@article{AlavipanahWegmannQureshietal.2015, author = {Alavipanah, Sadroddin and Wegmann, Martin and Qureshi, Salman and Weng, Qihao and Koellner, Thomas}, title = {The role of vegetation in mitigating urban land surface temperatures: a case study of Munich, Germany during the warm season}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {7}, journal = {Sustainability}, doi = {10.3390/su7044689}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143447}, pages = {4689-4706}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is the phenomenon of altered increased temperatures in urban areas compared to their rural surroundings. UHIs grow and intensify under extreme hot periods, such as during heat waves, which can affect human health and also increase the demand for energy for cooling. This study applies remote sensing and land use/land cover (LULC) data to assess the cooling effect of varying urban vegetation cover, especially during extreme warm periods, in the city of Munich, Germany. To compute the relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Land Use Land Cover (LULC), MODIS eight-day interval LST data for the months of June, July and August from 2002 to 2012 and the Corine Land Cover (CLC) database were used. Due to similarities in the behavior of surface temperature of different CLCs, some classes were reclassified and combined to form two major, rather simplified, homogenized classes: one of built-up area and one of urban vegetation. The homogenized map was merged with the MODIS eight-day interval LST data to compute the relationship between them. The results revealed that (i) the cooling effect accrued from urban vegetation tended to be non-linear; and (ii) a remarkable and stronger cooling effect in terms of LST was identified in regions where the proportion of vegetation cover was between seventy and almost eighty percent per square kilometer. The results also demonstrated that LST within urban vegetation was affected by the temperature of the surrounding built-up and that during the well-known European 2003 heat wave, suburb areas were cooler from the core of the urbanized region. This study concluded that the optimum green space for obtaining the lowest temperature is a non-linear trend. This could support urban planning strategies to facilitate appropriate applications to mitigate heat-stress in urban area.}, language = {en} } @article{AsareKyeiForkuorVenus2015, author = {Asare-Kyei, Daniel and Forkuor, Gerald and Venus, Valentijn}, title = {Modeling Flood Hazard Zones at the Sub-District Level with the Rational Model Integrated with GIS and Remote Sensing Approaches}, series = {Water}, volume = {7}, journal = {Water}, doi = {10.3390/w7073531}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151581}, pages = {3531 -- 3564}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Robust risk assessment requires accurate flood intensity area mapping to allow for the identification of populations and elements at risk. However, available flood maps in West Africa lack spatial variability while global datasets have resolutions too coarse to be relevant for local scale risk assessment. Consequently, local disaster managers are forced to use traditional methods such as watermarks on buildings and media reports to identify flood hazard areas. In this study, remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were combined with hydrological and statistical models to delineate the spatial limits of flood hazard zones in selected communities in Ghana, Burkina Faso and Benin. The approach involves estimating peak runoff concentrations at different elevations and then applying statistical methods to develop a Flood Hazard Index (FHI). Results show that about half of the study areas fall into high intensity flood zones. Empirical validation using statistical confusion matrix and the principles of Participatory GIS show that flood hazard areas could be mapped at an accuracy ranging from 77\% to 81\%. This was supported with local expert knowledge which accurately classified 79\% of communities deemed to be highly susceptible to flood hazard. The results will assist disaster managers to reduce the risk to flood disasters at the community level where risk outcomes are first materialized.}, language = {en} } @article{AyanuConradJentschetal.2015, author = {Ayanu, Yohannes and Conrad, Christopher and Jentsch, Anke and Koellner, Thomas}, title = {Unveiling undercover cropland inside forests using landscape variables: a supplement to remote sensing image classification}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {6}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0130079}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151686}, pages = {e0130079}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The worldwide demand for food has been increasing due to the rapidly growing global population, and agricultural lands have increased in extent to produce more food crops. The pattern of cropland varies among different regions depending on the traditional knowledge of farmers and availability of uncultivated land. Satellite images can be used to map cropland in open areas but have limitations for detecting undergrowth inside forests. Classification results are often biased and need to be supplemented with field observations. Undercover cropland inside forests in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia was assessed using field observed percentage cover of land use/land cover classes, and topographic and location parameters. The most influential factors were identified using Boosted Regression Trees and used to map undercover cropland area. Elevation, slope, easterly aspect, distance to settlements, and distance to national park were found to be the most influential factors determining undercover cropland area. When there is very high demand for growing food crops, constrained under restricted rights for clearing forest, cultivation could take place within forests as an undercover. Further research on the impact of undercover cropland on ecosystem services and challenges in sustainable management is thus essential.}, language = {en} } @article{DuerigGudmundssonKarmannetal.2015, author = {D{\"u}rig, Tobias and Gudmundsson, Magn{\´u}s Tumi and Karmann, Sven and Zimanowski, Bernd and Dellino, Pierfrancesco and Rietze, Martin and B{\"u}ttner, Ralf}, title = {Mass eruption rates in pulsating eruptions estimated from video analysis of the gas thrust-buoyancy transition-a case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallaj{\"o}kull, Iceland}, series = {Earth, Planets and Space}, volume = {67}, journal = {Earth, Planets and Space}, number = {180}, doi = {10.1186/s40623-015-0351-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-138635}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano was characterized by pulsating activity. Discrete ash bursts merged at higher altitude and formed a sustained quasi-continuous eruption column. High-resolution near-field videos were recorded on 8-10 May, during the second explosive phase of the eruption, and supplemented by contemporary aerial observations. In the observed period, pulses occurred at intervals of 0.8 to 23.4 s (average, 4.2 s). On the basis of video analysis, the pulse volume and the velocity of the reversely buoyant jets that initiated each pulse were determined. The expansion history of jets was tracked until the pulses reached the height of transition from a negatively buoyant jet to a convective buoyant plume about 100 m above the vent. Based on the assumption that the density of the gas-solid mixture making up the pulse approximates that of the surrounding air at the level of transition from the jet to the plume, a mass flux ranging between 2.2 and 3.5 . 10\(^4\) kg/s was calculated. This mass eruption rate is in good agreement with results obtained with simple models relating plume height with mass discharge at the vent. Our findings indicate that near-field measurements of eruption source parameters in a pulsating eruption may prove to be an effective monitoring tool. A comparison of the observed pulses with those generated in calibrated large-scale experiments reveals very similar characteristics and suggests that the analysis of near-field sensors could in the future help to constrain the triggering mechanism of explosive eruptions.}, language = {en} } @article{FaOliveroRealetal.2015, author = {Fa, John E. and Olivero, Jes{\´u}s and Real, Raimundo and Farf{\´a}n, Miguel A. and M{\´a}rquez, Ana L. and Vargas, J. Mario and Ziegler, Stefan and Wegmann, Martin and Brown, David and Margetts, Barrie and Nasi, Robert}, title = {Disentangling the relative effects of bushmeat availability on human nutrition in central Africa}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {5}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {8168}, doi = {10.1038/srep08168}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144110}, year = {2015}, abstract = {We studied links between human malnutrition and wild meat availability within the Rainforest Biotic Zone in central Africa. We distinguished two distinct hunted mammalian diversity distributions, one in the rainforest areas (Deep Rainforest Diversity, DRD) containing taxa of lower hunting sustainability, the other in the northern rainforest-savanna mosaic, with species of greater hunting potential (Marginal Rainforest Diversity, MRD). Wild meat availability, assessed by standing crop mammalian biomass, was greater in MRD than in DRD areas. Predicted bushmeat extraction was also higher in MRD areas. Despite this, stunting of children, a measure of human malnutrition, was greater in MRD areas. Structural equation modeling identified that, in MRD areas, mammal diversity fell away from urban areas, but proximity to these positively influenced higher stunting incidence. In DRD areas, remoteness and distance from dense human settlements and infrastructures explained lower stunting levels. Moreover, stunting was higher away from protected areas. Our results suggest that in MRD areas, forest wildlife rational use for better human nutrition is possible. By contrast, the relatively low human populations in DRD areas currently offer abundant opportunities for the continued protection of more vulnerable mammals and allow dietary needs of local populations to be met.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hardaker2015, author = {Hardaker, Sina}, title = {Development and Outlook for Grocery Retailing Internationalization in China: Competition and Format Expansion within a Geographical Context}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123076}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {287}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this dissertation is to reveal the status quo of development of the grocery retailers' internationalization process in China as well as to model future trends, opportunities and challenges within a very competitive market. Using several, geographically distant cities as case studies, this paper focuses on the development and outlook of different store formats, along with the development of competition in this respect by explicitly treating China not as a single market. The study thereby analyses historical and geographical diffusion in regard to store formats. The impacts of the main factors of change are discussed. Design/methodology/approach - The dissertation reviews extensively the literature of grocery retail internationalization with special focus on China. In addition, it draws on primary research in the form of a wide range of expert interviews. As China´s 'supermarket revolution' is underway, an understanding of the local and foreign competition and the development of different store formats within different regions of China as well as their prospects, will be crucial to companies expanding into this area. Findings - The study explains how grocery retailers have already entered the Chinese market with different store formats and how competition has and will further develop. In addition, the study reveals challenges and obstacles in regard to future market strategies, especially in regard to store formats and geographical regions. Research limitations/implications - The study reveals the current landscape of the Chinese grocery retailing market and emphasizes important strategic pillars, modelling future implications and challenges for food retailers operating in China. Because China is a vast country this dissertation forms only a small part of the geographical evolution process in regard to store formats and competition. Practical implications - Explores current understanding of the internationalization process in China by considering different format choices. Supplementary, the dissertation proposes an outlook of competition enlargement, prospects of format development and therewith strategic implications within different regions as well as a future research agenda. Originality / value - Contributes to the understanding of the Chinese grocery retailing market. Furthermore, it is among the first to critically explore possible future developments in regard to store formats and competition within a geographical context in China}, subject = {Lebensmitteleinzelhandel}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ibrahim2015, author = {Ibrahim, Sani}, title = {{\´E}volution des paysages dunaires fix{\´e}s par la v{\´e}g{\´e}tation au Niger}, issn = {2199-4315}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-12652}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126528}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {171}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Les s{\´e}cheresses des ann{\´e}es 1970 et 1980 ont occasionn{\´e} des changements remarquables dans les paysages et {\´e}cosyst{\`e}mes sah{\´e}liens. Au Niger, les milieux dunaires sont les plus affect{\´e}s par la d{\´e}gradation des paysages aux cons{\´e}quences parfois irr{\´e}versibles. Cette {\´e}tude tente de montrer que, malgr{\´e} les modifications climatiques et les pressions anthropiques, une r{\´e}g{\´e}n{\´e}ration des sols dunaires serait possible, dans cette dynamique complexe. Cela a {\´e}t{\´e} d{\´e}montr{\´e} {\`a} travers l'analyse micromorphologique des mat{\´e}riaux des parties superficielles des sols (0-20 cm). L'{\´e}tude des caract{\´e}ristiques particuli{\`e}res des cro{\^u}tes (organisations pelliculaires de surface des sols) offre des pistes de recherches pouvant proposer des moyens et m{\´e}thodes de fixation des dunes d{\´e}grad{\´e}es. Elle propose {\´e}galement des alternatives de lutte contre l'{\´e}rosion {\´e}olienne et hydrique dans les {\´e}cosyst{\`e}mes sah{\´e}liens. Ceci cadre parfaitement avec la situation au Niger, o{\`u} les ph{\´e}nom{\`e}nes de d{\´e}sertification et d'ensablement des cuvettes interdunaires constituent une pr{\´e}occupation majeure en mati{\`e}re de protection de l'environnement.}, subject = {Degradation}, language = {fr} } @phdthesis{Kraus2015, author = {Kraus, Felix}, title = {Nachhaltige Regionalentwicklung im Biosph{\"a}renreservat Rh{\"o}n - Regionale Wertsch{\"o}pfungsketten diskutiert am Beispiel der Dachmarke Rh{\"o}n}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-028-3 (print)}, issn = {0510-9833}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-029-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120886}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {352}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Regionalvermarktung ist in deutschen Biosph{\"a}renreservaten ein wichtiges Instrument zur Umsetzung des Leitbilds der nachhaltigen Entwicklung. Die Dachmarke Rh{\"o}n im Biosph{\"a}renreservat Rh{\"o}n hat in den vergangenen Jahren einen Vorbildcharakter in diesem Kontext entwickelt. Doch nur wenige quantitative Untersuchungen befassen sich bis jetzt mit der Frage, welche regional{\"o}konomischen Effekte diese Initiativen haben. In der Arbeit werden die internen Wirtschaftsstrukturen, wie z.B. die Vorleistungen, der Dachmarkenmitglieder mit einer zuf{\"a}lligen Kontrollgruppe von regionalen Betrieben verglichen. Die wirtschaftlichen Differenzen zwischen den Untersuchungsgruppen stellen sich deutlicher dar, wenn die Dachmarke Rh{\"o}n nicht als eine Einheit gesehen wird, sondern in drei Untergruppen geteilt wird. Die Betriebe der Dachmarke Rh{\"o}n haben aufgrund von tendenziell h{\"o}heren Vorleistungsausgaben geringere Wertsch{\"o}pfungsquoten auf der ersten Stufe des regional{\"o}konomischen Modells. Die Analyse der Einkaufsbeziehungen und Investitionen macht aber deutlich, dass die Betriebe der Dachmarke Rh{\"o}n dennoch einen Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Regionalentwicklung in der Rh{\"o}n leisten k{\"o}nnen. Zur Erreichung dieses Ziels handeln die Betriebe der Dachmarke in vielerlei Hinsicht aus idealistischen Motiven.}, subject = {Biosph{\"a}renreservat}, language = {de} } @article{KuenzerKleinUllmannetal.2015, author = {Kuenzer, Claudia and Klein, Igor and Ullmann, Tobias and Georgiou, Efi Foufoula and Baumhauer, Roland and Dech, Stefan}, title = {Remote Sensing of River Delta Inundation: Exploiting the Potential of Coarse Spatial Resolution, Temporally-Dense MODIS Time Series}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {7}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, doi = {10.3390/rs70708516}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151552}, pages = {8516 -- 8542}, year = {2015}, abstract = {River deltas belong to the most densely settled places on earth. Although they only account for 5\% of the global land surface, over 550 million people live in deltas. These preferred livelihood locations, which feature flat terrain, fertile alluvial soils, access to fluvial and marine resources, a rich wetland biodiversity and other advantages are, however, threatened by numerous internal and external processes. Socio-economic development, urbanization, climate change induced sea level rise, as well as flood pulse changes due to upstream water diversion all lead to changes in these highly dynamic systems. A thorough understanding of a river delta's general setting and intra-annual as well as long-term dynamic is therefore crucial for an informed management of natural resources. Here, remote sensing can play a key role in analyzing and monitoring these vast areas at a global scale. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the potential of intra-annual time series analyses at dense temporal, but coarse spatial resolution for inundation characterization in five river deltas located in four different countries. Based on 250 m MODIS reflectance data we analyze inundation dynamics in four densely populated Asian river deltas-namely the Yellow River Delta (China), the Mekong Delta (Vietnam), the Irrawaddy Delta (Myanmar), and the Ganges-Brahmaputra (Bangladesh, India)-as well as one very contrasting delta: the nearly uninhabited polar Mackenzie Delta Region in northwestern Canada for the complete time span of one year (2013). A complex processing chain of water surface derivation on a daily basis allows the generation of intra-annual time series, which indicate inundation duration in each of the deltas. Our analyses depict distinct inundation patterns within each of the deltas, which can be attributed to processes such as overland flooding, irrigation agriculture, aquaculture, or snowmelt and thermokarst processes. Clear differences between mid-latitude, subtropical, and polar deltas are illustrated, and the advantages and limitations of the approach for inundation derivation are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{NguyenKerstenSenmaoetal.2015, author = {Nguyen, Duy Ba and Kersten, Clauss and Senmao, Cao and Vahid, Naeimi and Kuenzer, Claudia and Wagner, Wolfgang}, title = {Mapping Rice Seasonality in the Mekong Delta with Multi-Year Envisat ASAR WSM Data}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {7}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {12}, doi = {10.3390/rs71215808}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137554}, pages = {15868-15893}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Rice is the most important food crop in Asia, and the timely mapping and monitoring of paddy rice fields subsequently emerged as an important task in the context of food security and modelling of greenhouse gas emissions. Rice growth has a distinct influence on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter images, and time-series analysis of C-band images has been successfully employed to map rice fields. The poor data availability on regional scales is a major drawback of this method. We devised an approach to classify paddy rice with the use of all available Envisat ASAR WSM (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar Wide Swath Mode) data for our study area, the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. We used regression-based incidence angle normalization and temporal averaging to combine acquisitions from multiple tracks and years. A crop phenology-based classifier has been applied to this time series to detect single-, double- and triple-cropped rice areas (one to three harvests per year), as well as dates and lengths of growing seasons. Our classification has an overall accuracy of 85.3\% and a kappa coefficient of 0.74 compared to a reference dataset and correlates highly with official rice area statistics at the provincial level (R-2 of 0.98). SAR-based time-series analysis allows accurate mapping and monitoring of rice areas even under adverse atmospheric conditions.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Paesler2015, author = {Paesler, Ferdinand}, title = {Regionalentwicklung und Mensch-Umwelt-Interaktion - Zwei Fallbeispiele aus Kenia und der Demokratischen Republik Kongo}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-026-9 (print)}, issn = {0510-9833}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-027-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120395}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {344}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Der vielschichtige Begriff Entwicklung stellt die Basis f{\"u}r die multidisziplin{\"a}re Entwicklungsforschung, aber auch die Entwicklungspolitik und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit dar und wird demzufolge auf verschiedenste Art und Weise verwendet. Insbesondere zu den Auswirkungen regionaler Entwicklungsprozesse auf lokaler Ebene existieren innerhalb der entwicklungstheoretischen Ideengeschichte eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Zug{\"a}nge, {\"u}ber die die vorliegende Arbeit einen kurzen {\"U}berblick gibt. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung anthropogeographischer Ans{\"a}tze zur Erforschung des Verh{\"a}ltnisses von Entwicklung und Raum werden im ersten (theoretischen) Teil die Konzepte der lokalen Partizipation sowie der Politischen {\"O}kologie als geeignete Analyseinstrumente f{\"u}r das Verst{\"a}ndnis konkreter lokaler Entwicklungsprozesse erarbeitet; Entwicklung wird hierbei akteurs- und kontextorientiert als Ergebnis von Mensch-Umwelt-Interaktionen angesehen. Im Rahmen eines case study research wird im zweiten Teil der Arbeit die Praxistauglichkeit dieser Analyseinstrumente {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Hierf{\"u}r werden in zwei Untersuchungsregionen regionale Entwicklungsdynamiken beschrieben und analysiert, um deren r{\"a}umliche und soziale Auswirkungen zu verstehen. In beiden Gebieten (Mampu/Mbankana in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo sowie Wasini Island in Kenia) hat in den vergangenen Jahren eine durch unterschiedliche Prozesse verursachte rasante Regionalentwicklung stattgefunden, die die Gebiete jeweils deutlich von ihrem Umland abhebt. Im Fallbeispiel Wasini Island wurde die Entwicklung durch den (internationalen) Tourismus bedingt, in Mampu/Mbankana durch ein Entwicklungsprojekt der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung (HSS). F{\"u}r beide Gebiete wird zuerst der naturr{\"a}umliche, politische und historische Kontext aufgezeigt, welcher die Rahmenbedingungen f{\"u}r die Analyse der einzelnen Akteure und Akteursgruppen darstellt. Sowohl f{\"u}r Wasini Island als auch f{\"u}r Mampu/Mbankana k{\"o}nnen w{\"a}hrend des Untersuchungszeitraums Ereignisse identifiziert werden, die von der einheimischen Bev{\"o}lkerung (bzw. Teilen dieser) als stark situationsver{\"a}ndernd und zudem nicht endogen verursacht wahrgenommen werden (externe Krisen): in Wasini der drastische Einbruch der Touristenzahlen nach den Unruhen im Nachgang der Pr{\"a}sidentschaftswahlen (2007/08 Kenyan Crisis), im kongolesischen Untersuchungsgebiet der schrittweise R{\"u}ckzug der HSS aus dem operativen Projekt ab 2009 und die damit einhergehende {\"U}bertragung von Verantwortung auf lokale Gremien und Organisationen. Durch die Zusammenf{\"u}hrung der Ergebnisse aus beiden Fallbeispielen wird konstatiert, dass Entwicklung auf regionaler Ebene als ein kontext- und akteursabh{\"a}ngiger dynamischer Prozess anzusehen ist, der aus den kumulierten, in beide Richtungen wirksamen Mensch-Umwelt-Interaktionen in der betrachteten Region resultiert, und damit in der Tradition geopossibilistischer Perspektiven steht, in denen die nat{\"u}rliche bzw. geographische ebenso wie die gesellschaftliche Umwelt die Rahmenbedingungen f{\"u}r menschliches Handeln und damit Entwicklung vorgibt, jedoch nicht determiniert.}, subject = {Regionalentwicklung}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Sani2015, author = {Sani, Ibrahim}, title = {{\´E}volution des paysages dunaires fix{\´e}s par la v{\´e}g{\´e}tation au Niger : Modifications morphologiques actuelles dans les couches superficielles des dunes et possibilit{\´e}s de « r{\´e}g{\´e}n{\´e}ration » et de « p{\´e}dog{\´e}n{\`e}se »}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128014}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Les s{\´e}cheresses des ann{\´e}es 1970 et 1980 ont occasionn{\´e} des changements remarquables dans les paysages et {\´e}cosyst{\`e}mes sah{\´e}liens. Au Niger, les milieux dunaires sont les plus affect{\´e}s par la d{\´e}gradation des paysages aux cons{\´e}quences parfois irr{\´e}versibles. Cette {\´e}tude tente de montrer que, malgr{\´e} les modifications climatiques et les pressions anthropiques, une r{\´e}g{\´e}n{\´e}ration des sols dunaires serait possible, dans cette dynamique complexe. Cela a {\´e}t{\´e} d{\´e}montr{\´e} {\`a} travers l'analyse micromorphologique des mat{\´e}riaux des parties superficielles des sols (0-20 cm). L'{\´e}tude des caract{\´e}ristiques particuli{\`e}res des cro{\^u}tes (organisations pelliculaires de surface des sols) offre des pistes de recherches pouvant proposer des moyens et m{\´e}thodes de fixation des dunes d{\´e}grad{\´e}es. Elle propose {\´e}galement des alternatives de lutte contre l'{\´e}rosion {\´e}olienne et hydrique dans les {\´e}cosyst{\`e}mes sah{\´e}liens. Ceci cadre parfaitement avec la situation au Niger, o{\`u} les ph{\´e}nom{\`e}nes de d{\´e}sertification et d'ensablement des cuvettes interdunaires constituent une pr{\´e}occupation majeure en mati{\`e}re de protection de l'environnement.}, subject = {Degradation}, language = {fr} } @article{Schamel2015, author = {Schamel, Johannes}, title = {Ableitung von Pr{\"a}ferenzen aus GPS-Trajektorien bei landschaftsbezogenen Erholungsaktivit{\"a}ten}, series = {AGIT - Journal f{\"u}r Angewandte Geoinformatik}, volume = {2015}, journal = {AGIT - Journal f{\"u}r Angewandte Geoinformatik}, number = {1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153590}, pages = {9}, year = {2015}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Steger2015, author = {Steger, Christian}, title = {Simulation ausgew{\"a}hlter Zeitscheiben des Pal{\"a}oklimas in Asien mit einem hochaufgel{\"o}sten Regionalmodell}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122606}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {203}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Das Tibetplateau (TP) ist das h{\"o}chste Gebirgsplateau der Erde und bildete sich im Verlauf der letzten 50 Millionen Jahre. Durch seine Ausmaße ver{\"a}nderte das TP nicht nur das Klima im heutigen Asien, sondern bewirkte Ver{\"a}nderungen weltweit. Heute stellt das TP einen Hotspot des Klimawandels dar und ist als Quellgebiet vieler großer Fl{\"u}sse in Asien f{\"u}r die Wasserversorgung von Milliarden von Menschen von zentraler Bedeutung. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es wichtig, die Prozesse, die das Klima in der Region steuern, besser zu verstehen und die Variabilit{\"a}t des Klimas auf unterschiedlichen Zeitskalen absch{\"a}tzen zu k{\"o}nnen. Grundlegendes Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, r{\"a}umlich hochaufgel{\"o}ste quantitative Informationen {\"u}ber die Ver{\"a}nderung der klimatischen Verh{\"a}ltnisse in Asien w{\"a}hrend der Bildungsphase des TP und unter warm- und kaltzeitlichen Randbedingungen zur Verf{\"u}gung zu stellen und dadurch eine Verbindung zwischen den verschiedenen Zeitskalen herzustellen. Hierf{\"u}r werden das heutige Klima und das Pal{\"a}oklima der Region mit Hilfe von Klimamodellen simuliert. Da fr{\"u}here Studien zeigen konnten, dass die Ergebnisse von hochaufgel{\"o}sten Modellen besser mit Pal{\"a}oklimarekonstruktionen {\"u}bereinstimmen, als die von vergleichsweise niedrig aufgel{\"o}sten Globalmodellen, erfolgt ein dynamisches Downscaling des globalen Klimamodells ECHAM5 mit dem regionalen Klimamodell REMO. Die Heraushebung des TP wird durch eine Serie von f{\"u}nf Simulationen (Topogra- phieexperimente) approximiert, in denen die H{\"o}he des TP in 25\%-Schritten von 0\% bis 100\% der heutigen H{\"o}he ver{\"a}ndert wird. Die Schwankungen des Klimas im sp{\"a}- ten Quart{\"a}r sind durch Simulationen f{\"u}r das mittlere Holoz{\"a}n und den Hochstand der letzten Vereisung, das Last-Glacial-Maximum, repr{\"a}sentiert (Quart{\"a}rexperi- mente). In den Quart{\"a}rexperimenten wurden die Treibhausgaskonzentrationen, Orbitalparameter, Landbedeckung und verschiedene Vegetationsparameter an die Bedingungen der jeweiligen Zeitscheibe angepasst. Die Auswertung der Simulati- onsergebnisse konzentriert sich auf j{\"a}hrliche und jahreszeitliche Ver{\"a}nderungen der bodennahen Temperatur und des Niederschlags. Außerdem werden die sich erge- benden {\"A}nderungen in der Intensit{\"a}t des indischen Monsuns anhand verschiedener Monsunindizes analysiert. F{\"u}r das TP und die sich unmittelbar anschließenden Ge- biete wird zus{\"a}tzlich eine Clusteranalyse durchgef{\"u}hrt, um die dort vorkommenden regionalen Klimatypen identifizieren und charakterisieren zu k{\"o}nnen. In den Topographieexperimenten zeigt sich, dass die 2m-Temperatur im Bereich des TP im Jahresmittel mit abnehmender H{\"o}he des Plateaus um bis zu 30◦C zunimmt, w{\"a}hrend es in den {\"u}brigen Teilen des Modellgebiets nahezu {\"u}berall k{\"a}lter wird. Die Jahressumme des Niederschlags nimmt mit abnehmender H{\"o}he des TP westlich und n{\"o}rdlich davon zu. Im Bereich des TP sowie s{\"u}dlich und {\"o}stlich davon gehen die Niederschl{\"a}ge zur{\"u}ck. Die starke Niederschlagszunahme n{\"o}rdlich des TP kann durch die Ausbildung eines H{\"o}hentrogs statt eines H{\"o}henr{\"u}ckens in diesem Bereich erkl{\"a}rt werden. Das grunds{\"a}tzliche r{\"a}umliche Muster der Ver{\"a}nderungen besteht dabei bereits bei einer Plateauh{\"o}he von 75\% des Ausgangswertes und {\"a}ndert sich bei weiterer Verringerung der H{\"o}he nicht wesentlich. Lediglich der Betrag der Ver{\"a}nderungen nimmt zu. Dies gilt f{\"u}r die 2m-Temperatur und den Niederschlag und sowohl im Jahresmittel als auch f{\"u}r die einzelnen Jahreszeiten. Bez{\"u}glich der Intensit{\"a}t des indischen Sommermonsuns zeigt sich, dass zwischen 25\% und 75\% der heutigen H{\"o}he des TP die st{\"a}rkste Intensivierung stattfindet. Eine mit heute vergleichbare Monsunintensit{\"a}t tritt erst auf, wenn das TP die H{\"a}lfte seiner jetzigen H{\"o}he erreicht hat. Im mittleren Holoz{\"a}n ist es im Jahresmittel in den meisten Teilen des Modellge- biets k{\"a}lter und feuchter als heute. Die Unterschiede sind jedoch gr{\"o}ßtenteils gering und nicht signifikant. Hinsichtlich der Temperatur zeigen die Modelldaten nur vereinzelt eine gute {\"U}bereinstimmung mit den rekonstruierten Werten. Allerdings weisen die Rekonstruktionen eine hohe r{\"a}umliche Variabilit{\"a}t auf, wodurch die in diesem Datensatz vorhandenen Unsicherheiten widergespiegelt werden. Hinsicht- lich des Niederschlags ist die {\"U}bereinstimmung besser. Hier deuten sowohl die simulierten als auch die rekonstruierten Daten auf feuchtere Bedingungen hin. In der Simulation f{\"u}r das Last-Glacial-Maximum liegen die Temperaturen {\"u}berall im Modellgebiet im Jahresmittel und in allen Jahreszeiten um bis zu 8◦C unter den heutigen Werten. Es besteht eine gute {\"U}bereinstimmung mit den rekonstruierten Temperaturwerten f{\"u}r diese Zeitscheibe. Zu einer signifikanten Abnahme der j{\"a}hrlichen Niederschlagsmenge kommt es westlich und nordwestlich des TP, in Indien, S{\"u}dostasien und entlang der Ostk{\"u}ste Chinas. F{\"u}r die Bereiche, f{\"u}r die Niederschlagsrekonstruktionen verf{\"u}gbar sind, stimmen die Modellergebnisse gut mit diesen {\"u}berein. Zu einer signifikanten Niederschlagszunahme kommt es nur zwischen der Nordk{\"u}ste des Golfs von Bengalen und dem Himalaya, wobei dies m{\"o}glicherweise ein Modellartefakt darstellt. Hinsichtlich der Monsunintensit{\"a}t bestehen große Unterschiede zwischen den Indizes. W{\"a}hrend der Extended Indian Monsoon Rainfall Index eine starke Ab- schw{\"a}chung des indischen Sommermonsuns anzeigt, ist der Wert des Webster and Yang Monsoon Index verglichen mit heute nahezu unver{\"a}ndert. Ein Vergleich der Monsunintensit{\"a}t in den Topographie- und den Quart{\"a}rexperimenten macht deut- lich, dass der indische Monsun durch den Wechsel von warm- und kaltzeitlichen Randbedingungen mindestens so stark beeinflusst wird wie durch die Hebung des TP.}, subject = {Pal{\"a}oklima}, language = {de} } @article{TimmermansvanderTolTimmermansetal.2015, author = {Timmermans, Wim J. and van der Tol, Christiaan and Timmermans, Joris and Ucer, Murat and Chen, Xuelong and Alonso, Luis and Moreno, Jose and Carrara, Arnaud and Lopez, Ramon and Fernando de la Cruz, Tercero and Corcoles, Horacio L. and de Miguel, Eduardo and Sanchez, Jose A. G. and Perez, Irene and Belen, Perez and Munoz, Juan-Carlos J. and Skokovic, Drazen and Sobrino, Jose and Soria, Guillem and MacArthur, Alasdair and Vescovo, Loris and Reusen, Ils and Andreu, Ana and Burkart, Andreas and Cilia, Chiara and Contreras, Sergio and Corbari, Chiara and Calleja, Javier F. and Guzinski, Radoslaw and Hellmann, Christine and Herrmann, Ittai and Kerr, Gregoire and Lazar, Adina-Laura and Leutner, Benjamin and Mendiguren, Gorka and Nasilowska, Sylwia and Nieto, Hector and Pachego-Labrador, Javier and Pulanekar, Survana and Raj, Rahul and Schikling, Anke and Siegmann, Bastian and von Bueren, Stefanie and Su, Zhongbo (Bob)}, title = {An Overview of the Regional Experiments for Land-atmosphere Exchanges 2012 (REFLEX 2012) Campaign}, series = {Acta Geophysica}, volume = {63}, journal = {Acta Geophysica}, number = {6}, doi = {10.2478/s11600-014-0254-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136491}, pages = {1465-1484}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The REFLEX 2012 campaign was initiated as part of a training course on the organization of an airborne campaign to support advancement of the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction processes. This article describes the campaign, its objectives and observations, remote as well as in situ. The observations took place at the experimental Las Tiesas farm in an agricultural area in the south of Spain. During the period of ten days, measurements were made to capture the main processes controlling the local and regional land-atmosphere exchanges. Apart from multi-temporal, multi-directional and multi-spatial space-borne and airborne observations, measurements of the local meteorology, energy fluxes, soil temperature profiles, soil moisture profiles, surface temperature, canopy structure as well as leaf-level measurements were carried out. Additional thermo-dynamical monitoring took place at selected sites. After presenting the different types of measurements, some examples are given to illustrate the potential of the observations made.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ullmann2015, author = {Ullmann, Tobias}, title = {Characterization of Arctic Environment by Means of Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) Data and Digital Elevation Models (DEM)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115719}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The ecosystem of the high northern latitudes is affected by the recently changing environmental conditions. The Arctic has undergone a significant climatic change over the last decades. The land coverage is changing and a phenological response to the warming is apparent. Remotely sensed data can assist the monitoring and quantification of these changes. The remote sensing of the Arctic was predominantly carried out by the usage of optical sensors but these encounter problems in the Arctic environment, e.g. the frequent cloud cover or the solar geometry. In contrast, the imaging of Synthetic Aperture Radar is not affected by the cloud cover and the acquisition of radar imagery is independent of the solar illumination. The objective of this work was to explore how polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) data of TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, Radarsat-2 and ALOS PALSAR and interferometric-derived digital elevation model data of the TanDEM-X Mission can contribute to collect meaningful information on the actual state of the Arctic Environment. The study was conducted for Canadian sites of the Mackenzie Delta Region and Banks Island and in situ reference data were available for the assessment. The up-to-date analysis of the PolSAR data made the application of the Non-Local Means filtering and of the decomposition of co-polarized data necessary. The Non-Local Means filter showed a high capability to preserve the image values, to keep the edges and to reduce the speckle. This supported not only the suitability for the interpretation but also for the classification. The classification accuracies of Non-Local Means filtered data were in average +10\% higher compared to unfiltered images. The correlation of the co- and quad-polarized decomposition features was high for classes with distinct surface or double bounce scattering and a usage of the co-polarized data is beneficial for regions of natural land coverage and for low vegetation formations with little volume scattering. The evaluation further revealed that the X- and C-Band were most sensitive to the generalized land cover classes. It was found that the X-Band data were sensitive to low vegetation formations with low shrub density, the C-Band data were sensitive to the shrub density and the shrub dominated tundra. In contrast, the L-Band data were less sensitive to the land cover. Among the different dual-polarized data the HH/VV-polarized data were identified to be most meaningful for the characterization and classification, followed by the HH/HV-polarized and the VV/VH-polarized data. The quad-polarized data showed highest sensitivity to the land cover but differences to the co-polarized data were small. The accuracy assessment showed that spectral information was required for accurate land cover classification. The best results were obtained when spectral and radar information was combined. The benefit of including radar data in the classification was up to +15\% accuracy and most significant for the classes wetland and sparse vegetated tundra. The best classifications were realized with quad-polarized C-Band and multispectral data and with co-polarized X-Band and multispectral data. The overall accuracy was up to 80\% for unsupervised and up to 90\% for supervised classifications. The results indicated that the shortwave co-polarized data show promise for the classification of tundra land cover since the polarimetric information is sensitive to low vegetation and the wetlands. Furthermore, co-polarized data provide a higher spatial resolution than the quad-polarized data. The analysis of the intermediate digital elevation model data of the TanDEM-X showed a high potential for the characterization of the surface morphology. The basic and relative topographic features were shown to be of high relevance for the quantification of the surface morphology and an area-wide application is feasible. In addition, these data were of value for the classification and delineation of landforms. Such classifications will assist the delineation of geomorphological units and have potential to identify locations of actual and future morphologic activity.}, subject = {Mackenzie-River-Delta}, language = {en} } @article{WalzWegmannDechetal.2015, author = {Walz, Yvonne and Wegmann, Martin and Dech, Stefan and Raso, Giovanna and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg}, title = {Risk profiling of schistosomiasis using remote sensing: approaches, challenges and outlook}, series = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {8}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, number = {163}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-015-0732-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148778}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Background: Schistosomiasis is a water-based disease that affects an estimated 250 million people, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. The transmission of schistosomiasis is spatially and temporally restricted to freshwater bodies that contain schistosome cercariae released from specific snails that act as intermediate hosts. Our objective was to assess the contribution of remote sensing applications and to identify remaining challenges in its optimal application for schistosomiasis risk profiling in order to support public health authorities to better target control interventions. Methods: We reviewed the literature (i) to deepen our understanding of the ecology and the epidemiology of schistosomiasis, placing particular emphasis on remote sensing; and (ii) to fill an identified gap, namely interdisciplinary research that bridges different strands of scientific inquiry to enhance spatially explicit risk profiling. As a first step, we reviewed key factors that govern schistosomiasis risk. Secondly, we examined remote sensing data and variables that have been used for risk profiling of schistosomiasis. Thirdly, the linkage between the ecological consequence of environmental conditions and the respective measure of remote sensing data were synthesised. Results: We found that the potential of remote sensing data for spatial risk profiling of schistosomiasis is - in principle - far greater than explored thus far. Importantly though, the application of remote sensing data requires a tailored approach that must be optimised by selecting specific remote sensing variables, considering the appropriate scale of observation and modelling within ecozones. Interestingly, prior studies that linked prevalence of Schistosoma infection to remotely sensed data did not reflect that there is a spatial gap between the parasite and intermediate host snail habitats where disease transmission occurs, and the location (community or school) where prevalence measures are usually derived from. Conclusions: Our findings imply that the potential of remote sensing data for risk profiling of schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases has yet to be fully exploited.}, language = {en} } @article{WalzWegmannDechetal.2015, author = {Walz, Yvonne and Wegmann, Martin and Dech, Stefan and Vounastou, Penelope and Poda, Jean-Noel and N'Goran, Eli{\´e}zer K. and Raso, Giovanna and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg}, title = {Modeling and Validation of Environmental Suitability for Schistosomiasis Transmission Using Remote Sensing}, series = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {9}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, number = {11}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0004217}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125845}, pages = {e0004217}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Background Schistosomiasis is the most widespread water-based disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Transmission is governed by the spatial distribution of specific freshwater snails that act as intermediate hosts and human water contact patterns. Remote sensing data have been utilized for spatially explicit risk profiling of schistosomiasis. We investigated the potential of remote sensing to characterize habitat conditions of parasite and intermediate host snails and discuss the relevance for public health. Methodology We employed high-resolution remote sensing data, environmental field measurements, and ecological data to model environmental suitability for schistosomiasis-related parasite and snail species. The model was developed for Burkina Faso using a habitat suitability index (HSI). The plausibility of remote sensing habitat variables was validated using field measurements. The established model was transferred to different ecological settings in C{\^o}te d'Ivoire and validated against readily available survey data from school-aged children. Principal Findings Environmental suitability for schistosomiasis transmission was spatially delineated and quantified by seven habitat variables derived from remote sensing data. The strengths and weaknesses highlighted by the plausibility analysis showed that temporal dynamic water and vegetation measures were particularly useful to model parasite and snail habitat suitability, whereas the measurement of water surface temperature and topographic variables did not perform appropriately. The transferability of the model showed significant relations between the HSI and infection prevalence in study sites of C{\^o}te d'Ivoire. Conclusions/Significance A predictive map of environmental suitability for schistosomiasis transmission can support measures to gain and sustain control. This is particularly relevant as emphasis is shifting from morbidity control to interrupting transmission. Further validation of our mechanistic model needs to be complemented by field data of parasite- and snail-related fitness. Our model provides a useful tool to monitor the development of new hotspots of potential schistosomiasis transmission based on regularly updated remote sensing data.}, language = {en} } @article{WalzWegmannLeutneretal.2015, author = {Walz, Yvonne and Wegmann, Martin and Leutner, Benjamin and Dech, Stefan and Vounatsou, Penelope and N'Goran, Eli{\´e}zer K. and Raso, Giovanna and Utzinger, J{\"u}rg}, title = {Use of an ecologically relevant modelling approach to improve remote sensing-based schistosomiasis risk profiling}, series = {Geospatial Health}, volume = {10}, journal = {Geospatial Health}, number = {2}, doi = {10.4081/gh.2015.398}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126148}, pages = {398}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Schistosomiasis is a widespread water-based disease that puts close to 800 million people at risk of infection with more than 250 million infected, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Transmission is governed by the spatial distribution of specific freshwater snails that act as intermediate hosts and the frequency, duration and extent of human bodies exposed to infested water sources during human water contact. Remote sensing data have been utilized for spatially explicit risk profiling of schistosomiasis. Since schistosomiasis risk profiling based on remote sensing data inherits a conceptual drawback if school-based disease prevalence data are directly related to the remote sensing measurements extracted at the location of the school, because the disease transmission usually does not exactly occur at the school, we took the local environment around the schools into account by explicitly linking ecologically relevant environmental information of potential disease transmission sites to survey measurements of disease prevalence. Our models were validated at two sites with different landscapes in C{\^o}te d'Ivoire using high- and moderateresolution remote sensing data based on random forest and partial least squares regression. We found that the ecologically relevant modelling approach explained up to 70\% of the variation in Schistosoma infection prevalence and performed better compared to a purely pixelbased modelling approach. Furthermore, our study showed that model performance increased as a function of enlarging the school catchment area, confirming the hypothesis that suitable environments for schistosomiasis transmission rarely occur at the location of survey measurements.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{WettemannWuelk2015, author = {Wettemann-W{\"u}lk, Julia}, title = {Nachhaltige Siedlungsentwicklung und Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme in der raumplanerischen Abw{\"a}gung und politischen Entscheidungsfindung}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-014-6 (Print)}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-015-3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-110832}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Sp{\"a}testens mit der Erstauflage der deutschen Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie 2002 wurde die Notwendigkeit einer Reduzierung der Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme politisch anerkannt. Die damit verbundene Einf{\"u}hrung des „30-ha-Ziels", definiert als eine Reduktion der t{\"a}glichen Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme im Bundesgebiet von 120 ha/Tag auf 30 ha/Tag im Jahr 2020, soll den negativen Auswirkungen wie z.B. Zersiedelung oder sozialer Segregation Einhalt gebieten. Trotz intensiver Bem{\"u}hungen konnte jedoch keine deutliche Reduzierung der Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme erreicht werden. 2007 betrug die t{\"a}gliche Neuinanspruchnahme von Fl{\"a}chen immer noch 96 ha . An diesem Punkt kn{\"u}pft die Arbeit an und versucht mittels eines akteurszentrierten Ansatzes einen Erkenntnisgewinn zur Ursachenforschung der Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme zu liefern. Ziel ist die Untersuchung der Raumrelevanz planerischer und politischer Entscheidungsprozesse vor dem Hintergrund einer nachhaltigen Siedlungsentwicklung und Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme. Dabei erfolgt eine schwerpunktm{\"a}ßige Betrachtung der Regional- und Bauleitplanung im Rahmen einer Fl{\"a}chennutzung durch Wohnen. Denn diese Akteure stellen nicht nur zentrale „Fl{\"a}chennutzungsentscheider" dar, sondern sind auch Ankn{\"u}pfungspunkt zahlreicher Handlungsstrategien/-maßnahmen. Die Arbeit fokussiert dabei die Entscheidungsfindung der Planung und der politischen Gremien bei der Aufstellung von Regional- und Fl{\"a}chennutzungspl{\"a}nen und den ihr immanenten Entscheidungen, n{\"a}mlich der Abw{\"a}gung und dem Beschluss, sowie deren Wechselwirkungen untereinander. Die Fragestellung wird dabei anhand von Fallstudien in St{\"a}dten, die in der Vergangenheit von Schrumpfungsprozessen betroffen waren, konkret die St{\"a}dte Dresden und Leipzig, und in Regionen, welche mit einer wachsenden Bev{\"o}lkerung konfrontiert sind, hier die Regionen M{\"u}nchen und Rhein-Neckar, eruiert. Hierzu kamen verschiedene Methoden zum Einsatz, in deren Zentrum die Anwendung des Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) und qualitativer Experteninterviews stehen. Im Ergebnis kann ausgesagt werden, dass weniger raumstrukturelle Ausgangssituationen, als vielmehr kommunalspezifische Handlungsorientierungen das Maß einer Reduzierung der Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme bestimmen. Um deren Beweggr{\"u}nde eruieren zu k{\"o}nnen, ist es sowohl auf regionaler als auch auf kommunaler Ebene wichtig, die Interaktionsbeziehungen zwischen planerischen und politischen Akteuren und den ihnen zugrunde liegenden Handlungsorientierungen zu beleuchten. Denn diese spezielle Inter-aktionsbeziehung spielt eine bedeutende Rolle zum Verst{\"a}ndnis planerischer und politischer Entscheidungen vor dem Hintergrund des Fl{\"a}chensparziels, da das Thema Fl{\"a}chenverbrauch als ein fachliches und sehr komplexes Thema wahrgenommen wird, welches sich in seiner Gesamtheit den politischen Akteuren aufgrund deren begrenzter Zeit oftmals nicht erschließt. Planerischen Entscheidungen k{\"o}nnen dabei immer fl{\"a}chensparende Bestrebungen konstatiert werden, politischen Entscheidungen eingeschr{\"a}nkt dadurch, ob es der Planung gelingt, das Fl{\"a}chensparziel der Politik nahe zu bringen, es nicht anderen Anliegen entgegensteht und ein dahingehendes Verhalten nicht zu Nachteilen im Konkurrenzkampf mit den anderen Kommunen f{\"u}hrt. Jedoch kann auch aus den Ergebnissen abgeleitet werden, dass nach außen gelebtes Fl{\"a}chensparen oftmals nicht auf ein Bewusstseins des Wertes der Fl{\"a}che per se zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Es h{\"a}ngt vielmehr davon ab, wie hoch der Problemdruck auf Basis alter Fl{\"a}chenausweisungen ist und inwieweit es sich als Nebenprodukt aus den planerischen und politischen Entscheidungen ergibt. Oftmals verhindern aber auch u.a. Eigentumsstrukturen und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen, wie die bis dato noch kaum diskutierten Eingemeindungsvertr{\"a}ge, dass eine Reduzierung der Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme vollzogen wird. Resultat hieraus ist, dass es keinen allgemeing{\"u}ltigen Maßnahmen- oder Instrumentarienkatalog geben kann, um eine Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme voranzutreiben. Vielmehr gilt es infolge der Analyse von Akteuren, Akteurskonstellationen und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen diese entsprechend einzusetzen bzw. zu generieren.}, subject = {Leipzig}, language = {de} } @book{Wieland2015, author = {Wieland, Thomas}, title = {R{\"a}umliches Einkaufsverhalten und Standortpolitik im Einzelhandel unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Agglomerationseffekten - Theoretische Erkl{\"a}rungsans{\"a}tze, modellanalytische Zug{\"a}nge und eine empirisch-{\"o}konometrische Marktgebietsanalyse anhand eines Fallbeispiels aus dem l{\"a}ndlichen Raum Ostwestfalens/S{\"u}dniedersachsens}, publisher = {Verlag MetaGIS Infosysteme}, address = {Mannheim}, isbn = {978-3-936438-73-4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180753}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {X, 289}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Die steigende Relevanz von Einzelhandelsagglomerationen z{\"a}hlt zu den zentralen raumbezogenen Elementen des Strukturwandels im Einzelhandel. Sowohl geplante Einkaufszentren als auch Standortkooperationen von eigentlich in interformalem Wettbewerb stehenden Betriebsformen pr{\"a}gen immer mehr die Standortstrukturen des Einzelhandels. Die vorliegende Untersuchung besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit dem r{\"a}umlichen Einkaufsverhalten der Konsumenten im Zusammenhang mit derartigen Erscheinungen. Zun{\"a}chst werden aus verschiedenen theoretischen Perspektiven (Mikro{\"o}konomie, Raumwirtschaftstheorie, verhaltenswissenschaftliche Marketing-Forschung) jene positiven Agglomerationseffekte im Einzelhandel hergeleitet, die auf dem Kundenverhalten basieren; hierbei lassen sich verschiedene Typen von Kopplungs- und Vergleichsk{\"a}ufen als relevante Einkaufsstrategien identifizieren. Die angenommene (positive) Wirkung von Einzelhandelsagglomerationen wird mithilfe eines {\"o}konometrischen Marktgebietsmodells - dem Multiplicative Competitive Interaction (MCI) Model - auf der Grundlage prim{\"a}rempirisch erhobener Marktgebiete {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Die Analyseergebnisse zeigen {\"u}berwiegend positive Einfl{\"u}sse des Potenzials f{\"u}r Kopplungs- und Vergleichsk{\"a}ufe auf die Kundenzufl{\"u}sse einzelner Anbieter, wenngleich sich diese in ihrer Intensit{\"a}t und Ausgestaltung unterscheiden. Die Untersuchung zeigt die Relevanz von Agglomerationseffekten im Einzelhandel auf, wobei ein quantitatives Modell auf der Basis des h{\"a}ufig verwendeten Huff-Modells formuliert wird, mit dem es m{\"o}glich ist, diese Effekte zu analysieren. Konkrete Anwendungen hierf{\"u}r finden sich in der betrieblichen Standortanalyse und der Vertr{\"a}glichkeitsbeurteilung von Einzelhandelsansiedlungen.}, subject = {Einzelhandel}, language = {de} } @article{ZimanowskiGudmundsson2015, author = {Zimanowski, Bernd and Gudmundsson, Magńus Tumi}, title = {Fire in the hole: recreating volcanic eruptions with cannon blasts}, series = {Eos}, volume = {96}, journal = {Eos}, number = {8}, doi = {10.1029/2015EO027703}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149304}, pages = {12-15}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Artificial volcanic plumes, fired from cannons loaded with ash plucked from the slopes of Iceland, may help researchers better monitor disruptive eruptions.}, language = {en} } @article{ZoungranaConradAmekudzietal.2015, author = {Zoungrana, Benewinde Jean-Bosco and Conrad, Christopher and Amekudzi, Leonard K. and Thiel, Michael and Dapola Da, Evariste and Forkuor, Gerald and L{\"o}w, Fabian}, title = {Multi-Temporal Landsat Images and Ancillary Data for Land Use/Cover Change (LULCC) Detection in the Southwest of Burkina Faso, West Africa}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {7}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {9}, doi = {10.3390/rs70912076}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125866}, pages = {12076-12102}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Accurate quantification of land use/cover change (LULCC) is important for efficient environmental management, especially in regions that are extremely affected by climate variability and continuous population growth such as West Africa. In this context, accurate LULC classification and statistically sound change area estimates are essential for a better understanding of LULCC processes. This study aimed at comparing mono-temporal and multi-temporal LULC classifications as well as their combination with ancillary data and to determine LULCC across the heterogeneous landscape of southwest Burkina Faso using accurate classification results. Landsat data (1999, 2006 and 2011) and ancillary data served as input features for the random forest classifier algorithm. Five LULC classes were identified: woodland, mixed vegetation, bare surface, water and agricultural area. A reference database was established using different sources including high-resolution images, aerial photo and field data. LULCC and LULC classification accuracies, area and area uncertainty were computed based on the method of adjusted error matrices. The results revealed that multi-temporal classification significantly outperformed those solely based on mono-temporal data in the study area. However, combining mono-temporal imagery and ancillary data for LULC classification had the same accuracy level as multi-temporal classification which is an indication that this combination is an efficient alternative to multi-temporal classification in the study region, where cloud free images are rare. The LULCC map obtained had an overall accuracy of 92\%. Natural vegetation loss was estimated to be 17.9\% ± 2.5\% between 1999 and 2011. The study area experienced an increase in agricultural area and bare surface at the expense of woodland and mixed vegetation, which attests to the ongoing deforestation. These results can serve as means of regional and global land cover products validation, as they provide a new validated data set with uncertainty estimates in heterogeneous ecosystems prone to classification errors.}, language = {en} }