@article{TecleHackenbergScheichetal.2023,
  author    = {Tecle, Nyat-Eyob and Hackenberg, Stephan and Scheich, Matthias and Scherzad, Agmal and Hagen, Rudolf and Gehrke, Thomas},
  title     = {Surgical management of lateral neck abscesses in children: a retrospective analysis of 100 cases},
  series = {European Journal of Pediatrics},
  volume    = {182},
  journal   = {European Journal of Pediatrics},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00431-022-04676-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324179},
  pages     = {431-438},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Cervical abscesses are relatively common infections in pediatric patients. There is an ongoing debate about the necessity and time point of surgical drainage. The identification of a focus of infection might play an important role in facilitating a therapeutic decision. In a retrospective study, 100 pediatric patients aged 1-18 years who underwent incision and drainage of a lateral cervical abscess at our institution were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether a focus of infection could be identified or not. Data collection included patient characteristics, microbiological results, antibiotic regimen, and clinical course. A focus of infection was found in 29\% (29/100) of the patients, most frequently in the tonsils. A causative microorganism was found in 75\% (75/100) of all patients, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes being the most common pathogens. All patients received an empiric antibiotic therapy in addition to surgery. Antibiotic medication was changed in 31\% in both groups (9/29 with a focus of infection and 22/71 without a focus of infection) during therapy. Children without an identified focus of infection generally were younger and had more comorbidities reducing immune response while also showing differences in the pathogens involved. There were no complications associated to surgery or antibiotic therapy in any of the patients involved. Conclusion: Children with an identified focus of infection show several differences compared to those with isolated lateral abscesses, especially regarding the microorganisms involved. But the focus of infection seems not to have an impact on patient's outcome. What is Known: • Neck abscesses are a relatively common disease in the pediatric population and may cause serious complications. • Therapy in general consists of intravenous antibiotics with or without surgery. What is New: • The focus identification has no impact on patient's outcome. • Children with an identified focus of infection show several differences compared to those with isolated lateral abscesses, especially regarding their medical history, age, and the microorganisms involved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Slyschak2022,
  author    = {Slyschak, Anna},
  title     = {Fear conditioning, its generalization and extinction in children and adolescents under consideration of trait anxiety and anxiety sensitivity},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-26780},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267806},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The propounded thesis investigated fear learning including fear conditioning, its generalization as well as its extinction in 133 healthy children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 years. The main goal was to analyze these processes also in the course of childhood and adolescence due to far less research in this age span compared to adults. Of note, childhood is the typical period for the onset of anxiety disorders. To achieve this, an aversive discriminative fear conditioning, generalization and extinction paradigm, which based on the "screaming lady paradigm" from Lau et al. (2008) and was adapted by Schiele \& Reinhard et al. (2016), was applied. All probands traversed the pre-acquisition (4 x CS-, 4 x CS+, no US), the acquisition (12 x CS-, 12 x CS+, reinforcement rate: 83\%), the generalization (12 x CS-, 12 x GS4, 12 x GS3, 12 x GS2, 12 x GS1, 12 x CS+, reinforcement rate: 50\%) and the extinction (18 x CS-, 18 x CS+, no US). The generalization stimuli, i.e. GS1-GS4, were built out of CS- and CS+ in different mixtures on a percentage basis in steps of 20\% from CS- to CS+. Pictures of faces of two actresses with a neutral expression were used for the discriminative conditioning, whereby the CS+ was paired with a 95-dB loud female scream at the same time together with a fearful facial expression (US). CS- and GS1-GS4 were never followed by the US. Subjective ratings (arousal, valence and US expectancy) were collected and further the psychophysiological measure of the skin conductance response (SCR). The hypotheses were 1) that underage probands show a negative correlation between age and overgeneralization and 2) that anxiety is positively correlated with overgeneralization in the same sample. ANOVAs with repeated measures were conducted for all four dependent variables with phase (pre-acquisition phase, 1. + 2. acquisition phase, 1. + 2. generalization phase, 1. - 3. extinction phase) and stimulus type (CS-, CS+, GS1-GS4) as within-subject factors. For the analyses of the modulatory effects of age and anxiety in additional separate ANCOVAs were conducted including a) age, b) the STAIC score for trait anxiety and c) the CASI score for anxiety sensitivity as covariates. Sex was always included as covariate of no interest. On the one hand, findings indicated that the general extent of the reactions (arousal, valence and US expectancy ratings and the SCR) decreased with growing age, i.e. the older the probands the lower their reactions towards the stimuli regardless of the type of dependent variable. On the other hand, ratings of US expectancy, i.e. the likelihood that a stimulus is followed by a US (here: female scream coupled with a fearful facial expression), showed better discrimination skills the older the probands were, resulting in a smaller overgeneralization within older probands. It must be emphasized very clearly that no causality can be derived. Thus, it was only an association revealed between 15 age and generalization of conditioned fear, which is negative. Furthermore, no obvious impact of trait anxiety could be detected on the different processes of fear learning. Especially, no overgeneralization was expressed by the probands linked to higher trait anxiety. In contrast to trait anxiety, for anxiety sensitivity there was an association between its extent and the level of fear reactions. This could be described best with a kind of parallel shifts: the higher the anxiety sensitivity, the stronger the fear reactions. Likewise, for anxiety sensitivity no overgeneralization due to a stronger extent of anxiety sensitivity could be observed. Longitudinal follow-up examinations and, furthermore, neurobiological investigations are needed for replication purposes and purposes of gaining more supporting or opposing insights, but also for the profound exploration of the impact of hormonal changes during puberty and of the maturation processes of different brain structures. Finally, the question whether enhanced generalization of conditioned fear facilitates the development of anxiety disorders or vice versa remains unsolved yet.},
  subject      = {Furcht},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BauerSperlichHolmbergetal.2022,
  author    = {Bauer, Nikolai and Sperlich, Billy and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Engel, Florian A.},
  title     = {Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training in School on the Physical Performance and Health of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis},
  series = {Sports Medicine - Open},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Sports Medicine - Open},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {2199-1170},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40798-022-00437-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301205},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Objectives To assess the impact of HIIT performed at school, i.e. both in connection with physical education (intra-PE) and extracurricular sports activities (extra-PE), on the physical fitness and health of children and adolescents. Methods PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched systematically utilizing the following criteria for inclusion: (1) healthy children and adolescents (5-18 years old) of normal weight; (2) HIIT performed intra- and/or extra-PE for at least 5 days at an intensity ≥ 80\% of maximal heart rate (HR\(_{max}\)) or peak oxygen uptake (VO\(_{2peak}\)) or as Functional HIIT; (3) comparison with a control (HIIT versus alternative interventions); and (4) pre- and post-analysis of parameters related to physical fitness and health. The outcomes with HIIT and the control interventions were compared utilizing Hedges' g effect size (ES) and associated 95\% confidence intervals. Results Eleven studies involving 707 participants who performed intra-PE and 388 participants extra-PE HIIT were included. In comparison with the control interventions, intra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 5.89 ± 5.67 (range 1.88-9.90); ES number of push-ups: 6.22 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.66 ± 2.02 (range 1.24-4.09)), as well as ES fasting glucose levels (- 2.68 (range n.a.)) more effectively, with large effect sizes. Extra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 1.81 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.60 (range n.a.)) to an even greater extent, again with large effect sizes. Neither form of HIIT was more beneficial for parameters related to cardiorespiratory fitness than the control interventions. Conclusion Compared to other forms of exercise (e.g. low-to-moderate-intensity running or walking), both intra- and extra-PE HIIT result in greater improvements in neuromuscular and anaerobic performance, as well as in fasting levels of glucose in school children.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StrengPrifertWeissbrichetal.2022,
  author    = {Streng, Andrea and Prifert, Christiane and Weissbrich, Benedikt and Sauerbrei, Andreas and Krumbholz, Andi and Schmid-Ott, Ruprecht and Liese, Johannes G.},
  title     = {Similar severity of influenza primary and re-infections in pre-school children requiring outpatient treatment due to febrile acute respiratory illness: prospective, multicentre surveillance study (2013-2015)},
  series = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12879-021-06988-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265841},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background Influenza virus infections in immunologically na{\"i}ve children (primary infection) may be more severe than in children with re-infections who are already immunologically primed. We compared frequency and severity of influenza virus primary and re-infections in pre-school children requiring outpatient treatment. Methods Influenza-unvaccinated children 1-5 years of age presenting at pediatric practices with febrile acute respiratory infection < 48 h after symptom onset were enrolled in a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter surveillance study (2013-2015). Influenza types/subtypes were PCR-confirmed from oropharyngeal swabs. Influenza type/subtype-specific IgG antibodies serving as surrogate markers for immunological priming were determined using ELISA/hemagglutination inhibition assays. The acute influenza disease was defined as primary infection/re-infection by the absence/presence of influenza type-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and, in a second approach, by the absence/presence of subtype-specific IgG. Socio-demographic and clinical data were also recorded. Results Of 217 influenza infections, 178 were due to influenza A (87 [49\%] primary infections, 91 [51\%] re-infections) and 39 were due to influenza B (38 [97\%] primary infections, one [3\%] re-infection). Children with "influenza A primary infections" showed fever with respiratory symptoms for a shorter period than children with "influenza A re-infections" (median 3 vs. 4 days; age-adjusted p = 0.03); other disease characteristics were similar. If primary infections and re-infections were defined based on influenza A subtypes, 122 (87\%) primary infections (78 "A(H3N2) primary infections", 44 "A(H1N1)pdm09 primary infections") and 18 (13\%) re-infections could be classified (14 "A(H3N2) re-infections" and 4 "A(H1N1)pdm09 re-infections"). Per subtype, primary infections and re-infections were of similar disease severity. Children with re-infections defined on the subtype level usually had non-protective IgG titers against the subtype of their acute infection (16 of 18; 89\%). Some patients infected by one of the influenza A subtypes showed protective IgG titers (≥ 1:40) against the other influenza A subtype (32/140; 23\%). Conclusions Pre-school children with acute influenza A primary infections and re-infections presented with similar frequency in pediatric practices. Contrary to expectation, severity of acute "influenza A primary infections" and "influenza A re-infections" were similar. Most "influenza A re-infections" defined on the type level turned out to be primary infections when defined based on the subtype. On the subtype level, re-infections were rare and of similar disease severity as primary infections of the same subtype. Subtype level re-infections were usually associated with low IgG levels for the specific subtype of the acute infection, suggesting only short-time humoral immunity induced by previous infection by this subtype. Overall, the results indicated recurring influenza virus infections in this age group and no or only limited heterosubtypic antibody-mediated cross-protection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BeckEngelReimers2022,
  author    = {Beck, Franziska and Engel, Florian A. and Reimers, Anne Kerstin},
  title     = {Compensation or displacement of physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review of empirical studies},
  series = {Children},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Children},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {2227-9067},
  doi       = {10.3390/children9030351},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267231},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Regular physical activity during childhood and adolescence is associated with health benefits. Consequently, numerous health promotion programs for children and adolescents emphasize the enhancement of physical activity. However, the ActivityStat hypothesis states that increases in physical activity in one domain are compensated for by decreasing physical activity in another domain. Currently, little is known about how physical activity varies in children and adolescents within intervals of one day or multiple days. This systematic review provides an overview of studies that analyzed changes in (overall) physical activity, which were assessed with objective measurements, or compensatory mechanisms caused by increases or decreases in physical activity in a specific domain in children and adolescents. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus) was performed with a priori defined inclusion criteria. Two independent researchers screened the literature and identified and rated the methodological quality of the studies. A total of 77 peer-reviewed articles were included that analyzed changes in overall physical activity with multiple methodological approaches resulting in compensation or displacement. Of 40,829 participants, 16,265 indicated compensation associated with physical activity. Subgroup analyses separated by study design, participants, measurement instrument, physical activity context, and intervention duration also showed mixed results toward an indication of compensation. Quality assessment of the included studies revealed that they were of high quality (mean = 0.866). This review provides inconclusive results about compensation in relation to physical activity. A trend toward increased compensation in interventional studies and in interventions of longer duration have been observed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GaabAdolphTippeltetal.2022,
  author    = {Gaab, Christine and Adolph, Jonas E. and Tippelt, Stephan and Mikasch, Ruth and Obrecht, Denise and Mynarek, Martin and Rutkowski, Stefan and Pfister, Stefan M. and Milde, Till and Witt, Olaf and Bison, Brigitte and Warmuth-Metz, Monika and Kortmann, Rolf-Dieter and Dietzsch, Stefan and Pietsch, Torsten and Timmermann, Beate and Str{\"a}ter, Ronald and Bode, Udo and Faldum, Andreas and Kwiecien, Robert and Fleischhack, Gudrun},
  title     = {Local and systemic therapy of recurrent medulloblastomas in children and adolescents: results of the P-HIT-REZ 2005 Study},
  series = {Cancers},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Cancers},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {2072-6694},
  doi       = {10.3390/cancers14030471},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-254809},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Recurrent medulloblastomas are associated with survival rates <10\%. Adequate multimodal therapy is being discussed as having a major impact on survival. In this study, 93 patients with recurrent medulloblastoma treated in the German P-HIT-REZ 2005 Study were analyzed for survival (PFS, OS) dependent on patient, disease, and treatment characteristics. The median age at the first recurrence was 10.1 years (IQR: 6.9-16.1). Median PFS and OS, at first recurrence, were 7.9 months (CI: 5.7-10.0) and 18.5 months (CI: 13.6-23.5), respectively. Early relapses/progressions (<18 months, n = 30/93) found mainly in molecular subgroup 3 were associated with markedly worse median PFS (HR: 2.34) and OS (HR: 3.26) in regression analyses. A significant survival advantage was found for the use of volume-reducing surgery as well as radiotherapy. Intravenous chemotherapy with carboplatin and etoposide (ivCHT, n = 28/93) showed improved PFS and OS data and the best objective response rate (ORR) was 66.7\% compared to oral temozolomide (oCHT, n = 47/93) which was 34.8\%. Intraventricular (n = 43) as well as high-dose chemotherapy (n = 17) at first relapse was not related to a significant survival benefit. Although the results are limited due to a non-randomized study design, they may serve as a basis for future treatment decisions in order to improve the patients' survival.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AugustinKertelsWiegeringetal.2022,
  author    = {Augustin, Anne Marie and Kertels, Olivia and Wiegering, Verena and Thurner, Annette and Kickuth, Ralph},
  title     = {Percutaneous implantation of peripherally inserted totally implantable venous access systems in the forearm in adolescent patients},
  series = {Pediatric Radiology},
  volume    = {52},
  journal   = {Pediatric Radiology},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00247-022-05321-x},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324947},
  pages     = {1550-1558},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background Children with different underlying malignant diseases require long-term central venous access. As for port systems in a pectoral position, peripherally implanted port systems in the forearm revealed high levels of technical and clinical success in adult cohorts. Objective To investigate the technical and clinical outcomes of percutaneous central venous port implantation in the forearm in adolescents. Materials and methods Between April 2010 and August 2020, 32 children ages 9 to 17 years with underlying malignancy received 35 totally implantable venous access ports (TIVAPs) in the forearm. All venous port systems were peripherally inserted under ultrasound guidance. Correct catheter placement was controlled by fluoroscopy. As primary endpoints, the technical success, rate of complications and catheter maintenance were analyzed. Secondary endpoints were the side of implantation, vein of catheter access, laboratory results on the day of the procedure, procedural radiation exposure, amount of contrast agent and reasons for port device removal. Results Percutaneous TIVAP placement under sonographic guidance was technically successful in 34 of 35 procedures (97.1\%). Procedure-related complications did not occur. During the follow-up, 13,684 catheter days were analyzed, revealing 11 complications (0.8 per 1,000 catheter-duration days), Of these 11 complications, 7 were major and 10 occurred late. In seven cases, the port device had to be removed; removal-related complications did not occur. Conclusion Peripheral TIVAP placement in the forearms of children is a feasible, effective and safe technique with good midterm outcome. As results are comparable with standard access routes, this technique may be offered as an alternative when intermittent venous access is required.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TaurinesFeketePreussWiedenhoffetal.2022,
  author    = {Taurines, R. and Fekete, S. and Preuss-Wiedenhoff, A. and Warnke, A. and Wewetzer, C. and Plener, P. and Burger, R. and Gerlach, M. and Romanos, M. and Egberts, K. M.},
  title     = {Therapeutic drug monitoring in children and adolescents with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders using risperidone},
  series = {Journal of Neural Transmission},
  volume    = {129},
  journal   = {Journal of Neural Transmission},
  number    = {5-6},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00702-022-02485-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324833},
  pages     = {689-701},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Risperidone is commonly used to treat different psychiatric disorders worldwide. Knowledge on dose-concentration relationships of risperidone treatment in children and adolescents with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders is, however, scarce and no age-specific therapeutic ranges have been established yet. Multicenter data of a therapeutic drug monitoring service were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between risperidone dose and serum concentration of the active moiety (risperidone (RIS) plus its main metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS)) in children and adolescents with psychotic disorders. Patient characteristics, doses, serum concentrations and therapeutic outcomes were assessed by standardized measures. The study also aimed to evaluate whether the therapeutic reference range for adults (20-60 ng/ml) is applicable for minors. In the 64 patients (aged 11-18 years) included, a positive correlation between daily dose and the active moiety (RIS\(_{am}\)) concentration was found (r\(_s\) = 0.49, p = 0.001) with variation in dose explaining 24\% (r\(_s\)\(^2\) = 0.240) of the variability in serum concentrations. While the RIS\(_{am}\) concentration showed no difference, RIS as well 9-OH-RIS concentrations and the parent to metabolite ratio varied significantly in patients with co-medication of a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Patients with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) had on average higher RIS\(_{am}\) concentrations than patients without (p = 0.05). Considering EPS, the upper threshold of the therapeutic range of RIS\(_{am}\) was determined to be 33 ng/ml. A rough estimation method also indicated a possibly decreased lower limit of the preliminary therapeutic range in minors compared to adults. These preliminary data may contribute to the definition of a therapeutic window in children and adolescents with schizophrenic disorders treated with risperidone. TDM is recommended in this vulnerable population to prevent concentration-related adverse drug reactions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LiesnerHinzKunde2021,
  author    = {Liesner, Marvin and Hinz, Nina-Alisa and Kunde, Wilfried},
  title     = {How Action Shapes Body Ownership Momentarily and Throughout the Lifespan},
  series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
  issn      = {1662-5161},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnhum.2021.697810},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241869},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Objects which a human agent controls by efferent activities (such as real or virtual tools) can be perceived by the agent as belonging to his or her body. This suggests that what an agent counts as "body" is plastic, depending on what she or he controls. Yet there are possible limitations for such momentary plasticity. One of these limitations is that sensations stemming from the body (e.g., proprioception) and sensations stemming from objects outside the body (e.g., vision) are not integrated if they do not sufficiently "match". What "matches" and what does not is conceivably determined by long-term experience with the perceptual changes that body movements typically produce. Children have accumulated less sensorimotor experience than adults have. Consequently, they express higher flexibility to integrate body-internal and body-external signals, independent of their "match" as suggested by rubber hand illusion studies. However, children's motor performance in tool use is more affected by mismatching body-internal and body-external action effects than that of adults, possibly because of less developed means to overcome such mismatches. We review research on perception-action interactions, multisensory integration, and developmental psychology to build bridges between these research fields. By doing so, we account for the flexibility of the sense of body ownership for actively controlled events and its development through ontogeny. This gives us the opportunity to validate the suggested mechanisms for generating ownership by investigating their effects in still developing and incomplete stages in children. We suggest testable predictions for future studies investigating both body ownership and motor skills throughout the lifespan.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HammWilsmannTheisTsianakasetal.2021,
  author    = {Hamm, H. and Wilsmann-Theis, D. and Tsianakas, A. and Gambichler, T. and Taipale, K. and Lauterbach, J. and Freudensprung, U. and Makepeace, C.},
  title     = {Efficacy and safety of fumaric acid esters in young patients aged 10-17 years with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial},
  series = {British Journal of Dermatology},
  volume    = {185},
  journal   = {British Journal of Dermatology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1111/bjd.19747},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258318},
  pages     = {62-73},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background Apart from biologics, no systemic drugs are approved in Europe for children with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Retrospective observational studies have shown promising results for fumaric acid esters (FAE) in this setting. Objectives To show superiority of FAE over placebo in terms of treatment response after 20 weeks in children and adolescents aged 10-17 years. Methods In a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIIb study, patients aged 10-17 years with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis requiring systemic therapy were randomized 2 : 1 to receive FAE (n = 91) or placebo (n = 43) over 20 weeks, followed by an open-label FAE treatment phase. The coprimary endpoints were ≥ 75\% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75) and Physician's Global Assessment (PGA) score of 0 or 1 (clear or almost clear) at week 20. The study was registered with EudraCT number 2012-000035-82. Results At week 20, 55\% [95\% confidence interval (CI) 0·44-0·65] of FAE-treated patients achieved a PASI 75 response vs. 19\% (95\% CI 0·08-0·33) in the placebo group (absolute difference 36\%, 95\% CI 0·20-0·53; P < 0·001). In total, 42\% (95\% CI 0·32-0·53) in the FAE group vs. 7\% (95\% CI 0·01-0·19) in the placebo group achieved a PGA score of 0 or 1 at week 20 (absolute difference 35\%, 95\% CI 0·21-0·49; P < 0·001). During the double-blind period, drug-related adverse events occurred more frequently in patients receiving FAE compared with placebo (76\% vs. 47\%). Gastrointestinal disorders were the most common adverse events. Conclusions FAE administered over a period of 20 weeks demonstrated a better response than placebo; the difference was statistically significant and clinically meaningful. Application up to 40 weeks was generally well tolerated. However, further studies are required.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZieglerKaiserIgeletal.2021,
  author    = {Ziegler, Mirjam and Kaiser, Anna and Igel, Christine and Geissler, Julia and Mechler, Konstantin and Holz, Nathalie E. and Becker, Katja and D{\"o}pfner, Manfred and Romanos, Marcel and Brandeis, Daniel and Hohmann, Sarah and Millenet, Sabina and Banaschewski, Tobias},
  title     = {Actigraphy-derived sleep profiles of children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) over two weeks — comparison, precursor symptoms, and the chronotype},
  series = {Brain Sciences},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Brain Sciences},
  number    = {12},
  issn      = {2076-3425},
  doi       = {10.3390/brainsci11121564},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250084},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Although sleep problems are common in children with ADHD, their extent, preceding risk factors, and the association between neurocognitive performance and neurobiological processes in sleep and ADHD, are still largely unknown. We examined sleep variables in school-aged children with ADHD, addressing their intra-individual variability (IIV) and considering potential precursor symptoms as well as the chronotype. Additionally, in a subgroup of our sample, we investigated associations with neurobehavioral functioning (n = 44). A total of 57 children (6-12 years) with (n = 24) and without ADHD (n = 33) were recruited in one center of the large ESCAlife study to wear actigraphs for two weeks. Actigraphy-derived dependent variables, including IIV, were analyzed using linear mixed models in order to find differences between the groups. A stepwise regression model was used to investigate neuropsychological function. Overall, children with ADHD showed longer sleep onset latency (SOL), higher IIV in SOL, more movements during sleep, lower sleep efficiency, and a slightly larger sleep deficit on school days compared with free days. No group differences were observed for chronotype or sleep onset time. Sleep problems in infancy predicted later SOL and the total number of movements during sleep in children with and without ADHD. No additional effect of sleep problems, beyond ADHD symptom severity, on neuropsychological functioning was found. This study highlights the importance of screening children with ADHD for current and early childhood sleep disturbances in order to prevent long-term sleep problems and offer individualized treatments. Future studies with larger sample sizes should examine possible biological markers to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vonLukowiczSchlegelHaerteletal.2021,
  author    = {von Lukowicz, Hannah and Schlegel, Paul-Gerhardt and H{\"a}rtel, Christoph and Morbach, Henner and Haubitz, Imme and Wiegering, Verena},
  title     = {ESPED survey on newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia in childhood: how much treatment do we give?},
  series = {Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40348-021-00121-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261832},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease associated with isolated thrombocytopenia, which is caused by an imbalance between platelet production and platelet destruction. Petechial and mucous membrane hemorrhages are characteristic of ITP, but life-threatening bleeding rarely occurs. Depending on the bleeding symptoms, ITP can be treated with glucocorticoids (GC), intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), or in severe cases, platelet transfusions. Mild bleeding does not necessarily require therapy. Using the German Surveillance Unit for rare Pediatric Diseases (ESPED) we conducted a prospective survey on ITP patients in all German Children's Hospitals between September 2018 and August 2019. We collected data on ITP, including the clinical course, therapy implementation recommendations (according to the Association of German Scientific Medical Societies guidelines), outcome, and influence of treatment regimens depending on the treating physician´s experience with ITP patients. Results Of the 287 recorded cases of children with ITP, 268 questionnaires were sent to the authors. Two hundred seventeen of the questionnaires fulfilled the inclusion criteria. ITP affected boys and girls similarly, and the median age of manifestation was 3.5 years. The main reasons for hospitalization were thrombocytopenia, bleeding signs, hematomas, and/or petechiae. Bleeding scores were ≤ 3 in 96\% of children, which corresponded to a low-to-moderately low risk of bleeding. No life-threatening bleeding was documented. The most common therapies were IVIG (n = 59), GC (n = 33), or a combination of these (n = 17). Blood products (i.e., red blood cells, platelet concentrate, and fresh frozen plasma) were given to 13 patients. Compared to the established guidelines, 67 patients were over-treated, and 2 patients were under-treated. Conclusions Adherence to German ITP treatment guidelines is currently limited. To improve patient safety and medical care, better medical training and dissemination of the guidelines are required in line with targeted analyses of patients with serious bleeding events to identify potential risk constellations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WannagatWaizeneggerNiedling2021,
  author    = {Wannagat, Wienke and Waizenegger, Gesine and Niedling, Gerhild},
  title     = {Coherence formation during narrative text processing: a comparison between auditory and audiovisual text presentation in 9- to 12-year-old children},
  series = {Cognitive Processing},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {Cognitive Processing},
  issn      = {1612-4782},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10339-020-01008-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235744},
  pages     = {299-310},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In an experiment with 114 children aged 9-12 years, we compared the ability to establish local and global coherence of narrative texts between auditory and audiovisual (auditory text and pictures) presentation. The participants listened to a series of short narrative texts, in each of which a protagonist pursued a goal. Following each text, we collected the response time to a query word that was either associated with a near or a distant causal antecedent of the final sentence. Analysis of these response times indicated that audiovisual presentation has advantages over auditory presentation for accessing information relevant for establishing both local and global coherence, but there are indications that this effect may be slightly more pronounced for global coherence.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SegerWannagatNieding2021,
  author    = {Seger, Benedikt T. and Wannagat, Wienke and Nieding, Gerhild},
  title     = {Children's surface, textbase, and situation model representations of written and illustrated written narrative text},
  series = {Reading and Writing},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Reading and Writing},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {1573-0905},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11145-020-10118-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269813},
  pages     = {1415-1440},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {According to the tripartite model of text representation (van Dijk \& Kintsch, 1983), readers form representations of the text surface and textbase, and construct a situation model. In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate whether these levels of representation would be affected by adding illustrations to narrative text and whether the order of text and illustrations would make a difference. Students aged between 7 and 13 years (N = 146) read 12 narrative texts, 4 of them with illustrations presented before their corresponding sentences, 4 with illustrations presented after, and 4 without any illustration. A sentence recognition task was used to assess the accuracy for text surface, textbase, and situation model. For the text surface and situation model, neither the presence of illustrations nor the order of text and illustrations influenced accuracy. However, the textbase was negatively affected by illustrations when they followed their corresponding sentences. We suggest that illustrations can initiate model inspection after situation model construction (Schnotz, 2014), a process that can make substantial changes to the textbase representation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerHummersHillermannetal.2020,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Frank and Hummers, Eva and Hillermann, Nele and Dopfer, Christian and Jablonka, Alexandra and Friede, Tim and Simmenroth, Anne and Wetzke, Martin},
  title     = {Factors influencing the frequency of airway infections in underage refugees: a retrospective, cross sectional study},
  series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  number    = {18},
  issn      = {1660-4601},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph17186823},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213134},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background: Infections are a leading cause of refugee morbidity. Recent data on the rate of airway infections and factors influencing their spread in refugee reception centers is scarce. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of de-identified medical records with a focus on respiratory infections in underage refugees was conducted at two large German refugee reception centers. Results: In total, medical data from n = 10,431 refugees over an observational period of n = 819 days was analyzed. Among pediatric patients (n = 4289), 55.3\% presented at least once to the on-site medical ward with an acute respiratory infection or signs thereof. In 38.4\% of pediatric consultations, acute airway infections or signs thereof were present. Airway infections spiked during colder months and were significantly more prevalent amongst preschool and resettled children. Their frequency displayed a positive correlation with the number of refugees housed at the reception centers. Conclusions: We show that respiratory infections are a leading cause for morbidity in young refugees and that their rate is influenced age, season, status, and residential density. This illustrates the need to protect refugee children from contracting airway infections which may also reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the current pandemic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FarinelliPalmisanoMarcheseetal.2020,
  author    = {Farinelli, Veronica and Palmisano, Chiara and Marchese, Silvia Maria and Strano, Camilla Mirella Maria and D'Arrigo, Stefano and Pantaleoni, Chiara and Ardissone, Anna and Nardocci, Nardo and Esposti, Roberto and Cavallari, Paolo},
  title     = {Postural control in children with cerebellar ataxia},
  series = {Applied Sciences},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Applied Sciences},
  number    = {5},
  issn      = {2076-3417},
  doi       = {10.3390/app10051606},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200692},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Controlling posture, i.e., governing the ensemble of involuntary muscular activities that manage body equilibrium, represents a demanding function in which the cerebellum plays a key role. Postural activities are particularly important during gait initiation when passing from quiet standing to locomotion. Indeed, several studies used such motor task for evaluating pathological conditions, including cerebellar disorders. The linkage between cerebellum maturation and the development of postural control has received less attention. Therefore, we evaluated postural control during quiet standing and gait initiation in children affected by a slow progressive generalized cerebellar atrophy (SlowP) or non-progressive vermian hypoplasia (Joubert syndrome, NonP), compared to that of healthy children (H). Despite the similar clinical evaluation of motor impairments in NonP and SlowP, only SlowP showed a less stable quiet standing and a shorter and slower first step than H. Moreover, a descriptive analysis of lower limb and back muscle activities suggested a more severe timing disruption in SlowP. Such differences might stem from the extent of cerebellar damage. However, literature reports that during childhood, neural plasticity of intact brain areas could compensate for cerebellar agenesis. We thus proposed that the difference might stem from disease progression, which contrasts the consolidation of compensatory strategies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JaiteBuehrenDahmenetal.2019,
  author    = {Jaite, Charlotte and B{\"u}hren, Katharina and Dahmen, Brigitte and Dempfle, Astrid and Becker, Katja and Correll, Christoph U. and Egberts, Karin M. and Ehrlich, Stefan and Fleischhaker, Christian and von Gontard, Alexander and Hahn, Freia and Kolar, David and Kaess, Michael and Legenbauer, Tanja and Renner, Tobias J. and Schulze, Ulrike and Sinzig, Judith and Thomae, Ellen and Weber, Linda and Wessing, Ida and Antony, Gisela and Hebebrand, Johannes and F{\"o}cker, Manuel and Herpertz-Dahlmann, Beate},
  title     = {Clinical Characteristics of Inpatients with Childhood vs. Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa},
  series = {Nutrients},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Nutrients},
  number    = {11},
  issn      = {2072-6643},
  doi       = {10.3390/nu11112593},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193160},
  pages     = {2593},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We aimed to compare the clinical data at first presentation to inpatient treatment of children (<14 years) vs. adolescents (≥14 years) with anorexia nervosa (AN), focusing on duration of illness before hospital admission and body mass index (BMI) at admission and discharge, proven predictors of the outcomes of adolescent AN. Clinical data at first admission and at discharge in 289 inpatients with AN (children: n = 72; adolescents: n = 217) from a German multicenter, web-based registry for consecutively enrolled patients with childhood and adolescent AN were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were a maximum age of 18 years, first inpatient treatment due to AN, and a BMI <10th BMI percentile at admission. Compared to adolescents, children with AN had a shorter duration of illness before admission (median: 6.0 months vs. 8.0 months, p = 0.004) and higher BMI percentiles at admission (median: 0.7 vs. 0.2, p = 0.004) as well as at discharge (median: 19.3 vs. 15.1, p = 0.011). Thus, in our study, children with AN exhibited clinical characteristics that have been associated with better outcomes, including higher admission and discharge BMI percentile. Future studies should examine whether these factors are actually associated with positive long-term outcomes in children.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KunzAzadEngelHolmbergetal.2019,
  author    = {Kunz, Philipp and Azad Engel, Florian and Holmberg, Hans-Christer and Sperlich, Billy},
  title     = {A meta-comparison of the effects of high-intensity interval training to those of small-sided games and other training protocols on parameters related to the physiology and performance of youth soccer players},
  series = {Sports Medicine - Open},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Sports Medicine - Open},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40798-019-0180-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200332},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Background High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is frequently employed to improve the endurance of various types of athletes. To determine whether youth soccer players may benefit from the intermittent load and time efficiency of HIIT, we performed a meta-analysis of the relevant scientific literature. Objectives Our primary objective was to compare changes in various physiological parameters related to the performance of youth soccer players in response to running-based HIIT to the effects of other common training protocols (i.e., small-sided games, technical training and soccer-specific training, or high-volume endurance training). A secondary objective was to compare specifically running-based HIIT to a soccer-specific form of HIIT known as small-sided games (SSG) in this same respect, since this latter type of training is being discussed extensively by coaches. Method A systematic search of the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed in August of 2017 and updated during the review process in December of 2018. The criteria for inclusion of articles for analysis were as follows: (1) comparison of HIIT to SSG or some other training protocol employing a pre-post design, (2) involvement of healthy young athletes (≤ 18 years old), and (3) assessment of variables related to endurance or soccer performance. Hedges' g effect size (dppc2) and associated 95\% confidence intervals for the comparison of the responses to HIIT and other interventions were calculated. Results Nine studies, involving 232 young soccer players (mean age 16.2 ± 1.6 years), were examined. Endurance training in the form of HIIT or SSG produced similar positive effects on most parameters assessed, including peak oxygen uptake and maximal running performance during incremental running (expressed as Vmax or maximal aerobic speed (MAS)), shuttle runs (expressed as the distance covered or time to exhaustion), and time-trials, as well as submaximal variables such as running economy and running velocity at the lactate threshold. HIIT induced a moderate improvement in soccer-related tests involving technical exercises with the soccer ball and other game-specific parameters (i.e., total distance covered, number of sprints, and number of involvements with the ball). Neuromuscular parameters were largely unaffected by HIIT or SSG. Conclusion The present meta-analysis indicates that HIIT and SSG have equally beneficial impacts on variables related to the endurance and soccer-specific performance of youth soccer players, but little influence on neuromuscular performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NothhaftKlepperKneitzetal.2019,
  author    = {Nothhaft, Matthias and Klepper, Joerg and Kneitz, Hermann and Meyer, Thomas and Hamm, Henning and Morbach, Henner},
  title     = {Hemorrhagic bullous Henoch-Sch{\"o}nlein Purpura: case report and review of the literature},
  series = {Frontiers in Pediatrics},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Pediatrics},
  doi       = {10.3389/fped.2018.00413},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201435},
  pages     = {413},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Henoch-Sch{\"o}nlein Purpura (HSP) or IgA vasculitis is the most common systemic vasculitis of childhood and may affect skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. Skin manifestations of HSP are characteristic and include a non-thrombocytopenic palpable purpura of the lower extremities and buttocks. Rarely, HSP may initially present as or evolve into hemorrhagic vesicles and bullae. We present an otherwise healthy 5-year-old boy with an acute papulovesicular rash of both legs and intermittent abdominal pain. After a few days the skin lesions rapidly evolved into palpable purpura and hemorrhagic bullous lesions of variable size and severe hemorrhagic HSP was suspected. A histological examination of a skin biopsy showed signs of a small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis limited to the upper dermis and direct immunofluorescence analysis revealed IgA deposits in vessel walls, compatible with HSP. To further characterize the clinical picture and treatment options of bullous HSP we performed an extensive literature research and identified 41 additional pediatric patients with bullous HSP. Two thirds of the reported patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids, however, up to 25\% of the reported patients developed skin sequelae such as hyperpigmentation and/or scarring. The early use of systemic corticosteroids has been discussed controversially and suggested in some case series to be beneficial by reducing the extent of lesions and minimizing sequelae of disease. Our patient was treated with systemic corticosteroids tapered over 5 weeks. Fading of inflammation resulted in healing of most erosions, however, a deep necrosis developing from a large blister at the dorsum of the right foot persisted so that autologous skin transplantation was performed. Re-examination 11 months after disease onset showed complete clinical remission with re-epithelialization but also scarring of some affected areas.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HetzerOrthHoellerWuerzneretal.2019,
  author    = {Hetzer, Benjamin and Orth-H{\"o}ller, Dorothea and W{\"u}rzner, Reinhard and Kreidl, Peter and Lackner, Michaela and M{\"u}ller, Thomas and Knabl, Ludwig and Geisler-Moroder, Daniel Rudolf and Mellmann, Alexander and Sesli, {\"O}zcan and Holzknecht, Jeanett and Noce, Damia and Akarathum, Noppadon and Chotinaruemol, Somporn and Prelog, Martina and Oberdorfer, Peninnah},
  title     = {"Enhanced acquisition of antibiotic-resistant intestinal E. coli during the first year of life assessed in a prospective cohort study"},
  series = {Antimicrobial Resistance \& Infection Control},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Antimicrobial Resistance \& Infection Control},
  doi       = {10.1186/s13756-019-0522-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-320284},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Background Increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a serious problem worldwide. We sought to record the acquisition of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in healthy infants in Northern Thailand and investigated potential determinants. Methods Stool samples from 142 infants after birth, at ages 2wk, 2mo, 4 to 6mo, and 1y, and parent stool samples were screened for E. coli resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, and cefazoline by culture, and isolates were further investigated for multiresistance by disc diffusion method. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed to identify persistent and transmitted strains. Genetic comparison of resistant and transmitted strains was done by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and strains were further investigated for extra- and intra-intestinal virulence factors by multiplex PCR. Results Forty-seven (33\%) neonatal meconium samples contained resistant E. coli. Prevalence increased continuously: After 1y, resistance proportion (tetracycline 80\%, ampicillin 72\%, co-trimoxazole 66\%, cefazoline 35\%) almost matched those in parents. In 8 infants (6\%), identical E. coli strains were found in at least 3 sampling time points (suggesting persistence). Transmission of resistant E. coli from parents to child was observed in only 8 families. MLST showed high diversity. We could not identify any virulence genes or factors associated with persistence, or transmission of resistant E. coli. Full-term, vaginal birth and birth in rural hospital were identified as risk factors for early childhood colonization with resistant E. coli. Conclusion One third of healthy Thai neonates harboured antibiotic-resistant E. coli in meconium. The proportion of resistant E. coli increased during the first year of life almost reaching the value in adults. We hypothesize that enhancement of infection control measures and cautious use of antibiotics may help to control further increase of resistance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wannagat2018,
  author    = {Wannagat, Wienke Charlotte},
  title     = {Cognitive Processes of Discourse Comprehension in Children and Adults - Comparisons between Written, Auditory, and Audiovisual Modes of Presentation -},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162515},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In drei Studien wurde untersucht, wie sich unterschiedliche Darbietungsformate (schriftlich, auditiv, audiovisuell (auditiv + Bilder) auf das Verst{\"a}ndnis semantisch identischer Inhalte auswirken. Dabei interessierte insbesondere der Entwicklungsverlauf von der ersten Klasse bis zum Erwachsenenalter. Dass sich Bilder f{\"o}rderlich auf die Verst{\"a}ndnisleistung auswirken k{\"o}nnen, gilt als gut untersucht (z.B. Carney \& Levin, 2002). Anders als viele bisherige Studien erfassen wir Textverstehen mit impliziten Maßen, die differenziertere R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf die, g{\"a}ngigen Theorien zufolge, zugrundeliegenden Prozesse zulassen: Textverstehen geht mit der Konstruktion von drei Ebenen mentaler Repr{\"a}sentationen einher (vgl. Kintsch, 1998). Weiterhin bedeutet erfolgreiches Textverstehen, eine auf lokaler und globaler Ebene koh{\"a}rente mentale Repr{\"a}sentation zu konstruieren (z.B. Schnotz \& Dutke, 2004). Mit einem Satz-Rekognitionstest (vgl. Schmalhofer \& Glavanov, 1986) untersuchten wir, ob sich das Ged{\"a}chtnis f{\"u}r die Textoberfl{\"a}che, die Textbasis und das Situationsmodell bei 103 8- und 10-J{\"a}hrigen zwischen schriftlicher, auditiver und audiovisueller (Studie 1) und bei 106 7-, 9- und 11-J{\"a}hrigen zwischen auditiver und audiovisueller Darbietung narrativer Texte (Studie 2) unterscheidet. Weiterhin (Studie 3) untersuchten wir mit 155 9- und 11-J{\"a}hrigen, inwieweit sich die F{\"a}higkeit der Inferenzbildung zur Herstellung lokaler und globaler Koh{\"a}renz zwischen schriftlicher, auditiver und audiovisueller Darbietung unterscheidet. Als Indikator dienten die Reaktionszeiten auf W{\"o}rter, die mit einem {\"u}ber (global)- oder untergeordneten (lokal) Protagonistenziel assoziiert sind. Insgesamt zeigte sich, dass Sch{\"u}ler bis zu einem Alter von 11 Jahren nicht nur die Textoberfl{\"a}che besser erinnern, sondern auch besser in der Lage sind ein Situationsmodell zu konstruieren, wenn einem Text Bilder beigef{\"u}gt sind. Dies zeigte sich sowohl im Vergleich mit auditiver als auch mit schriftlicher Darbietung. Bei Erwachsenen zeigte sich kein Effekt der Darbietungsform. Sowohl 9- als auch 11-J{\"a}hrigen gelingt außerdem die Herstellung globaler Koh{\"a}renz bei audiovisueller Darbietung besser als bei auditiver. Die schriftliche Darbietung zeigte sich im Vergleich zur auditiven sowohl im Hinblick auf lokale als auch auf globale Koh{\"a}renz {\"u}berlegen.},
  subject      = {Textverstehen},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HautmannDoepfnerKatzmannetal.2018,
  author    = {Hautmann, Christopher and D{\"o}pfner, Manfred and Katzmann, Josepha and Sch{\"u}rmann, Stephanie and Wolff Metternich-Kaizman, Tanja and Jaite, Charlotte and Kappel, Viola and Geissler, Julia and Warnke, Andreas and Jacob, Christian and Hennighausen, Klaus and Haack-Dees, Barbara and Schneider-Momm, Katja and Philipsen, Alexandra and Matthies, Swantje and R{\"o}sler, Michael and Retz, Wolfgang and Gontard, Alexander von and Sobanski, Esther and Alm, Barbara and Hohmann, Sarah and H{\"a}ge, Alexander and Poustka, Luise and Colla, Michael and Gentschow, Laura and Freitag, Christine M. and Becker, Katja and Jans, Thomas},
  title     = {Sequential treatment of ADHD in mother and child (AIMAC study): importance of the treatment phases for intervention success in a randomized trial},
  series = {BMC Psychiatry},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {BMC Psychiatry},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12888-018-1963-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227930},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background The efficacy of parent-child training (PCT) regarding child symptoms may be reduced if the mother has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The AIMAC study (ADHD in Mothers and Children) aimed to compensate for the deteriorating effect of parental psychopathology by treating the mother (Step 1) before the beginning of PCT (Step 2). This secondary analysis was particularly concerned with the additional effect of the Step 2 PCT on child symptoms after the Step 1 treatment. Methods The analysis included 143 mothers and children (aged 6-12 years) both diagnosed with ADHD. The study design was a two-stage, two-arm parallel group trial (Step 1 treatment group [TG]: intensive treatment of the mother including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy; Step 1 control group [CG]: supportive counseling only for mother; Step 2 TG and CG: PCT). Single- and multi-group analyses with piecewise linear latent growth curve models were applied to test for the effects of group and phase. Child symptoms (e.g., ADHD symptoms, disruptive behavior) were rated by three informants (blinded clinician, mother, teacher). Results Children in the TG showed a stronger improvement of their disruptive behavior as rated by mothers than those in the CG during Step 1 (Step 1: TG vs. CG). In the CG, according to reports of the blinded clinician and the mother, the reduction of children's disruptive behavior was stronger during Step 2 than during Step 1 (CG: Step 1 vs. Step 2). In the TG, improvement of child outcome did not differ across treatment steps (TG: Step 1 vs. Step 2). Conclusions Intensive treatment of the mother including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy may have small positive effects on the child's disruptive behavior. PCT may be a valid treatment option for children with ADHD regarding disruptive behavior, even if mothers are not intensively treated beforehand. Trial registration ISRCTN registry ISRCTN73911400. Registered 29 March 2007.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SalzmannManriqueBremmHueneckeetal.2018,
  author    = {Salzmann-Manrique, Emilia and Bremm, Melanie and Huenecke, Sabine and Stech, Milena and Orth, Andreas and Eyrich, Matthias and Schulz, Ansgar and Esser, Ruth and Klingebiel, Thomas and Bader, Peter and Herrmann, Eva and Koehl, Ulrike},
  title     = {Joint Modeling of Immune Reconstitution Post Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation in Pediatric Patients With Acute Leukemia Comparing CD34(+)-Selected to CD3/CD19-Depleted Grafts in a Retrospective Multicenter Study},
  series = {frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {frontiers in Immunology},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2018.01841},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227302},
  pages     = {1841, 1-12},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Rapid immune reconstitution (IR) following stem cell transplantation (SCT) is essential for a favorable outcome. The optimization of graft composition should not only enable a sufficient IR but also improve graft vs. leukemia/tumor effects, overcome infectious complications and, finally, improve patient survival. Especially in haploidentical SCT, the optimization of graft composition is controversial. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of graft manipulation on IR in 40 patients with acute leukemia in remission. We examined the cell recovery post haploidentical SCT in patients receiving a CD34(+)-selected or CD3/CD19-depleted graft, considering the applied conditioning regimen. We used joint model analysis for overall survival (OS) and analyzed the dynamics of age-adjusted leukocytes; lymphocytes; monocytes; CD3(+), CD3(+) CD4(+), and CD3(+) CD8(+) T cells; natural killer (NK) cells; and B cells over the course of time after SCT. Lymphocytes, NK cells, and B cells expanded more rapidly after SCT with CD34(+)-selected grafts (P = 0.036, P = 0.002, and P < 0.001, respectively). Contrarily, CD3(+) CD4(+) helper T cells recovered delayer in the CD34 selected group (P = 0.026). Furthermore, reduced intensity conditioning facilitated faster immune recovery of lymphocytes and T cells and their subsets (P < 0.001). However, the immune recovery for NK cells and B cells was comparable for patients who received reduced-intensity or full preparative regimens. Dynamics of all cell types had a significant influence on OS, which did not differ between patients receiving CD34(+)-selected and those receiving CD3/CD19-depleted grafts. In conclusion, cell reconstitution dynamics showed complex diversity with regard to the graft manufacturing procedure and conditioning regimen.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MoremiClausVogeletal.2017,
  author    = {Moremi, Nyambura and Claus, Heike and Vogel, Ulrich and Mshana, Stephen E.},
  title     = {Faecal carriage of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among street children dwelling in Mwanza city, Tanzania},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {9},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0184592},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170331},
  pages     = {e0184592},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background Data on ESBL carriage of healthy people including children are scarce especially in developing countries. We analyzed the prevalence and genotypes of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (EPE) in Tanzanian street children with rare contact to healthcare facilities but significant interactions with the environment, animals and other people. Methodology/ Principle findings Between April and July 2015, stool samples of 107 street children, who live in urban Mwanza were analyzed for EPE. Intestinal carriage of EPE was found in 34 (31.8\%, 95\% CI; 22.7-40.3) children. Of the 36 isolates from 34 children, 30 (83.3\%) were Escherichia coli (E. coli) and six Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). Out of 36 isolates, 36 (100\%), 35 (97\%), 25 (69\%) and 16 (44\%) were resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, respectively. Beta-lactamase genes and the multilocus sequence types of E. coli and K. pneumoniae were characterized. ESBL gene bla\(_{CTX-M-15}\) was detected in 75\% (27/36) of ESBL isolates. Sequence types (STs) 131, 10, 448 and 617 were the most prevalent in E. coli. Use of local herbs (OR: 3.5, 95\% CI: 1.51-8.08, P = 0.003) and spending day and night on streets (OR: 3.6, 95\% CI: 1.44-8.97, P = 0.005) were independent predictors of ESBL carriage. Conclusions/ Significance We observed a high prevalence of bla\(_{CTX-M-15}\) in EPE collected from street children in Tanzania. Detection of E. coli STs 131, 10, 38 and 648, which have been observed worldwide in animals and people, highlights the need for multidisciplinary approaches to understand the epidemiology and drivers of antimicrobial resistance in low-income countries.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KilianWehmeierWahletal.2016,
  author    = {Kilian, Yvonne and Wehmeier, Udo F. and Wahl, Patrick and Mester, Joachim and Hilberg, Thomas and Sperlich, Billy},
  title     = {Acute Response of Circulating Vascular Regulating MicroRNAs during and after High-Intensity and High-Volume Cycling in Children},
  series = {Frontiers in Physiology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Physiology},
  number    = {92},
  doi       = {10.3389/fphys.2016.00092},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165261},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the response of vascular circulating microRNAs (miRNAs; miR-16, miR-21, miR-126) and the VEGF mRNA following an acute bout of HIIT and HVT in children. Methods: Twelve healthy competitive young male cyclists (14.4 ± 0.8 years; 57.9 ± 9.4 ml•min-1•kg-1 peak oxygen uptake) performed one session of high intensity 4 × 4 min intervals (HIIT) at 90-95\% peak power output (PPO), each interval separated by 3 min of active recovery, and one high volume session (HVT) consisting of a constant load exercise for 90 min at 60\% PPO. Capillary blood from the earlobe was collected under resting conditions, during exercise (d1 = 20 min, d2 = 30 min, d3 = 60 min), and 0, 30, 60, 180 min after the exercise to determine miR-16, -21, -126, and VEGF mRNA. Results: HVT significantly increased miR-16 and miR-126 during and after the exercise compared to pre-values, whereas HIIT showed no significant influence on the miRNAs compared to pre-values. VEGF mRNA significantly increased during and after HIIT (d1, 30′, 60′, 180′) and HVT (d3, 0′, 60′). Conclusion: Results of the present investigation suggest a volume dependent exercise regulation of vascular regulating miRNAs (miR-16, miR-21, miR-126) in children. In line with previous data, our data show that acute exercise can alter circulating miRNAs profiles that might be used as novel biomarkers to monitor acute and chronic changes due to exercise in various tissues.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DietlSchwinnDietletal.2016,
  author    = {Dietl, Sebastian and Schwinn, Stefanie and Dietl, Susanne and Riedl, Simone and Deinlein, Frank and Rutkowski, Stefan and von Bueren, Andre O. and Krauss, J{\"u}rgen and Schweitzer, Tilmann and Vince, Giles H. and Picard, Daniel and Eyrich, Matthias and Rosenwald, Andreas and Ramaswamy, Vijay and Taylor, Michael D. and Remke, Marc and Monoranu, Camelia M. and Beilhack, Andreas and Schlegel, Paul G. and W{\"o}lfl, Matthias},
  title     = {MB3W1 is an orthotopic xenograft model for anaplastic medulloblastoma displaying cancer stem cell- and Group 3-properties},
  series = {BMC Cancer},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {BMC Cancer},
  number    = {115},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12885-016-2170-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145877},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and can be divided in different molecular subgroups. Patients whose tumor is classified as a Group 3 tumor have a dismal prognosis. However only very few tumor models are available for this subgroup. Methods We established a robust orthotopic xenograft model with a cell line derived from the malignant pleural effusions of a child suffering from a Group 3 medulloblastoma. Results Besides classical characteristics of this tumor subgroup, the cells display cancer stem cell characteristics including neurosphere formation, multilineage differentiation, CD133/CD15 expression, high ALDH-activity and high tumorigenicity in immunocompromised mice with xenografts exactly recapitulating the original tumor architecture. Conclusions This model using unmanipulated, human medulloblastoma cells will enable translational research, specifically focused on Group 3 medulloblastoma.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DrozdSaenkoBrenneretal.2015,
  author    = {Drozd, Valentina M. and Saenko, Vladimir A. and Brenner, Alina V. and Drozdovitch, Vladimir and Pashkevich, Vasilii I. and Kudelsky, Anatoliy V. and Demidchik, Yuri E. and Branovan, Igor and Shiglik, Nikolay},
  title     = {Major Factors Affecting Incidence of Childhood Thyroid Cancer in Belarus after the Chernobyl Accident: Do Nitrates in Drinking Water Play a Role?},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {9},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0137226},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-141863},
  pages     = {e0137226},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {One of the major health consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident in 1986 was a dramatic increase in incidence of thyroid cancer among those who were aged less than 18 years at the time of the accident. This increase has been directly linked in several analytic epidemiological studies to iodine-131 (I-131) thyroid doses received from the accident. However, there remains limited understanding of factors that modify the I-131-related risk. Focusing on post-Chernobyl pediatric thyroid cancer in Belarus, we reviewed evidence of the effects of radiation, thyroid screening, and iodine deficiency on regional differences in incidence rates of thyroid cancer. We also reviewed current evidence on content of nitrate in groundwater and thyroid cancer risk drawing attention to high levels of nitrates in open well water in several contaminated regions of Belarus, i.e. Gomel and Brest, related to the usage of nitrogen fertilizers. In this hypothesis generating study, based on ecological data and biological plausibility, we suggest that nitrate pollution may modify the radiation-related risk of thyroid cancer contributing to regional differences in rates of pediatric thyroid cancer in Belarus. Analytic epidemiological studies designed to evaluate joint effect of nitrate content in groundwater and radiation present a promising avenue of research and may provide useful insights into etiology of thyroid cancer.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WiegeringSchlegelWinkleretal.2015,
  author    = {Wiegering, V. and Schlegel, P. G. and Winkler, B. and Lazarus, M. and Wirth, C. and Ernestus, K. and Walles, T. and Liese, J.},
  title     = {Persisting Cough as the Single Presenting Symptom of an Intrathoracic Tumor in a Nine-Month-Old Child with Adenovirus Airway Infection},
  series = {Journal of Case Reports and Studies},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Journal of Case Reports and Studies},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.15744/2348-9820.2.504},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125536},
  pages     = {204},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {We report on a nine-month-old girl who presented with persisting cough, and diminished ventilation of the left hemithorax. Viral pneumonia was suspected after Adenovirus detection by PCR, but chest X-rays showed a persistent shadowing of the left hemithorax and persistent coughing despite clinical improvement. Because of the discrepancy between clinical and radiological signs further investigations by ultrasound and CT scan were performed, which visualized an intrathroracic tumor. Histopathology confirmed diagnosis of a teratoma. This case highlights the need for careful evaluation by the treating physicians. If the chest X-ray provides a discrepancy to the clinical findings or persistent pathologies exist, differential diagnosis should be discussed and further diagnostics be performed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StrengPrifertWeissbrichetal.2015,
  author    = {Streng, Andrea and Prifert, Christiane and Weissbrich, Benedikt and Liese, Johannes G.},
  title     = {Continued high incidence of children with severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 admitted to paediatric intensive care units in Germany during the first three post-pandemic influenza seasons, 2010/11-2012/13},
  series = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
  number    = {573},
  organization    = {Bavarian PICU Study Group on Influenza and Other Viral ARI},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12879-015-1293-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125280},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Background Previous influenza surveillance at paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in Germany indicated increased incidence of PICU admissions for the pandemic influenza subtype A(H1N1)pdm09. We investigated incidence and clinical characteristics of influenza in children admitted to PICUs during the first three post-pandemic influenza seasons, using active screening. Methods We conducted a prospective surveillance study in 24 PICUs in Bavaria (Germany) from October 2010 to September 2013. Influenza cases among children between 1 month and 16 years of age admitted to these PICUs with acute respiratory infection were confirmed by PCR analysis of respiratory secretions. Results A total of 24/7/20 influenza-associated PICU admissions were recorded in the post-pandemic seasons 1/2/3; incidence estimates per 100,000 children were 1.72/0.76/1.80, respectively. Of all 51 patients, 80 \% had influenza A, including 65 \% with A(H1N1)pdm09. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was almost absent in season 2 (incidence 0.11), but dominated PICU admissions in seasons 1 (incidence 1.35) and 3 (incidence 1.17). Clinical data was available for 47 influenza patients; median age was 4.8 years (IQR 1.6-11.0). The most frequent diagnoses were influenza-associated pneumonia (62 \%), bronchitis/bronchiolitis (32 \%), secondary bacterial pneumonia (26 \%), and ARDS (21 \%). Thirty-six patients (77 \%) had underlying medical conditions. Median duration of PICU stay was 3 days (IQR 1-11). Forty-seven per cent of patients received mechanical ventilation, and one patient (2 \%) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; 19 \% were treated with oseltamivir. Five children (11 \%) had pulmonary sequelae. Five children (11 \%) died; all had underlying chronic conditions and were infected with A(H1N1)pdm09. In season 3, patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 were younger than in season 1 (p = 0.020), were diagnosed more often with bronchitis/bronchiolitis (p = 0.004), and were admitted to a PICU later after the onset of influenza symptoms (p = 0.041). Conclusions Active screening showed a continued high incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09-associated PICU admissions in the post-pandemic seasons 1 and 3, and indicated possible underestimation of incidence in previous German studies. The age shift of severe A(H1N1)pdm09 towards younger children may be explained by increasing immunity in the older paediatric population. The high proportion of patients with underlying chronic conditions indicates the importance of consistent implementation of the current influenza vaccination recommendations for risk groups in Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EberhardtHaasGirschicketal.2015,
  author    = {Eberhardt, Christiane S. and Haas, Johannes-Peter and Girschick, Hermann and Schwarz, Tobias and Morbach, Henner and R{\"o}sen-Wolff, Angela and Foell, Dirk and Dannecker, Guenther and Schepp, Carsten and Ganser, Gerd and Honke, Nora and Eggermann, Thomas and M{\"u}ller-Berghaus, Jan and Wagner, Norbert and Ohl, Kim and Tenbrock, Klaus},
  title     = {No association of IL-12p40 pro1.1 polymorphism with juvenile idiopathic arthritis},
  series = {Pediatric Rheumatology},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Pediatric Rheumatology},
  number    = {61},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12969-015-0059-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136281},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Background: IL-12p40 plays an important role in the activation of the T-cell lines like Th17 and Th1-cells. Theses cells are crucial in the pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. A polymorphism in its promoter region and the genotype IL12p40 pro1.1 leads to a higher production of IL-12p40. We studied whether there is a difference in the distribution of the genotype in patients with JIA and the healthy population. Methods: In 883 patients and 321 healthy controls the IL-12p40 promoter genotype was identified by ARMS-PCR. Results: There is no association of IL-12p40 pro polymorphism neither in patients with JIA compared to controls nor in subtypes of JIA compared to oligoarthritis. We found a non-significant tendency of a higher prevalence of the genotype pro1.1 in systemic arthritis (32.4 \%) and in rheumatoid factor negative polyarthritis (30.5 \%) and a lower pro1.1 genotype in persistent oligoarthritis (20.7 \%) and in enthesitis-related arthritis (17 \%). Likelihood of the occurrence of genotype IL12-p40 pro1.1 in patients with systemic arthritis (OR 1.722, CI 95 \% 1.344-2.615, p 0.0129) and RF-negative polyarthritis (OR 1.576, CI 95 \% 1.046-2.376, p 0.0367) compared to persistent oligoarthritis was significantly higher. This was also true for comparison of their homozygous genotypes IL-12p40 pro 1.1 and 2.2 in systemic arthritis (OR 1.779, CI 95 \% 1.045-3.029, p 0.0338). However, in Bonferroni correction for multiple hypothesis this was not significant. Conclusion: A tendency of a higher prevalence of the genotype IL-12p40 pro1.1 in systemic arthritis and in rheumatoid factor negative polyarthritis was observed but not significant. Further investigations should be done to clarify the role IL-12p40 in the different subtypes of JIA.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OkoroBarquistConnoretal.2015,
  author    = {Okoro, Chinyere K. and Barquist, Lars and Connor, Thomas R. and Harris, Simon R. and Clare, Simon and Stevens, Mark P. and Arends, Mark J. and Hale, Christine and Kane, Leanne and Pickard, Derek J. and Hill, Jennifer and Harcourt, Katherine and Parkhill, Julian and Dougan, Gordon and Kingsley, Robert A.},
  title     = {Signatures of adaptation in human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 populations from sub-Saharan Africa},
  series = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0003611},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143779},
  pages     = {e0003611},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Two lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) of multi-locus sequence type ST313 have been linked with the emergence of invasive Salmonella disease across sub-Saharan Africa. The expansion of these lineages has a temporal association with the HIV pandemic and antibiotic usage. We analysed the whole genome sequence of 129 ST313 isolates representative of the two lineages and found evidence of lineage-specific genome degradation, with some similarities to that observed in S. Typhi. Individual ST313 S. Typhimurium isolates exhibit a distinct metabolic signature and modified enteropathogenesis in both a murine and cattle model of colitis, compared to S. Typhimurium outside of the ST313 lineages. These data define phenotypes that distinguish ST313 isolates from other S. Typhimurium and may represent adaptation to a distinct pathogenesis and lifestyle linked to an-immuno-compromised human population.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SonnenscheinvanderVoortArendsdeJongsteetal.2014,
  author    = {Sonnenschein-van der Voort, Agnes M. M. and Arends, Lidia R. and de Jongste, Johan C. and Annesi-Maesano, Isabella and Arshad, S. Hasan and Barros, Henrique and Basterrechea, Mikel and Bisgaard, Hans and Chatzi, Leda and Corpeleijn, Eva and Correia, Sofia and Craig, Leone C. and Devereux, Graham and Dogaru, Cristian and Dostal, Miroslav and Duchen, Karel and Eggesb{\o}, Merete and van der Ent, C. Kors and Fantini, Maria P. and Forastiere, Francesco and Frey, Urs and Gehring, Ulrike and Gori, Davide and van der Gugten, Anne C. and Hanke, Wojciech and Henderson, A. John and Heude, Barbara and I{\~n}iguez, Carmen and Inskip, Hazel M. and Keil, Thomas and Kelleher, Cecily C. and Kogevinas, Manolis and Kreiner-M{\o}ller, Eskil and Kuehni, Claudia E. and K{\"u}pers, Leanne K. and Lancz, Kinga and Larsen, Pernille S. and Lau, Susanne and Ludvigsson, Johnny and Mommers, Monique and Andersen, Anne-Marie Nybo and Palkovicova, Lubica and Pike, Katherine C. and Pizzi, Constanza and Polanska, Kinga and Porta, Daniela and Richiardi, Lorenzo and Roberts, Graham and Schmidt, Anne and Sram, Radim J. and Sunyer, Jordi and Thijs, Carel and Torrent, Maties and Viljoen, Karien and Wijga, Alet H. and Vrijheid, Martine and Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. and Duijts, Liesbeth},
  title     = {Preterm birth, infant weight gain, and childhood asthma risk: A meta-analysis of 147,000 European children},
  series = {The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology},
  volume    = {133},
  journal   = {The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1082},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120714},
  pages     = {1317-29},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background Preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant catch-up growth seem associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases in later life, but individual studies showed conflicting results. Objectives We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis for 147,252 children of 31 birth cohort studies to determine the associations of birth and infant growth characteristics with the risks of preschool wheezing (1-4 years) and school-age asthma (5-10 years). Methods First, we performed an adjusted 1-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the combined associations of gestational age, birth weight, and infant weight gain with childhood asthma. Second, we performed an adjusted 2-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the associations of preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g) with childhood asthma outcomes. Results Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were independently associated with higher risks of preschool wheezing and school-age asthma (P < .05). The inverse associations of birth weight with childhood asthma were explained by gestational age at birth. Compared with term-born children with normal infant weight gain, we observed the highest risks of school-age asthma in children born preterm with high infant weight gain (odds ratio [OR], 4.47; 95\% CI, 2.58-7.76). Preterm birth was positively associated with an increased risk of preschool wheezing (pooled odds ratio [pOR], 1.34; 95\% CI, 1.25-1.43) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.40; 95\% CI, 1.18-1.67) independent of birth weight. Weaker effect estimates were observed for the associations of low birth weight adjusted for gestational age at birth with preschool wheezing (pOR, 1.10; 95\% CI, 1.00-1.21) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.13; 95\% CI, 1.01-1.27). Conclusion Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were associated with childhood asthma outcomes. The associations of lower birth weight with childhood asthma were largely explained by gestational age at birth."},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JarickVolckmarPuetteretal.2014,
  author    = {Jarick, I. and Volckmar, A. L. and P{\"u}tter, C. and Pechlivanis, S. and Nguyen, T. T. and Dauvermann, M. R. and Beck, S. and Albayrak, {\"O}. and Scherag, S. and Gilsbach, S. and Cichon, S. and Hoffmann, P. and Degenhardt, F. and N{\"o}then, M. M. and Schreiber, S. and Wichmann, H. E. and J{\"o}ckel, K. H. and Heinrich, J. and Tiesler, C. M. T. and Faraone, S. V. and Walitza, S. and Sinzig, J. and Freitag, C. and Meyer, J. and Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. and Lehmkuhl, G. and Renner, T. J. and Warnke, A. and Romanos, M. and Lesch, K. P. and Reif, A. and Schimmelmann, B. G. and Hebebrand, J. and Scherag, A. and Hinney, A.},
  title     = {Genome-wide analysis of rare copy number variations reveals PARK2 as a candidate gene for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder},
  series = {Molecular Psychiatry},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {Molecular Psychiatry},
  number    = {19},
  doi       = {10.1038/mp.2012.161},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121131},
  pages     = {115-21},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic loci have not yet been identified by genome-wide association studies. Rare copy number variations (CNVs), such as chromosomal deletions or duplications, have been implicated in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. To identify rare (frequency ≤1\%) CNVs that increase the risk of ADHD, we performed a whole-genome CNV analysis based on 489 young ADHD patients and 1285 adult population-based controls and identified one significantly associated CNV region. In tests for a global burden of large (>500 kb) rare CNVs, we observed a nonsignificant (P=0.271) 1.126-fold enriched rate of subjects carrying at least one such CNV in the group of ADHD cases. Locus-specific tests of association were used to assess if there were more rare CNVs in cases compared with controls. Detected CNVs, which were significantly enriched in the ADHD group, were validated by quantitative (q)PCR. Findings were replicated in an independent sample of 386 young patients with ADHD and 781 young population-based healthy controls. We identified rare CNVs within the parkinson protein 2 gene (PARK2) with a significantly higher prevalence in ADHD patients than in controls \((P=2.8 × 10^{-4})\) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In total, the PARK2 locus (chr 6: 162 659 756-162 767 019) harboured three deletions and nine duplications in the ADHD patients and two deletions and two duplications in the controls. By qPCR analysis, we validated 11 of the 12 CNVs in ADHD patients \((P=1.2 × 10^{-3})\) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In the replication sample, CNVs at the PARK2 locus were found in four additional ADHD patients and one additional control \((P=4.3 × 10^{-2})\). Our results suggest that copy number variants at the PARK2 locus contribute to the genetic susceptibility of ADHD. Mutations and CNVs in PARK2 are known to be associated with Parkinson disease.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IsaiasDipaolaMichietal.2014,
  author    = {Isaias, Ioannis Ugo and Dipaola, Mariangela and Michi, Marlies and Marzegan, Alberto and Volkmann, Jens and Rodocanachi Roidi, Mariana L. and Frigo, Carlo Albino and Cavallari, Paolo},
  title     = {Gait Initiation in Children with Rett Syndrome},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0092736},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119789},
  pages     = {e92736},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Rett syndrome is an X-linked neurodevelopmental condition mainly characterized by loss of spoken language and a regression of purposeful hand use, with the development of distinctive hand stereotypies, and gait abnormalities. Gait initiation is the transition from quiet stance to steady-state condition of walking. The associated motor program seems to be centrally mediated and includes preparatory adjustments prior to any apparent voluntary movement of the lower limbs. Anticipatory postural adjustments contribute to postural stability and to create the propulsive forces necessary to reach steady-state gait at a predefined velocity and may be indicative of the effectiveness of the feedforward control of gait. In this study, we examined anticipatory postural adjustments associated with gait initiation in eleven girls with Rett syndrome and ten healthy subjects. Muscle activity (tibialis anterior and soleus muscles), ground reaction forces and body kinematic were recorded. Children with Rett syndrome showed a distinctive impairment in temporal organization of all phases of the anticipatory postural adjustments. The lack of appropriate temporal scaling resulted in a diminished impulse to move forward, documented by an impairment in several parameters describing the efficiency of gait start: length and velocity of the first step, magnitude and orientation of centre of pressure-centre of mass vector at the instant of (swing-)toe off. These findings were related to an abnormal muscular activation pattern mainly characterized by a disruption of the synergistic activity of antagonistic pairs of postural muscles. This study showed that girls with Rett syndrome lack accurate tuning of feedforward control of gait.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoseDammGreineretal.2014,
  author    = {Rose, Markus A. and Damm, Oliver and Greiner, Wolfgang and Knuf, Markus and Wutzler, Peter and Liese, Johannes G. and Kr{\"u}ger, Hagen and Wahn, Ulrich and Schaberg, Tom and Schwehm, Markus and Kochmann, Thomas F. and Eichner, Martin},
  title     = {The epidemiological impact of childhood influenza vaccination using live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in Germany: predictions of a simulation study},
  series = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
  number    = {40},
  issn      = {1471-2334},
  doi       = {10.1186/1471-2334-14-40},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117563},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Routine annual influenza vaccination is primarily recommended for all persons aged 60 and above and for people with underlying chronic conditions in Germany. Other countries have already adopted additional childhood influenza immunisation programmes. The objective of this study is to determine the potential epidemiological impact of implementing paediatric influenza vaccination using intranasally administered live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in Germany. Methods: A deterministic age-structured model is used to simulate the population-level impact of different vaccination strategies on the transmission dynamics of seasonal influenza in Germany. In our base-case analysis, we estimate the effects of adding a LAIV-based immunisation programme targeting children 2 to 17 years of age to the existing influenza vaccination policy. The data used in the model is based on published evidence complemented by expert opinion. Results: In our model, additional vaccination of children 2 to 17 years of age with LAIV leads to the prevention of 23.9 million influenza infections and nearly 16 million symptomatic influenza cases within 10 years. This reduction in burden of disease is not restricted to children. About one third of all adult cases can indirectly be prevented by LAIV immunisation of children. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that vaccinating children 2-17 years of age is likely associated with a significant reduction in the burden of paediatric influenza. Furthermore, annual routine childhood vaccination against seasonal influenza is expected to decrease the incidence of influenza among adults and older people due to indirect effects of herd protection. In summary, our model provides data supporting the introduction of a paediatric influenza immunisation programme in Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KuehnSchoenEdelmannetal.2013,
  author    = {K{\"u}hn, Heike and Sch{\"o}n, Franz and Edelmann, Karola and Brill, Stefan and M{\"u}ller, Joachim},
  title     = {The Development of Lateralization Abilities in Children with Bilateral Cochlear Implants},
  series = {ORL},
  volume    = {75},
  journal   = {ORL},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {0301-1569},
  doi       = {10.1159/000347193},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196375},
  pages     = {55-67},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of lateralization skills in children who received bilateral cochlear implants (CIs) in sequential operations. Methods: The lateralization skills of 9 children with a mean age of 4.1 years at the first surgery and 5.5 years at the second surgery were assessed at 3 time intervals. Children were assessed with a 3-loudspeaker setup (front, left and right) at 0.9 years (interval I) and 1.6 years (interval II) after the second implantation, and after 5.3 years of bilateral implant use (interval III) with a 9-loudspeaker setup in the frontal horizontal plane between -90° and 90° azimuth. Results: With bilateral implants, a significant decrease in lateralization error was noted between test interval I (45.0°) and II (23.3°), with a subsequent significant decrease at test interval III (4.7°). Unilateral performance with the CI did not improve significantly between the first 2 intervals; however, there was a bias of responses towards the unilateral side by test interval III. Conclusions: The lateralization abilities of children with bilateral CIs develop in a relatively short period of time (1-2 years) after the second implant. Children appear to be able to acquire binaural skills after bilateral cochlear implantation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DasenbrookLuDonnolaetal.2013,
  author    = {Dasenbrook, Elliot C. and Lu, Luan and Donnola, Shannon and Weaver, David E. and Gulani, Viskas and Jakob, Peter M. and Konstan, Michael W. and Flask, Chris A.},
  title     = {Normalized T1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Regional Lung Function in Adult Cystic Fibrosis Patients - A Cross-Sectional Study},
  series = {PLOS ONE},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {PLOS ONE},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128346},
  pages     = {e73286},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients would benefit from a safe and effective tool to detect early-stage, regional lung disease to allow for early intervention. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a safe, non-invasive procedure capable of providing quantitative assessments of disease without ionizing radiation. We developed a rapid normalized T1 MRI technique to detect regional lung disease in early-stage CF patients. Materials and Methods: Conventional multislice, pulmonary T1 relaxation time maps were obtained for 10 adult CF patients with normal spirometry and 5 healthy non-CF control subjects using a rapid Look-Locker MRI acquisition (5 seconds/imaging slice). Each lung absolute T1 map was separated into six regions of interest (ROI) by manually selecting upper, central, and lower lung regions in the left and right lungs. In order to reduce the effects of subject-to-subject variation, normalized T1 maps were calculated by dividing each pixel in the absolute T1 maps by the mean T1 time in the central lung region. The primary outcome was the differences in mean normalized T1 values in the upper lung regions between CF patients with normal spirometry and healthy volunteers. Results: Normalized T1 (nT1) maps showed visibly reduced subject-to-subject variation in comparison to conventional absolute T1 maps for healthy volunteers. An ROI analysis showed that the variation in the nT1 values in all regions was <= 2\% of the mean. The primary outcome, the mean (SD) of the normalized T1 values in the upper right lung regions, was significantly lower in the CF subjects [.914 (.037)] compared to the upper right lung regions of the healthy subjects [.983 (.003)] [difference of .069 (95\% confidence interval .032-.105); p=.001). Similar results were seen in the upper left lung region. Conclusion: Rapid normalized T1 MRI relaxometry obtained in 5 seconds/imaging slice may be used to detect regional early-stage lung disease in CF patients.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WalterReilichThieleetal.2013,
  author    = {Walter, Maggie C. and Reilich, Peter and Thiele, Simone and Schessl, Joachim and Schreiber, Herbert and Reiners, Karlheinz and Kress, Wolfram and M{\"u}ller-Reible, Clemens and Vorgerd, Matthias and Urban, Peter and Schrank, Bertold and Deschauer, Marcus and Schlotter-Weigel, Beate and Kohnen, Ralf and Lochm{\"u}ller, Hans},
  title     = {Treatment of dysferlinopathy with deflazacort: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial},
  series = {Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases},
  number    = {26},
  issn      = {1750-1172},
  doi       = {10.1186/1750-1172-8-26},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125663},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: Dysferlinopathies are autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in the dysferlin (DYSF) gene encoding the dysferlin protein. DYSF mutations lead to a wide range of muscular phenotypes, with the most prominent being Miyoshi myopathy (MM) and limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B). Methods: We assessed the one-year-natural course of dysferlinopathy, and the safety and efficacy of deflazacort treatment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. After one year of natural course without intervention, 25 patients with genetically defined dysferlinopathy were randomized to receive deflazacort and placebo for six months each (1 mg/kg/day in month one, 1 mg/kg every 2nd day during months two to six) in one of two treatment sequences. Results: During one year of natural course, muscle strength declined about 2\% as measured by CIDD (Clinical Investigation of Duchenne Dystrophy) score, and 76 Newton as measured by hand-held dynamometry. Deflazacort did not improve muscle strength. In contrast, there is a trend of worsening muscle strength under deflazacort treatment, which recovers after discontinuation of the study drug. During deflazacort treatment, patients showed a broad spectrum of steroid side effects. Conclusion: Deflazacort is not an effective therapy for dysferlinopathies, and off-label use is not warranted. This is an important finding, since steroid treatment should not be administered in patients with dysferlinopathy, who may be often misdiagnosed as polymyositis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BenderReschKleinetal.2012,
  author    = {Bender, Stephan and Resch, Franz and Klein, Christoph and Renner, Tobias and Fallgatter, Andreas J. and Weisbrod, Matthias and Romanos, Marcel},
  title     = {Influence of Stimulant Medication and Response Speed on Lateralization of Movement-Related Potentials in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0039012},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135262},
  pages     = {e39012},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Background: Hyperactivity is one of the core symptoms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it remains unclear in which way the motor system itself and its development are affected by the disorder. Movement-related potentials (MRP) can separate different stages of movement execution, from the programming of a movement to motor post-processing and memory traces. Pre-movement MRP are absent or positive during early childhood and display a developmental increase of negativity. Methods: We examined the influences of response-speed, an indicator of the level of attention, and stimulant medication on lateralized MRP in 16 children with combined type ADHD compared to 20 matched healthy controls. Results: We detected a significantly diminished lateralisation of MRP over the pre-motor and primary motor cortex during movement execution (initial motor potential peak, iMP) in patients with ADHD. Fast reactions (indicating increased visuo-motor attention) led to increased lateralized negativity during movement execution only in healthy controls, while in children with ADHD faster reaction times were associated with more positive amplitudes. Even though stimulant medication had some effect on attenuating group differences in lateralized MRP, this effect was insufficient to normalize lateralized iMP amplitudes. Conclusions: A reduced focal (lateralized) motor cortex activation during the command to muscle contraction points towards an immature motor system and a maturation delay of the (pre-) motor cortex in children with ADHD. A delayed maturation of the neuronal circuitry, which involves primary motor cortex, may contribute to ADHD pathophysiology.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NeuhoffBruderBartlingetal.2012,
  author    = {Neuhoff, Nina and Bruder, Jennifer and Bartling, J{\"u}rgen and Warnke, Andreas and Remschmidt, Helmut and M{\"u}ller-Myhsok, Bertram and Schulte-K{\"o}rne, Gerd},
  title     = {Evidence for the Late MMN as a Neurophysiological Endophenotype for Dyslexia},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0034909},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133686},
  pages     = {e34909},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Dyslexia affects 5-10\% of school-aged children and is therefore one of the most common learning disorders. Research on auditory event related potentials (AERP), particularly the mismatch negativity (MMN) component, has revealed anomalies in individuals with dyslexia to speech stimuli. Furthermore, candidate genes for this disorder were found through molecular genetic studies. A current challenge for dyslexia research is to understand the interaction between molecular genetics and brain function, and to promote the identification of relevant endophenotypes for dyslexia. The present study examines MMN, a neurophysiological correlate of speech perception, and its potential as an endophenotype for dyslexia in three groups of children. The first group of children was clinically diagnosed with dyslexia, whereas the second group of children was comprised of their siblings who had average reading and spelling skills and were therefore "unaffected'' despite having a genetic risk for dyslexia. The third group consisted of control children who were not related to the other groups and were also unaffected. In total, 225 children were included in the study. All children showed clear MMN activity to/da/-/ba/ contrasts that could be separated into three distinct MMN components. Whilst the first two MMN components did not differentiate the groups, the late MMN component (300-700 ms) revealed significant group differences. The mean area of the late MMN was attenuated in both the dyslexic children and their unaffected siblings in comparison to the control children. This finding is indicative of analogous alterations of neurophysiological processes in children with dyslexia and those with a genetic risk for dyslexia, without a manifestation of the disorder. The present results therefore further suggest that the late MMN might be a potential endophenotype for dyslexia.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwerdtleKanisKahletal.2012,
  author    = {Schwerdtle, Barbara and Kanis, Julia and Kahl, Lena and K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Schlarb, Angelika A.},
  title     = {Children's Sleep Comic: development of a new diagnostic tool for children with sleep disorders [original research]},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75722},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Background: A solid diagnosis of sleep disorders in children should include both self-ratings and parent ratings. However, there are few standardized self-assessment instruments to meet this need. The Children's Sleep Comic is an adapted version of the unpublished German questionnaire "Freiburger Kinderschlafcomic" and provides pictures for items and responses. Because the drawings were outdated and allowed only for qualitative analysis, we revised the comic, tested its applicability in a target sample, and suggest a procedure for quantitative analysis. Methods: All items were updated and pictures were newly drawn. We used a sample of 201 children aged 5-10 years to test the applicability of the Children's Sleep Comic in young children and to run a preliminary analysis. Results: The Children's Sleep Comic comprises 37 items covering relevant aspects of sleep disorders in children. Application took on average 30 minutes. The procedure was well accepted by the children, as reflected by the absence of any dropouts. First comparisons with established questionnaires indicated moderate correlations. Conclusion: The Children's Sleep Comic is appropriate for screening sleep behavior and sleep problems in children. The interactive procedure can foster a good relationship between the investigator and the child, and thus establish the basis for successful intervention if necessary.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HammHoeger2011,
  author    = {Hamm, Henning and H{\"o}ger, Peter H},
  title     = {Skin Tumors in Childhood},
  series = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt International},
  volume    = {108},
  journal   = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt International},
  number    = {20},
  doi       = {10.3238/arztebl.2011.0347},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142402},
  pages     = {347-353},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: Dermatologists, paediatricians, and general practitioners are often consulted by worried parents for the evaluation of a cutaneous tumor. Methods: Selective literature review. Results: Only 1-2\% of skin tumors excised in children turn out to be malignant when examined histologically. Warning signs of malignancy include rapid growth, firm consistency, diameter exceeding 3 cm, ulceration, a non-movable mass, and presence in the neonatal period. The more common malignant skin tumors in adults-basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma-are very rare in childhood. Congenital melanocytic nevi and sebaceous nevi bear a lower malignant potential than previously believed; nevertheless, their excision is often indicated. A Spitz nevus can mimic a melanoma both clinically and histologically. Some benign skin tumors of childhood tend to regress spontaneously within a few years but may cause complications at particular locations and when multiple. For infantile hemangiomas requiring systemic treatment because of imminent obstruction or ulceration, propranolol seems to have a far more favorable risk-benefit ratio than corticosteroids. Conclusion: Physicians need specialized knowledge in order to decide whether a skin tumor in a child should be excised, non-surgically treated, or further evaluated, or whether it can be safely left untreated because of the likelihood of spontaneous remission.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Reiners2011,
  author    = {Reiners, Christoph},
  title     = {Clinical Experiences with Radiation Induced Thyroid Cancer after Chernobyl},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75475},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The risk of developing thyroid cancer increases considerably after exposure to external or internal radiation, especially in children below the age of 10. After the Chernobyl reactor accident, the yearly incidence of childhood thyroid cancer in Belarus increased to approximately 40 per 1.000.000 in girls and to roughly 20 per 1.000.000 in boys compared to approximately 0.5 cases per 1.000.000 prior to the accident. Typically, young children with thyroid cancer after radiation exposure present in ≈95\% of the cases as papillary cancers, in ≈50\% as invasive tumors growing outside the thyroid capsule, in ≈65\% with lymph node metastases and in ≈15\% with distant metastases. A joint Belarusian-German project starting in April 1993 that combined treatment with surgery and radioiodine was organized in 237 selected children from Belarus who were exposed to the Chernobyl fallout and had advanced stages of thyroid cancer. The study group included 141 girls and 96 boys. Their median age at the time of the accident was 1.7 years; whereas the median age at the time of diagnosis was 12.4 years. With the exception of two cases with follicular histology, the majority of the patients had been diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancers. In 63\%, the tumor had grown outside the thyroid capsule and invaded the tissue of the neck (pT4). Nearly all of the selected cases (96\%) showed-up with lymph node metastases (pN1) and 43\% of the patients with distant metastases mainly to the lungs (pM1). In 58\% of the children, complete remissions of thyroid cancer could be achieved until December 31st 2010 and in 34\% of the children, stable partial remissions; in the remaining 8\% of the patients, partial remissions were observed. The risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer increased considerably in children and adolescents who were affected by the Chernobyl reactor accident. In spite of the fact, that thyroid cancers in young children seem to behave more aggressively than in older patients, the results of combined treatment with thyroidectomy, radioiodine therapy and thyroid hormone replacement are excellent.},
  subject      = {Chernobyl},
  language  = {en}
}