@phdthesis{Rauch2009,
  author    = {Rauch, Nadja},
  title     = {Ein verhaltensbasiertes Messmodell zur Erfassung von Situationsbewusstsein im Fahrkontext},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37225},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit diskutiert, inwieweit das im Bereich der Luftfahrt entwickelte Konzept des Situationsbewusstseins auf den Fahrkontext {\"u}bertragen werden kann. Als zwei wesentliche Merkmale von Situationsbewusstsein werden dabei zum einen antizipative Prozesse der Handlungsplanung sowie kontrollierende Prozesse der Handlungsabsicherung definiert, die es erm{\"o}glichen sollen, das eigene Verhalten jederzeit an Ver{\"a}nderungen der Situation anzupassen. Entgegen den weit verbreiteten Befragungsmethoden wird ein neues Messmodell entwickelt, das vermehrt Verhaltensmaße als Indikatoren f{\"u}r Situationsbewusstsein verwendet. Als Untersuchungsparadigma wird hierf{\"u}r zus{\"a}tzlich zur Fahraufgabe eine Nebenaufgabe eingef{\"u}hrt. Situationsbewusstsein wird in diesem Zusammenhang als wesentliche Voraussetzung f{\"u}r eine flexible Anpassung der Priorisierung von Fahr- und Nebenaufgabe an die aktuellen Kontextbedingungen verstanden. In einem antizipativen Prozess der Handlungsplanung ist zun{\"a}chst eine Situationseinsch{\"a}tzung erforderlich, um zu entscheiden, ob {\"u}berhaupt eine Zuwendung zu einer Nebenaufgabe stattfinden kann. W{\"a}hrend der Nebenaufgabenbesch{\"a}ftigung muss zudem sichergestellt werden, dass eventuelle {\"A}nderungen der Situationsentwicklung bemerkt werden, die zu einer Verhaltensanpassung f{\"u}hren m{\"u}ssen und damit eine Unterbrechung der Nebenaufgabe erforderlich machen. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird eine spezielle Versuchsanordnung in der Fahrsimulation entwickelt. Dabei werden dem Fahrer vor unterschiedlich anspruchsvollen Situationen Nebenaufgaben angeboten. Er muss sich innerhalb eines vorgegebenen Intervalls entscheiden, ob und wie lange er die Aufgabe bearbeiten m{\"o}chte. Maße f{\"u}r einen situationsbewussten Umgang mit der Nebenaufgabe stellen die Anpassung des Bedien-, Fahr- sowie des Blickverhaltens an die Anforderungen der Situation dar. Zus{\"a}tzlich werden die Auswirkungen auf die Fahrsicherheit betrachtet. Zur Pr{\"u}fung der Hypothesen wurden zwei Studien mit unterschiedlichen Nebenaufgaben durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass Fahrer durchaus in der Lage sind, situationsbewusst mit einer Nebenaufgabe umzugehen. Dies zeigt sich in angemessenen Entscheidungen, bei hohen Anforderungen seitens der Fahraufgabe die Nebenaufgabe auszulassen bzw. erst verz{\"o}gert zu beginnen oder sie vor einer kritischen Situation zu unterbrechen. W{\"a}hrend der Nebenaufgabenbearbeitung selbst werden kurze Kontrollblicke zur{\"u}ck zur Fahraufgabe ausgef{\"u}hrt. Sie dienen der {\"U}berwachung der Situationsentwicklung und werden in ihrer Frequenz und Dauer den Anforderungen der Situation angepasst. Weiterhin k{\"o}nnen situationsabh{\"a}ngige, personenabh{\"a}ngige und nebenaufgabenabh{\"a}ngige Faktoren identifiziert werden, die die Fahrsicherheit im Umgang mit Nebenaufgaben beim Fahren gef{\"a}hrden. Anhand der Ergebnisse wird ein 3-Ebenen-Prozess-Modell von Situationsbewusstsein im Umgang mit Nebenaufgaben beim Fahren entwickelt, das sog. PDC-Modell. Es beschreibt eine {\"u}bergeordnete Planungsebene, auf der generelle Strategien f{\"u}r die Besch{\"a}ftigung mit Nebenaufgaben festgelegt werden („Planning"). Die Entscheidungsebene beinhaltet eine Einsch{\"a}tzung der aktuellen Situation, ob eine kurzfristige Abwendung zu einer Nebenaufgabe m{\"o}glich ist („Decision"). Auf der Kontrollebene schließlich wird w{\"a}hrend der Nebenaufgabenbesch{\"a}ftigung die Situationsentwicklung weiter {\"u}berwacht und gegebenenfalls Verhaltensanpassungen vorgenommen („Control"). Der dargestellte Untersuchungsansatz stellt eine Erweiterung der Methoden zur Untersuchung von Situationsbewusstsein dar. Er erm{\"o}glicht eine eindeutige Abgrenzung des Begriffs zu anderen Konzepten, wie Antizipation, Aufmerksamkeit, Workload oder Gefahrenwahrnehmung. Die Nebenaufgabe wird hier zun{\"a}chst als methodisches Mittel gesehen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus erlaubt die Methode, konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen zur Aufrechterhaltung von Situationsbewusstsein bei der Besch{\"a}ftigung mit Fahrerinformationssystemen abzuleiten.},
  subject      = {Antizipation},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ReussKieselKundeetal.2012,
  author    = {Reuss, Heiko and Kiesel, Andrea and Kunde, Wilfried and W{\"u}hr, Peter},
  title     = {A cue from the unconscious - masked symbols prompt spatial anticipation},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123971},
  pages     = {397},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Anticipating where an event will occur enables us to instantaneously respond to events that occur at the expected location. Here we investigated if such spatial anticipations can be triggered by symbolic information that participants cannot consciously see. In two experiments involving a Posner cueing task and a visual search task, a central cue informed participants about the likely location of the next target stimulus. In half of the trials, this cue was rendered invisible by pattern masking. In both experiments, visible cues led to cueing effects, that is, faster responses after valid compared to invalid cues. Importantly, even masked cues caused cueing effects, though to a lesser extent. Additionally, we analyzed effects on attention that persist from one trial to the subsequent trial. We found that spatial anticipations are able to interfere with newly formed spatial anticipations and influence orienting of attention in the subsequent trial. When the preceding cue was visible, the corresponding spatial anticipation persisted to an extent that prevented a noticeable effect of masked cues. The effects of visible cues were likewise modulated by previous spatial anticipations, but were strong enough to also exert an impact on attention themselves. Altogether, the results suggest that spatial anticipations can be formed on the basis of unconscious stimuli, but that interfering influences like still active spatial anticipations can suppress this effect.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HahnKarolienDresleretal.2014,
  author    = {Hahn, Tim and Karolien, Hilde and Dresler, Thomas and Kowarsch, Linda and Reif, Andreas and Fallgatter, Andreas J.},
  title     = {Linking online gaming and addictive behavior: converging evidence for a general reward deficiency in frequent online garners},
  series = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience},
  number    = {8},
  issn      = {1662-5153},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00385},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114737},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Millions of people regularly play so-called massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs). Recently, it has been argued that MMORPG overuse is becoming a significant health problem worldwide. Symptoms such as tolerance, withdrawal, and craving have been described. Based on behavioral, resting state, and task-related neuroimaging data, we test whether frequent players of the MMORPG "World of VVarcraft" (WoW) similar to drug addicts and individuals with an increased risk for addictions show a generally deficient reward system. In frequent players of the MMORPG "World of VVarcraft" (WoW-players) and in a control group of non-gamers we assessed (1) trait sensitivity to reward (SR), (2) BOLD responses during monetary reward processing in the ventral striatum, and (3) ventral-striatal resting-state dynamics. We found a decreased neural activation in the ventral striatum during the anticipation of both small and large monetary rewards. Additionally, we show generally altered neurodynamics in this region independent of any specific task for WoW players (resting state). On the behavioral level, we found differences in trait SR, suggesting that the reward processing deficiencies found in this study are not a consequence of gaming, but predisposed to it. These findings empirically support a direct link between frequent online gaming and the broad field of behavioral and drug addiction research, thus opening new avenues for clinical interventions in addicted gamers and potentially improving the assessment of addiction-risk in the vast population of frequent gamers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StoeckelEsserGameretal.2016,
  author    = {Stoeckel, M. Cornelia and Esser, Roland W. and Gamer, Matthias and B{\"u}chel, Christian and von Leupoldt, Andreas},
  title     = {Brain Responses during the Anticipation of Dyspnea},
  series = {Neural Plasticity},
  volume    = {2016},
  journal   = {Neural Plasticity},
  number    = {6434987},
  doi       = {10.1155/2016/6434987},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166238},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Dyspnea is common in many cardiorespiratory diseases. Already the anticipation of this aversive symptom elicits fear in many patients resulting in unfavorable health behaviors such as activity avoidance and sedentary lifestyle. This study investigated brain mechanisms underlying these anticipatory processes. We induced dyspnea using resistive-load breathing in healthy subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Blocks of severe and mild dyspnea alternated, each preceded by anticipation periods. Severe dyspnea activated a network of sensorimotor, cerebellar, and limbic areas. The left insular, parietal opercular, and cerebellar cortices showed increased activation already during dyspnea anticipation. Left insular and parietal opercular cortex showed increased connectivity with right insular and anterior cingulate cortex when severe dyspnea was anticipated, while the cerebellum showed increased connectivity with the amygdala. Notably, insular activation during dyspnea perception was positively correlated with midbrain activation during anticipation. Moreover, anticipatory fear was positively correlated with anticipatory activation in right insular and anterior cingulate cortex. The results demonstrate that dyspnea anticipation activates brain areas involved in dyspnea perception. The involvement of emotion-related areas such as insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala during dyspnea anticipation most likely reflects anticipatory fear and might underlie the development of unfavorable health behaviors in patients suffering from dyspnea.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kass2019,
  author    = {Kaß, Christina},
  title     = {Unnecessary Alarms in Driving: The Impact of Discrepancies between Human and Machine Situation Awareness on Drivers' Perception and Behaviour},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19252},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192520},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Forward Collision Alarms (FCA) intend to signal hazardous traffic situations and the need for an immediate corrective driver response. However, data of naturalistic driving studies revealed that approximately the half of all alarms activated by conventional FCA systems represented unnecessary alarms. In these situations, the alarm activation was correct according to the implemented algorithm, whereas the alarms led to no or only minimal driver responses. Psychological research can make an important contribution to understand drivers' needs when interacting with driver assistance systems. The overarching objective of this thesis was to gain a systematic understanding of psychological factors and processes that influence drivers' perceived need for assistance in potential collision situations. To elucidate under which conditions drivers perceive alarms as unnecessary, a theoretical framework of drivers' subjective alarm evaluation was developed. A further goal was to investigate the impact of unnecessary alarms on drivers' responses and acceptance. Four driving simulator studies were carried out to examine the outlined research questions. In line with the hypotheses derived from the theoretical framework, the results suggest that drivers' perceived need for assistance is determined by their retrospective subjective hazard perception. While predictions of conventional FCA systems are exclusively based on physical measurements resulting in a time to collision, human drivers additionally consider their own manoeuvre intentions and those attributed to other road users to anticipate the further course of a potentially critical situation. When drivers anticipate a dissolving outcome of a potential conflict, they perceive the situation as less hazardous than the system. Based on this discrepancy, the system would activate an alarm, while drivers' perceived need for assistance is low. To sum up, the described factors and processes cause drivers to perceive certain alarms as unnecessary. Although drivers accept unnecessary alarms less than useful alarms, unnecessary alarms do not reduce their overall system acceptance. While unnecessary alarms cause moderate driver responses in the short term, the intensity of responses decrease with multiple exposures to unnecessary alarms. However, overall, effects of unnecessary alarms on drivers' alarm responses and acceptance seem to be rather uncritical. This thesis provides insights into human factors that explain when FCAs are perceived as unnecessary. These factors might contribute to design FCA systems tailored to drivers' needs.},
  subject      = {Fahrerassistenzsystem},
  language  = {en}
}