@phdthesis{Patzko2012,
  author    = {Patzk{\´o}, {\´A}gnes},
  title     = {CSF-1 receptor as a target for the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85325},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Previous studies by our group revealed that chronic low grade inflammation implicating phagocytosing macrophages is a highly relevant mechanism in the pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The lack of CSF-1, the primary regulator of macrophage function and survival, led to a robust and persistent amelioration of the phenotype in two authentic mouse models of CMT. Moreover, a close contact between CSF-1 producing fibroblasts and endoneurial macrophages carrying CSF-1R has been confirmed in nerve biopsies of CMT patients, further supporting the clinical significance of this pathway. In the current study we treated 3 distinct mouse models of CMT1: the PMP22tg mice as a model for CMT1A, the P0+/- mice as a model for CMT1B and the Cx32def mice as a model for CMT1X, with a CSF-1R specific kinase (c-FMS) inhibitor (800-1200 mg PLX5622/ kg chow) according to different treatment regimes mimicking an ideal early onset treatment, a late onset treatment and the withdrawal of the drug. Using the above mentioned doses of PLX5622, we documented a dramatic decrease in macrophage numbers in the PNS of all 3 myelin mutants, except for the quadriceps nerve of Cx32def mice. Fibroblast numbers remained unchanged in treated animals. Surprisingly, in spite of the decrease in the number of detrimental macrophages we could not detect an unequivocal phenotypic improvement. CMAP amplitudes were reduced in both wild type and myelin mutant mice treated with CSF-1R inhibitor in comparison to untreated littermates. Corresponding to the electrophysiological findings, the axon number and the percentage of large diameter axons were reduced in the quadriceps nerve of treated P0+/- and Cx32def mice. By contrast we observed a higher number of fully myelinated axons, in parallel with a decrease in the percentage of demyelinated (and hypermyelinated in PMP22tg mice) fibers in the ventral roots of P0+/- mice treated with CSF-1R inhibitor from 3 months up to 6 months of age and PMP22tg animals treated from 9 months up to 15 months of age. Our results indicate that CSF-1R inhibitor has the potential to improve the demyelinating phenotype of at least two models of CMT1. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary (for example with lower doses of the inhibitor) to minimize or even eliminate the putative neurotoxic effect we observed with high dose treatment conditions.},
  subject      = {Makrophage},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PritchardFalkLarssonetal.2016,
  author    = {Pritchard, Rory A. and Falk, Lovissa and Larsson, Mathilda and Leinders, Mathias and Sorkin, Linda S.},
  title     = {Different phosphoinositide 3-kinase isoforms mediate carrageenan nociception and inflammation},
  series = {Pain},
  volume    = {157},
  journal   = {Pain},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000341},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150248},
  pages     = {137-146},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) participate in signal transduction cascades that can directly activate and sensitize nociceptors and enhance pain transmission. They also play essential roles in chemotaxis and immune cell infiltration leading to inflammation. We wished to determine which PI3K isoforms were involved in each of these processes. Lightly anesthetized rats (isoflurane) were injected subcutaneously with carrageenan in their hind paws. This was preceded by a local injection of 1\% DMSO vehicle or an isoform-specific antagonist to PI3K-α (compound 15-e), -β (TGX221), -δ (Cal-101), or -γ (AS252424). We measured changes in the mechanical pain threshold and spinal c-Fos expression (4 hours after injection) as indices of nociception. Paw volume, plasma extravasation (Evans blue, 0.3 hours after injection), and neutrophil (myeloperoxidase; 1 hour after injection) and macrophage (CD11b+; 4 hour after injection) infiltration into paw tissue were the measured inflammation endpoints. Only PI3K-γ antagonist before treatment reduced the carrageenan-induced pain behavior and spinal expression of c-Fos (P ≤ 0.01). In contrast, pretreatment with PI3K-α, -δ, and-γ antagonists reduced early indices of inflammation. Plasma extravasation PI3K-α (P ≤ 0.05), -δ (P ≤ 0.05), and -γ (P ≤ 0.01), early (0-2 hour) edema -α (P ≤ 0.05), -δ (P ≤ 0.001), and -γ (P ≤ 0.05), and neutrophil infiltration (all P ≤ 0.001) were all reduced compared to vehicle pretreatment. Later (2-4 hour), edema and macrophage infiltration (P ≤ 0.05) were reduced by only the PI3K-δ and -γ isoform antagonists, with the PI3K-δ antagonist having a greater effect on edema. PI3K-β antagonism was ineffective in all paradigms. These data indicate that pain and clinical inflammation are pharmacologically separable and may help to explain clinical conditions in which inflammation naturally wanes or goes into remission, but pain continues unabated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleinGrohYuanetal.2022,
  author    = {Klein, Dennis and Groh, Janos and Yuan, Xidi and Berve, Kristina and Stassart, Ruth and Fledrich, Robert and Martini, Rudolf},
  title     = {Early targeting of endoneurial macrophages alleviates the neuropathy and affects abnormal Schwann cell differentiation in a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A},
  series = {Glia},
  volume    = {70},
  journal   = {Glia},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1002/glia.24158},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318714},
  pages     = {1100 -- 1116},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We have previously shown that targeting endoneurial macrophages with the orally applied CSF-1 receptor specific kinase (c-FMS) inhibitor PLX5622 from the age of 3 months onwards led to a substantial alleviation of the neuropathy in mouse models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) 1X and 1B disease, which are genetically-mediated nerve disorders not treatable in humans. The same approach failed in a model of CMT1A (PMP22-overexpressing mice, line C61), representing the most frequent form of CMT. This was unexpected since previous studies identified macrophages contributing to disease severity in the same CMT1A model. Here we re-approached the possibility of alleviating the neuropathy in a model of CMT1A by targeting macrophages at earlier time points. As a proof-of-principle experiment, we genetically inactivated colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) in CMT1A mice, which resulted in lower endoneurial macrophage numbers and alleviated the neuropathy. Based on these observations, we pharmacologically ablated macrophages in newborn CMT1A mice by feeding their lactating mothers with chow containing PLX5622, followed by treatment of the respective progenies after weaning until the age of 6 months. We found that peripheral neuropathy was substantially alleviated after early postnatal treatment, leading to preserved motor function in CMT1A mice. Moreover, macrophage depletion affected the altered Schwann cell differentiation phenotype. These findings underscore the targetable role of macrophage-mediated inflammation in peripheral nerves of inherited neuropathies, but also emphasize the need for an early treatment start confined to a narrow therapeutic time window in CMT1A models and potentially in respective patients.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Uhlenhut2012,
  author    = {Uhlenhut, Klaus},
  title     = {Effekte eines standardisierten Kiefernrindenextraktes und dessen Metabolit auf NO und NO-Synthasen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72102},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Um die Grundlagen f{\"u}r die in klinischen Studien beim Einsatz des standardisierten Kiefernrindenextraktes (Pycnogenol®) gefundenen Effekte auf einer mechanistischen zellul{\"a}ren Ebene aufzukl{\"a}ren, wurde in der hier vorliegenden Arbeit der Einfluss der Komponenten des Extraktes und dessen Metabolit M1 (chemisch benannt δ-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolacton bzw. 5 (3,4 Dihydroxybenzyl)dihydrofuran 2(3H) on) hinsichtlich der Wirkung auf Stickstoffmonoxid(= NO)-produzierende Systeme untersucht. NO ist an einer Vielzahl von physiologischen und pathophysiologischen Prozessen in lebenden Organismen beteiligt. Im Menschen sind bislang drei NO-Synthasen bekannt: die induzierbare (iNOS), die hinsichtlich der Pathologie vor allem mit entz{\"u}ndlichen Vorg{\"a}ngen assoziiert wird, die endotheliale (eNOS), die bei Gef{\"a}ß- und Herzkreislauferkrankungen eine Rolle spielt, und die neuronale (nNOS), die mit der Ged{\"a}chtnisbildung, aber auch mit zytotoxischen Prozessen im Gehirn etwa bei Morbus Alzheimer oder der Parkinson-Krankheit in Verbindung gebracht wird. Der nach peroraler Einnahme des Extraktes im Darm durch metabolisierende Kolonbakterien entstehende und darauf im Plasma erscheinende Metabolit M1, dem bei allen durchgef{\"u}hrten Untersuchungen besonderes Augenmerk zuteil wurde, zeigte eine starke konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngige Inhibierung der NO-Freisetzung der iNOS aus einer durch einen Entz{\"u}ndungsreiz stimulierten murinen Makrophagenzellkultur (IC50= 1,28 µg/mL). Im Vergleich mit Fraktion I des Kiefernrindenextraktes, die vor allem monomere Extraktbestandteile enth{\"a}lt, und Hydrocortison zeigte M1 zus{\"a}tzlich einen st{\"a}rkeren Hemmeffekt auf die NO-Freisetzung nach dem Entz{\"u}ndungsreiz. Die Zytotoxizit{\"a}t von M1 im Testsystem war dabei als gering einzustufen. Interessanterweise wurde neben den NO-Radikalf{\"a}ngereigenschaften von M1 auch ein deutlich hemmender konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngiger Effekt auf die iNOS-Proteinexpression gefunden (IC50= 3,78 µg/mL). Da die bislang im Plasma bestimmten M1-Konzentrationen deutlich geringer als die in Zellkulturversuchen wirksamen waren, wurde eine m{\"o}gliche Anreicherung von M1 in Gegenwart von Serumproteinen in humanen Endothelzellen, prim{\"a}ren Monozyten und murinen Makrophagen untersucht. Dabei wurde eine starke Bindung von M1 an die Zellen gezeigt und Hinweise f{\"u}r eine potentiell erleichterte Aufnahme von M1 durch membranst{\"a}ndige Transporter unter Einsatz eines Influx-Hemmers (Phloretin) gefunden. Zur Untersuchung der eNOS, die sehr geringe Mengen NO produziert, wurden neue methodische Ans{\"a}tze entwickelt. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden zuvor unbekannte Fallstricke bei der Verwendung der Fluoreszenzsonde DAF-2 (4,5-Diaminofluorescein) zur NO-Detektion und dem Einsatz unterschiedlicher Detektionssysteme entdeckt. DAF-2 zeigte unter verschiedenen Bedingungen auch ohne extern zugegebene NO-Quelle und besonders beim Einfrieren/Auftauen unerwarteterweise eine Konversion zum korrespondierenden NO-Addukt (DAF-2T). Die eingesetzten monomeren Testsubstanzen ((+)-Catechin, (-)-Epicatechin, Resveratrol, M1) waren {\"u}ber die Testzeitr{\"a}ume deutlich instabil mit dynamischer Eigenfluoreszenz. Sowohl {\"u}ber kurze (≤ 45 min) als auch {\"u}ber l{\"a}ngere Zeitr{\"a}ume (14-20 h) wurde entsprechend der Redoxaktivit{\"a}t der eingesetzten Polyphenole eine konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngige scheinbar hemmende Wirkung auf die extrazellul{\"a}re NO-Freisetzung der eNOS gezeigt. Die eNOS-Proteinexpression blieb durch die verwendeten Monomere weitestgehend unbeeinflusst. Durch eine hohe Konzentration der Fraktion I des Kiefernrindenextraktes wurde eine Steigerung der eNOS-Proteinkonzentration in Endothelzellen gefunden, wobei zytotoxische Artefakte dabei nicht auszuschließen waren. Als kompetitive endogene Inhibitoren der NOS wurden in vivo in j{\"u}ngster Zeit methylierte Arginine (ADMA= asymmetrisches, SDMA= symmetrisches Dimethylarginin) entdeckt. In einer randomisierten, kontrollierten, doppelt-blinden klinischen Studie mit einem Cross-over Design am Universit{\"a}tsklinikum Z{\"u}rich mit 28 Patienten, die an einer koronaren Herzerkrankung litten, wurden die Plasmaspiegel methylierter Arginine vor und nach 8 w{\"o}chiger Einnahme des Kiefernrindenextraktes bestimmt. Es zeigte sich dabei trotz einer Verbesserung der flussinduzierten Gef{\"a}ßerweiterungskapazit{\"a}t (Flow-mediated dilation) und Verringerung der 15-F2t-Isoprostan-Plasmaspiegel keine signifikante Ver{\"a}nderung der Plasmakonzentrationen von ADMA, SDMA und ET-1 (Endothelin-1) durch die Einnahme des Extraktes. Die nNOS kommt vor allem im Gehirn, aber auch in Muskelzellen vor. Der Einsatz des Metaboliten M1 f{\"u}hrte zu keinen deutlichen Effekten auf die konstitutive nNOS-Expression in einem Rhabdomyosarkom(A-673)-Zellkulturmodell. Zur Beantwortung der Frage, wie wahrscheinlich es ist, dass zur m{\"o}glichen Beeinflussung von (patho)-physiologischen zerebralen Prozessen Polyphenole in vivo das Gehirn erreichen, wurde erstmals ein in silico-Modell zur Vorhersage der Verteilung von ausgew{\"a}hlten polyphenolischen Substanzen zwischen Blut und Gehirn entwickelt. Damit wurde anschließend eine Reihenfolge mit logBB-Werten (logarithmierter Quotient aus Konzentration im Blut und im Gehirngewebe) geordnet nach einer entsprechend dem Modell wahrscheinlich h{\"o}heren Verteilung ins Gehirn f{\"u}r die untersuchten Substanzen berechnet: Protocatechus{\"a}ure < Quercetin < Cyanidin < (+) Catechin < (-)-Epicatechin < Phloretin < M1. Insgesamt schienen die untersuchten polyphenolischen Substanzen eher schwach bluthirnschrankeng{\"a}ngig zu sein. Der Metabolit M1 zeigte den h{\"o}chsten logBB-Wert und somit die h{\"o}chste Wahrscheinlichkeit der untersuchten Polyphenole, die Blut-Hirnschranke in vivo zu {\"u}berwinden. Im Kontext einer m{\"o}glichen Anwendung bei chronisch-entz{\"u}ndlichen Erkrankungen wurde zus{\"a}tzlich ein Extrakt aus der Frucht von Morinda citrifolia L. in einem prim{\"a}ren Monozyten-Zellkulturmodell auf seine Eigenschaften hin die Sekretion der Matrix-Metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) aus Immunzellen nach einem Entz{\"u}ndungsreiz zu beeinflussen untersucht. Dabei zeigten die Extraktverd{\"u}nnungen deutliche konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngige Hemmeffekte um bis zu ~50 \% der maximalen MMP-9 Sekretion, die mit dem Einsatz von Hydrocortison vergleichbar waren. Somit konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit neue Beitr{\"a}ge zur Wirkungsweise der untersuchten Pflanzenextrakte und vor allem zum Verst{\"a}ndnis der m{\"o}glichen Effekte von Polyphenolen auf physiologisch relevante NO-Systeme sowie zur methodischen Wissenserweiterung der komplexen NO-Analytik geleistet werden.},
  subject      = {Stickstoffmonoxid},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MartiniWillison2016,
  author    = {Martini, Rudolf and Willison, Hugh},
  title     = {Neuroinflammation in the peripheral nerve: cause, modulator, or bystander in peripheral neuropathies?},
  series = {GLIA},
  volume    = {64},
  journal   = {GLIA},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1002/glia.22899},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189696},
  pages     = {475-486},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The role of innate and adaptive inflammation as a primary driver or modifier of neuropathy in premorbidly normal nerves, and as a critical player in amplifying neuropathies of other known causes (e.g., genetic, metabolic) is incompletely understood and under-researched, despite unmet clinical need. Also, cellular and humoral components of the adaptive and innate immune system are substantial disease modifying agents in the context of neuropathies and, at least in some neuropathies, there is an identified tight interrelationship between both compartments of the immune system. Additionally, the quadruple relationship between Schwann cell, axon, macrophage, and endoneurial fibroblast, with their diverse membrane bound and soluble signalling systems, forms a distinct focus for investigation in nerve diseases with inflammation secondary to Schwann cell mutations and possibly others. Identification of key immunological effector pathways that amplify neuropathic features and associated clinical symptomatology including pain should lead to realistic and timely possibilities for translatable therapeutic interventions using existing immunomodulators, alongside the development of novel therapeutic targets.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wenzel2014,
  author    = {Wenzel, Jens},
  title     = {Regulation of TLR-induced macrophage responses by cytoskeleton-associated phosphoproteins},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98843},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors (PRR) by which macrophages (M{\O}) sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the PAMP of gram negative bacteria, by TLR4 triggers signaling cascades and leads to the pro-inflammatory activation of the cells. A recent quantitative and kinetic analysis of the phosphoproteome of LPS-activated primary macrophages highlighted the cytoskeleton as a cell compartment with an enriched protein phosphorylation. In total 44 cytoskeleton-associated proteins were regulated by this post-translational modification and thus might be involved in the control and regulation of key macrophage functions like spreading, motility and phagocytosis. To investigate the control of cytoskeleton-associated cell functions by TLR4 activation, we first developed a method to quantitatively measure the spreading response of bone marrow M{\O} after stimulation with LPS. Fluorescence microscopy was used for cell imaging and visualisation of the M{\O} contact area. In collaboration with the Fraunhofer Institute Erlangen, we developed and validated a software tool for the semi-automated segmentation and quantitation of M{\O} fluorescence microscopy data, which allowed fast, robust and objective image analysis. Using this method, we observed that LPS caused time-dependent spreading, which was detectable after 1-2 h and maximal after 24 h. Next, the impact of genetic or pharmacological inhibition of known TLR signaling components was investigated. Deficiency in the adapter protein MYD88 strongly reduced spreading activity at the late time points, but had no impact early after LPS-stimulation. A similar effect was observed upon pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling, indicating that ERK1/2 mediates MYD88-dependent M{\O} spreading. In contrast, M{\O} lacking the MAPK p38 were impaired in the initial spreading response but responded normally 8-24 h after stimulation. The genetic deletion of the MAPK phosphatases DUSP1 and DUSP16 resulted in impaired late spreading, corroborating the essential role for functional MAPK signaling in TLR4-driven M{\O} spreading. To identify the contribution of other cytoskeletal phosphoproteins to M{\O} spreading, siRNA knockdown of selected candidate genes in primary murine M{\O} was employed and combined with automated quantitative image analysis. These experiments revealed a functional role for the Myosins MYO1e and MYO1f in M{\O} spreading. These motor proteins are strongly phosphorylated in LPS-activated M{\O}. Because of their ability to simultaneously bind to actin filaments and cell membrane or other proteins, we investigated their role in phagocytosis, cytokine production and antigen presentation. Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria were not affected in Myo1e-/- macrophages. However, MYO1e plays a role in chemokine secretion and antigen presentation processes. MCP1 (CCL2) release was selectively increased in Myo1e-deficient M{\O} and dendritic cells (DC), while cytokine secretion was unaffected. Furthermore, macrophages and DCs lacking MYO1e showed lower levels of MHC-II on the cell surface. However, mRNA levels of CCL2 and of MHC-II were unaltered. These data suggest a role for MYO1e in the transport of selected chemokines and of MHC-II molecules to the cell surface. MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation assays revealed an impaired capacity of macrophages and DC lacking MYO1e to stimulate antigen-specific T cells, suggesting that the reduced MHC-II expression is functionally relevant. Taken together, in this study first a quantitative image analysis method was developed which allows the unbiased, robust and efficient investigation of the macrophage spreading response. Combination of this method with siRNA knockdown of selected cytoskeleton-associated phosphoproteins led to the identification of MYO1e and MYO1f as regulators of macrophage spreading. Furthermore, we identified MYO1e in M{\O} and DC to be essential for the intracellular transport of CCL2 and MHC-II to the cell surface and for optimal stimulation of antigen-specific CD4 T cells.},
  subject      = {Toll-like-Rezeptoren},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Weirather2014,
  author    = {Weirather, Johannes},
  title     = {Role of CD4+ T lymphocytes in cardiac wound healing and remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction in mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-107225},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Cardiac healing after myocardial infarction (MI) represents the cardinal prerequisite for proper replacement of the irreversibly injured myocardium. In contrast to innate immunity, the functional role of adaptive immunity in postinfarction healing has not been systematically addressed. The present study focused on the influence of CD4+ T lymphocytes on wound healing and cardiac remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction in mice. Both conventional and Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg cells) became activated in heart draining lymph nodes after MI and accumulated in the infarcted myocardium. T cell activation was strictly antigen-dependant as T cell receptor-transgenic OT-II mice in which CD4+ T cells exhibit a highly limited T cell receptor repertoire did not expand in heart-draining lymph nodes post-MI. Both OT-II and major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient mice lacking a CD4+ T cell compartment showed a fatal clinical postinfarction outcome characterized by disturbed scar tissue construction that resulted in impaired survival due to a prevalence of left-ventricular ruptures. To assess the contribution of anti-inflammatory Treg cells on wound healing after MI, the Treg cell compartment was depleted using DEREG mice that specifically express the human diphtheria toxin receptor in Foxp3-positive cells, resulting in Treg cell ablation after diphtheria toxin administration. In a parallel line of experiments, a second model of anti-CD25 antibody-mediated Treg cell immuno-depletion was used. Treg cell ablation prior to MI resulted in adverse postinfarction left-ventricular dilatation associated with cardiac deterioration. Mechanistically, Treg cell depletion resulted in an increased recruitment of pro-inflammatory neutrophils and Ly-6Chigh monocytes into the healing myocardium. Furthermore, Treg cell-ablated mice exhibited an adverse activation of conventional non-regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that showed a reinforced infiltration into the infarct zone. Increased synthesis of TNFα and IFNγ by conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in hearts of Treg cell-depleted mice provoked an M1-like macrophage polarization characterized by heightened expression of healing-compromising induced NO synthase, in line with a reduced synthesis of healing-promoting transglutaminase factor XIII (FXIII), osteopontin (OPN) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1). Therapeutic Treg cell activation by a superagonistic anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody stimulated Treg cell accumulation in the infarct zone and led to an increased expression of mediators inducing an M2-like macrophage polarization state, i.e. interleukin-10, interleukin-13 and TGFβ1. M2-like macrophage differentiation in the healing infarct was associated with heightened expression of scar-forming procollagens as well as scar-stabilizing FXIII and OPN, resulting in improved survival due to a reduced incidence of left-ventricular ruptures. Therapeutic Treg cell activation and the induction of a beneficial M2-like macrophage polarization was further achieved by employing a treatment modality of high clinical potential, i.e. by therapeutic administration of IL-2/ anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody complexes. The findings of the present study suggest that therapeutic Treg cell activation and the resulting improvement of healing may represent a suitable strategy to attenuate adverse infarct expansion, left-ventricular remodeling, or infarct ruptures in patients with MI.},
  subject      = {Antigen CD4},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hausmann2012,
  author    = {Hausmann, Michael Franz Toni},
  title     = {Untersuchungen zum Differenzierungspotential humaner Monozyten / Makrophagen in vitro},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77801},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Unter dem Einfluss von M-CSF und GM-CSF entwickeln sich CD14-positive periphere humane Blutmonozyten zu CD68-positiven M-CSF- bzw. GM-CSF-Makrophagen. M-CSF-Makrophagen lassen sich mit INFg und LPS zu klassisch aktivierten M1-Makrophagen, oder mit IL-4 und IL-10 zu alternativ aktivierten M2-Makrophagen differenzieren. Durch GM-CSF werden aus Monozyten GM-CSF-Makrophagen induziert. Im Gegensatz zu M1-Makrophagen sind GM1-Makrophagen bisher noch wenig untersucht. Mit INFg und LPS werden GM-CSF-Makrophagen zu GM1-Makrophagen aktivert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, wie groß die {\"U}bereinstimmung zwischen M-CSF- und M2-Makrophagen sowie zwischen GM-CSF- und M1-Makrophagen / GM1-Makrophagen ist. Im Gegensatz zu M-CSF- und GM-CSF stellt Laktat aber keinen Differenzierungsfaktor f{\"u}r Monozyten dar. Jedoch beeinflusst Laktat den Ph{\"a}notyp von M2-Makrophagen und hemmt die Aussch{\"u}ttung von IL-12 und NO durch M1- und GM1-Makrophagen.},
  subject      = {Differenzierung},
  language  = {de}
}