference in the samples the current heating technique has been used. These experimental basics as well as fundamentals of electric and thermoelectric transport are introduced in Part I of this thesis. The experiments on the thermopower of a single QD are described in Part II. Essentially, they deal with the problem of how a single spin situated on a QD influences the thermoelectric properties of the system. In this context, the Kondo-effect plays a crucial role. Generally, the Kondo effect is the result of a many-body state which arises from an antiferromagnetic coupling of a magnetic impurity with the surrounding conduction electrons. Here, the magnetic impurity is represented by a QD which is occupied with an odd number of electrons so that it exhibits a net spin. For the first time the thermopower of a Kondo-QD has been studied systematically as a function of two parameters, namely the QD coupling energy and the sample temperature. Both parameters are crucial quantities for Kondo-physics to be observed. Based on these data, it is shown that the thermopower line shape as a function of QD energy is mainly determined by two competing contributions: On the one hand by the enhanced density of states around the Fermi level due to Kondo-correlations and on the other hand by thermopower contributions from the Coulomb resonances. Furthermore, the experiments confirm theoretical predictions which claim that the spectral DOS arising from Kondo-correlations shifts away from the Fermi level for those QD level configurations which are not electron-hole symmetric. Comparison with model calculations by T. Costi and V. Zlatic [Phys. Rev. B 81, 235127 (2010)] shows qualitative and partly even quantitative agreement. A finite thermovoltage at the center of the Kondo-region, which occurred in previous investigations, is also observed in the experiments presented here. It is not covered by the current theory of the Kondo effect. The dependence of this signal on temperature, coupling energy and magnetic field, which differ from non-Kondo regions, is analyzed. In order to clarify the physics behind this phenomenon further studies are desirable. Furthermore, it is shown by variation of the QD coupling energy over a wide range that Kondo-correlations can be detected in the thermopower even in the regime of very weak coupling. In contrast, no Kondo signatures are visible in the conductance in this energy range. It is found that in the limit of weak coupling the Kondo effect causes the thermopower to exhibit a diminished amplitude in close vicinity of a conductance resonance. Subsequent filling of spin-degenerate states then leads to a thermopower amplitude modulation (odd-even-effect). Although this effect had been observed in previous studies, no connection to Kondo physics had been established in order to explain the observations. Hence, the experiments on a single QD presented in this thesis provide unique insight into the complex interplay of different transport mechanisms in a spin-correlated QD. Moreover, the results confirm the potential of thermopower measurements as a highly sensitive tool to probe Kondo-correlations. In Part III thermal effects are investigated in systems which contain two coupled QDs. Such QD-systems are particularly interesting with respect to thermoelectric applications: Many proposals utilize the extremely sharp energy filtering properties of such coupled QDs and also different kinds of inter dot coupling to construct novel and highly efficient thermoelectric devices. In the present work, thermopower characterizations are performed on a tunnel-coupled DQD for the first time. The key result of these investigations is the thermopower stability diagram. Here it is found, that in such a system maximal thermopower is generated in the vicinity of the so-called triple points (TP) at which three charge states of the DQD are degenerate. Along the axis of total energy, which connects two adjacent TP, a typical thermopower line shape is observed. It is explained and modeled within an intuitive picture that assumes two transport channels across the DQD, representing the TP. For those regions which are far away from the TP, the thermopower turns out to be very sensitive to the relative configuration of the QD energies. The conductance and thermopower data are well reproduced within a model that assumes transport via molecular states. Integration of both models into one then allows model calculations for a complete stability cell in conductance and thermopower to be done. Furthermore, experiments on two capacitively coupled QDs are presented. In these studies the focus lies on testing the feasibility of such systems for the manipulation and generation of charge currents from thermal energy. In a series of experiments it is shown that such a system of QDs can be utilized to increase or decrease a current flowing between two electron reservoirs by varying the temperature in a third reservoir. This effect is based on the cross-correlation of occupation fluctuations of the individual QDs. These are positive for certain QD energy level configurations and negative for others, which increases or decreases the charge current in the experiments, respectively. In the stability diagram this is manifested in a characteristic clover leaf shaped structure of positive and negative current changes in vicinity of the TP. All main experimental results are reproduced qualitatively in simple model calculations. Due to the close analogy between electrical and thermal conductance of a QD, this effect of thermal switching can, in principle, also be used to built a thermal transistor. Finally, it is shown that a system consisting of two Coulomb-coupled QDs, which couple a hot electron reservoir electrostatically to two cold electron reservoirs, can be utilized as a novel device which extracts heat from its environment and converts it into a directed charge current. The idea of this heat-to-current converter (HCC) was first proposed by R. S{\´a}nchez and M. B{\"u}ttiker [Phys. Rev. B 83, 085428 (2011)]. It is not only characterized by the novelty of its working principle but also by the fact, that it decouples the directions of charge current and energy flow. In the experiments presented here, such HCC-currents are identified unambiguously: For certain QD-level configurations an electric current between the two cold reservoirs is observed if the temperature in the third reservoir is increased. The direction of this current is shown to be independent of an external voltage. In contrast, the direction of the current exhibits a characteristic dependence on the tunneling coefficients of the QDs, as predicted by theory: By adjusting the thickness and the shape of the respective tunnel junctions, a charge current can be generated between two cold reservoirs, and it can even be inverted. The experimental observations are quantitatively reproduced by model calculations by R. S{\´a}nchez and B. Sothmann. Thus, the results represent direct evidence for the existence of HCC-currents. Due to the novelty of the working principle of the HCC and its relevance from a fundamental scientific point of view, the results presented here are an important step towards energy harvesting devices at the nano scale.},
  subject      = {Quantenpunkt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Scheibner2007,
  author    = {Scheibner, Ralf},
  title     = {Thermoelectric Properties of Few-Electron Quantum Dots},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26699},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {This thesis presents an experimental study of the thermoelectrical properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QD). The measurements give information about the interplay between first order tunneling and macroscopic quantum tunneling transport effects in the presence of thermal gradients by the direct comparison of the thermoelectric response and the energy spectrum of the QD. The aim of the thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the charge and spin transport in few-electron quantum dots with respect to potential applications in future quantum computing devices. It also gives new insight into the field of low temperature thermoelectricity. The investigated QDs were defined electrostatically in a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed with a GaAs/(Al,Ga)As heterostructure by means of metallic gate electrodes on top of the heterostructure. Negative voltages with respect to the potential of the 2DEG applied to the gate electrodes were used to deplete the electron gas below them and to form an isolated island of electron gas in the 2DEG which contains a few ten electrons. This QD was electrically connected to the 2DEG via two tunneling barriers. A special electron heating technique was used to create a temperature difference between the two connecting reservoirs across the QD. The resulting thermoelectric voltage was used to study the charge and spin transport processes with respect to the discrete energy spectrum and the magnetic properties of the QD. Such a two dimensional island usually exhibits a discrete energy spectrum, which is comparable to that of atoms. At temperatures below a few degrees Kelvin, the electrostatic charging energy of the QDs exceeds the thermal activation energy of the electrons in the leads, and the transport of electrons through the QD is dominated by electron-electron interaction effects. The measurements clarify the overall line shape of thermopower oscillations and the observed fine structure as well as additional spin effects in the thermoelectrical transport. The observations demonstrate that it is possible to control and optimize the strength and direction of the electronic heat flow on the scale of a single impurity and create spin-correlated thermoelectric transport in nanostructures, where the experimenter has a close control of the exact transport conditions. The results support the assumption that the performance of thermoelectric devices can be enhanced by the adjustment of the QD energy levels and by exploiting the properties of the spin-correlated charge transport via localized, spin-degenerate impurity states. Within this context, spin entropy has been identified as a driving force for the thermoelectric transport in the spin-correlated transport regime in addition to the kinetic contributions. Fundamental considerations, which are based on simple model assumptions, suggest that spin entropy plays an important role in the presence of charge valence fluctuations in the QD. The presented model gives an adequate starting point for future quantitative analysis of the thermoelectricity in the spin-correlated transport regime. These future studies might cover the physics in the limit of single electron QDs or the physics of more complex structures such as QD molecules as well as QD chains. In particular, it should be noted that the experimental investigations of the thermopower of few-electron QDs address questions concerning the entropy transport and entropy production with respect to single-bit information processing operations. These questions are of fundamental physical interest due to their close connection to the problem of minimal energy requirements in communication, and thus ultimately to the so called "Maxwell's demon" with respect to the second law of thermodynamics.},
  subject      = {Quantenpunkt},
  language  = {en}
}