@article{LudwigReymusWinkleretal.2023,
  author    = {Ludwig, Julia and Reymus, Marcel and Winkler, Alexander and Soliman, Sebastian and Krug, Ralf and Krastl, Gabriel},
  title     = {Root maturation of an immature dens invaginatus despite unsuccessful revitalization procedure: a case report and recommendations for educational purposes},
  series = {Dentistry Journal},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Dentistry Journal},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {2304-6767},
  doi       = {10.3390/dj11020047},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304108},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Background: The clinical management of teeth with complex dens invaginatus (DI) malformations and apical periodontitis may be challenging due to the lack of routine. The aim of this case report is to describe the endodontic treatment of an immature tooth with DI and to discuss strategies for preclinical training for teeth with such malformations. Case report: A 9-year-old male presented with an immature maxillary incisor with DI (Oehlers Type II) and apical periodontitis which was diagnosed by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Revitalization was initially attempted but then abandoned after failure to generate a stable blood clot. Nevertheless, considerable increase in both root length and thickness could be detected after medication with calcium hydroxide followed by root canal filling with MTA as an apical plug. Conclusions: The endodontic management of teeth with DI requires thorough treatment planning. In immature teeth, under certain conditions, root maturation may occur even with conventional apexification procedures. From an educational perspective, different strategies including CBCT and 3D-printed transparent tooth models for visualization of the complex internal morphology and redesigned 3D-printed replica with various degrees of difficulty for endodontic training, can be used to overcome the challenges associated with endodontic treatment of such teeth.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KollingBackhausHofmannetal.2022,
  author    = {Kolling, Markus and Backhaus, Joy and Hofmann, Norbert and Keß, Stefan and Krastl, Gabriel and Soliman, Sebastian and K{\"o}nig, Sarah},
  title     = {Students' perception of three-dimensionally printed teeth in endodontic training},
  series = {European Journal of Dental Education},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {European Journal of Dental Education},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1111/eje.12743},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318676},
  pages     = {653 -- 661},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Introduction In endodontic education, there is a need for thorough training prior to students embarking on clinical treatment. The aim of this study was to use three-dimensional printing technology to create a new model and to compare its suitability for training purposes with resin blocks and extracted teeth. Materials and Methods Multi-jet-modelling (MJM) produced the 3D model replicating a common difficulty in root-canal morphology. An evaluation study comprising 88 students was run in the sixth semester (summer 2018 and winter 2018/2019). A new questionnaire assessed students' perception of training models and educational environment. Welch's t-test analysed significant differences. Results The most pronounced differences between models were noted when rating material hardness, radiopacity, root-canal configuration and suitability for practising. Students estimated their learning outcome as greater with 3D-printed teeth compared to resin blocks. Three-dimensionally printed teeth received significantly lower ratings with regard to enthusiasm, the learning of fine motor skills and spatial awareness, when compared to human teeth (p ≤ .001). However, 3D-printed teeth were appreciated for additional benefits, such as their cleanliness, availability and standardisation of training opportunities with complex root-canal configurations. Conclusion Students preferred extracted human teeth to 3D-printed teeth with respect to their physical characteristics and training experience. However, educational advantages may compensate for the shortcomings. The new questionnaire proved both adequate and accurate to assess the models and educational environment in endodontic training. The new 3D-printed teeth enhanced the learning opportunities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoehneSchwarzbauerSchmitter2020,
  author    = {H{\"o}hne, Christian and Schwarzbauer, Raphael and Schmitter, Marc},
  title     = {Introduction of a new teaching concept for crown preparation with 3D printed teeth},
  series = {European Journal of Dental Education},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {European Journal of Dental Education},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1111/eje.12532},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218133},
  pages     = {526 -- 534},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Introduction For both students and teachers, it is challenging to learn and teach a correct crown preparation. The purpose of this study was the design, feasibility and evaluation of a 3D printed tooth model with internal preparation for dental education in crown preparation and to analyse the quality of the prepared printed teeth in comparison with prepared standard model teeth. Materials and methods A printable tooth was designed and printed by a stereolithographic printer. 38 fourth-year dental students in the first clinical course in prosthodontics were trained in a voluntary course using printed teeth. Different aspects of the printed tooth were evaluated by a questionnaire using German school grades (1 best to 5 worst). The quality of the preparation with the printed teeth and standard training teeth was also rated in an evaluation form done by an expert group consisting of five experienced dentists. Results The workflow was feasible and cost-effective for the production of the teeth. The overall rating of the printed tooth was {\O} 2.0 ± 0.34 in the questionnaire completed by the students. The students rated the printed tooth model ({\O} 2.1 ± 0.85) as significantly better than the standard model tooth ({\O} 3.3 ± 0.77; P = .000). The students reported great benefits in the use of this model tooth, for example valuable replacement of a standard model and real teeth, direct control of material loss. The quality of the preparation was evaluated by the expert group as significantly better with an overall mean grade of {\O} 2.6 ± 0.37 for the printed teeth compared to {\O} 2.9 ± 0.42 for the standard model teeth (P = .000). Conclusions The feasibility of this teaching concept was confirmed. The students favoured to work on the innovative 3D-teeth with internal preparation, emphasising the usefulness of this technique in dental education. The expert group confirmed also the significant training effect of this tooth model in contrast to a standard model tooth.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoehneDickhautSchmitter2020,
  author    = {H{\"o}hne, Christian and Dickhaut, Nora and Schmitter, Marc},
  title     = {Introduction of a new teaching concept for dentin post preparation with 3D printed teeth},
  series = {European Journal of Dental Education},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {European Journal of Dental Education},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1111/eje.12528},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-215586},
  pages     = {499 -- 506},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Introduction The preparation for dentin posts is difficult and hard to learn. There are currently no reproducible simulation models to train this clinical procedure. The purpose of this study was the design, feasibility and evaluation of a three-dimensional (3D) printed tooth model for the pre-clinical teaching of students. Materials and methods A printable tooth was designed and printed by a stereolithographic printer. A total of 48 fourth-year dental students in the first clinical course in prosthodontics were trained in a voluntary hands-on course on 4 similar printed teeth. The students used standard model teeth and real-teeth models during their education. They had experience in caries removement and root canal treatment on real patients. Root perforations were counted for every attempt. The different benefits of the 3D printed tooth were evaluated by a questionnaire using German school grades from 1 (best) to 6 (worst). Results The overall rating of the printed tooth was {\O}1.9 ± 0.3. The item "suitable exercise option" was rated {\O}2.0 ± 0.8, and the teeth were "easy to use" {\O}1.9 ± 0.9. The item "realistic approach to dentin post preparation" was rated {\O}2.1 ± 0.8, and the teeth showed the "shortcomings at a root perforation" {\O}1.5 ± 0.6. The students reported to have much more motivation and enthusiasm to improve their skills with the printed teeth {\O}2.1 ± 0.9. They had a strong desire to include these teeth in their pre-clinical education before the first patient treatment {\O}1.6 ± 0.8. The success rate of the dentin post preparation was significantly better for the second 25\% (P = .047) and fourth 48\% (P = .04) attempt. Conclusions The feasibility of this teaching concept was confirmed. The students had the possibility to learn a correct dentin post preparation on a printed tooth model. The learning effect with this tooth model was rated as good to very good by the questionnaire.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReymusStawarczykWinkleretal.2020,
  author    = {Reymus, M. and Stawarczyk, B. and Winkler, A. and Ludwig, J. and Kess, S. and Krastl, G. and Krug, R.},
  title     = {A critical evaluation of the material properties and clinical suitability of in-house printed and commercial tooth replicas for endodontic training},
  series = {International Endodontic Journal},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {International Endodontic Journal},
  number    = {10},
  doi       = {10.1111/iej.13361},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218085},
  pages     = {1446 -- 1454},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Aim To assess the suitability of several 3D-printed resins for the manufacturing of tooth replicas for endodontic training in comparison with commercially available replicas by analysing the properties of the materials and comparing them with real teeth during endodontic training. Methodology Tooth replicas were 3D-printed using four resins (NextDent Model, NextDent C\&B, V-Print ee and Vero White Plus) and compared with two commercially available products (VDW and Smile Factory) as well as extracted human teeth. Martens hardness, indentation modulus and radiopacity were investigated on these tooth replicas. Experienced dentists evaluated the suitability of the replicas for endodontic training by comparing them with real teeth in terms of appearance, anatomy, radiopacity, similarity to dentine during access opening, canal gauging and canal instrumentation. Data were analysed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results The greatest hardness values were recorded for human dentine (P < 0.001), followed by V-Print ee and the commercial tooth replica of Smile Factory. The greatest radiopacity was associated with VOC and dentine (P < 0.001) in comparison with the other materials tested. The appearance of the in-house printed tooth replicas was subjectively evaluated by the dentists as being more realistic than the commercially available products. No differences between the replicas was detected during mechanical instrumentation of root canals. Conclusion None of the tooth replicas were able to simulate human dentine from the perspectives evaluated. V-Print ee had radiopacity comparable with dentine, but its hardness was not comparable with dentine.},
  language  = {en}
}