@phdthesis{Schweinlin2016,
  author    = {Schweinlin, Matthias Oliver},
  title     = {Development of advanced human intestinal in vitro models},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142571},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The main function of the small intestine is the absorption of essential nutrients, water and vitamins. Moreover, it constitutes a barrier protecting us from toxic xenobiotics and pathogens. For a better understanding of these processes, the development of intestinal in vitro models is of great interest to the study of pharmacological and pathological issues such as transport mechanisms and barrier function. Depending on the scientific questions, models of different complexity can be applied. In vitro Transwell® systems based on a porous PET-membrane enable the standardized study of transport mechanisms across the intestinal barrier as well as the investigation of the influence of target substances on barrier integrity. However, this artificial setup reflects only limited aspects of the physiology of the native small intestine and can pose an additional physical barrier. Hence, the applications of this model for tissue engineering are limited. Previously, tissue models based on a biological decellularized scaffold derived from porcine gut tissue were demonstrated to be a good alternative to the commonly used Transwell® system. This study showed that preserved biological extracellular matrix components like collagen and elastin provide a natural environment for the epithelial cells, promoting cell adhesion and growth. Intestinal epithelial cells such as Caco-2 cultured on such a scaffold showed a confluent, tight monolayer on the apical surface. Additionally, myofibroblasts were able to migrate into the scaffold supporting intestinal barrier formation. In this thesis, dendritic cells were additionally introduced to this model mimicking an important component of the immune system. This co-culture model was then successfully proven to be suitable for the screening of particle formulations developed as delivery system for cancer antigens in peroral vaccination studies. In particular, nanoparticles based on PLGA, PEG-PAGE-PLGA, Mannose-PEG-PAGE-PLGA and Chitosan were tested. Uptake studies revealed only slight differences in the transcellular transport rate among the different particles. Dendritic cells were shown to phagocytose the particles after they have passed the intestinal barrier. The particles demonstrated to be an effective carrier system to transport peptides across the intestinal barrier and therefore present a useful tool for the development of novel drugs. Furthermore, to mimic the complex structure and physiology of the gut including the presence of multiple different cell types, the Caco-2 cell line was replaced by primary intestinal cells to set up a de novo tissue model. To that end, intestinal crypts including undifferentiated stem cells and progenitor cells were isolated from human small intestinal tissue samples (jejunum) and expanded in vitro in organoid cultures. Cells were cultured on the decellularized porcine gut matrix in co-culture with intestinal myofibroblasts. These novel tissue models were maintained under either static or dynamic conditions. Primary intestinal epithelial cells formed a confluent monolayer including the major differentiated cell types positive for mucin (goblet cells), villin (enterocytes), chromogranin A (enteroendocrine cells) and lysozyme (paneth cells). Electron microscopy images depicted essential functional units of an intact epithelium, such as microvilli and tight junctions. FITC-dextran permeability and TEER measurements were used to assess tightness of the cell layer. Models showed characteristic transport activity for several reference substances. Mechanical stimulation of the cells by a dynamic culture system had a great impact on barrier integrity and transporter activity resulting in a tighter barrier and a higher efflux transporter activity. In Summary, the use of primary human intestinal cells combined with a biological decellularized scaffold offers a new and promising way to setup more physiological intestinal in vitro models. Maintenance of primary intestinal stem cells with their proliferation and differentiation potential together with adjusted culture protocols might help further improve the models. In particular, dynamic culture systems and co culture models proofed to be a first crucial steps towards a more physiological model. Such tissue models might be useful to improve the predictive power of in vitro models and in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) studies. Moreover, these tissue models will be useful tools in preclinical studies to test pharmaceutical substances, probiotic active organisms, human pathogenic germs and could even be used to build up patient-specific tissue model for personalized medicine.},
  subject      = {Tissue Engineering},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hoppe2008,
  author    = {Hoppe, Kerstin},
  title     = {Die Aktivierung von Protease-activated receptors (PARs) mit selektiven Liganden hemmt die D{\"u}nndarmmotilit{\"a}t in vitro},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37195},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Die Darmatonie bei Intensivpatienten beruht auf vielen Ursachen, die im Einzelnen bisher nur unvollst{\"a}ndig untersucht sind. K{\"u}rzlich wurde eine neue Klasse von Rezeptoren, sog. Protease-Activated Receptors (PAR1, PAR2) in verschiedenen Organen, u.a. im Darm beschrieben. {\"U}ber die physiologische Funktion der PARs im Darm ist wenig bekannt. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Wirkung von der nat{\"u}rlichen Liganden (PAR1: Thrombin; PAR2: Trypsin) sowie der synthetisch hergestellten Liganden (PAR1: TRAP; PAR2: SLIGRL) auf die D{\"u}nndarmperistaltik untersucht. Hierzu wurden Segmente des Meerschweinchend{\"u}nndarms im Organbad kontinuierlich mit Tyrodel{\"o}sung gegen einen Druck von 400 Pa perfundiert. Dabei wird ab einer konstanten Schwelle des intraluminalen Drucks (peristaltik pressure threshold, PPT) eine von oral nach aboral verlaufende peristaltische Kontraktionswelle ausgel{\"o}st und der Darminhalt ausgeworfen. Unter Einfluss einer inhibitorisch wirkenden Substanz stieg die PPT an oder es waren bei kompletter Hemmung {\"u}berhaupt keine peristaltischen Kontraktionen mehr auszul{\"o}sen. Eine peristaltikanregende Wirkung zeigte sich hingegen in einer Absenkung der PPT. Untersucht wurden je Substanz bzw. Substanzkombination sechs Segmente von sechs verschiedenen Meerschweinchen, wobei jedes Darmsegment nur mit einer Konzentration einer Substanz behandelt wurde. Die Signifikanzpr{\"u}fung erfolgte auf dem Niveau von p<0,05 (Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Test, ANOVA). Wesentliches Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist, dass die synthetisch hergestellten Liganden an PAR1 und PAR2, SLIGRL und TRAP, die D{\"u}nndarmmotilit{\"a}t konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngig hemmen. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten die nat{\"u}rlichen Liganden an PAR1 und PAR2, Thrombin und Trypsin, keinen Effekt auf die D{\"u}nndarmmotilit{\"a}t. Durch Vorbehandlung des Darms mit Antagonisten und Inhibitoren der vermuteten Signaltransduktionswege wurden die der Hemmung zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen untersucht. Die Hemmwirkung von TRAP und SLIGRL ließ sich durch Vorbehandlung des Darms mit Naloxon, nicht jedoch mit Apamin aufheben. Somit sind an der inhibitorischen Wirkung der PAR1- und PAR2-Agonisten am Meerschweinchend{\"u}nndarm enterische, m{\"o}glicherweise unspezifische opioiderge Mechanismen beteiligt, allerdings keine „low conductance Ca2+ activated K+ Channels". Die motilit{\"a}tshemmende Wirkung des Benzodiazepins Midazolam wurde durch PAR1- (Thrombin, TRAP), nicht jedoch durch PAR2-Agonisten (Trypsin, SLIGRL) verst{\"a}rkt. Der hemmende Effekt des Opiates Fentanyl wurde weder durch PAR1- oder PAR2-Agonisten beeinflusst.},
  subject      = {Darm},
  language  = {de}
}