@article{JansonWillekeZaibertetal.2022,
  author    = {Janson, Patrick and Willeke, Kristina and Zaibert, Lisa and Budnick, Andrea and Bergh{\"o}fer, Anne and Kittel-Schneider, Sarah and Heuschmann, Peter U. and Zapf, Andreas and Wildner, Manfred and Stupp, Carolin and Keil, Thomas},
  title     = {Mortality, morbidity and health-related outcomes in informal caregivers compared to non-caregivers: a systematic review},
  series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {1660-4601},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph19105864},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-275219},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {A systematic overview of mental and physical disorders of informal caregivers based on population-based studies with good methodological quality is lacking. Therefore, our aim was to systematically summarize mortality, incidence, and prevalence estimates of chronic diseases in informal caregivers compared to non-caregivers. Following PRISMA recommendations, we searched major healthcare databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE and Web of Science) systematically for relevant studies published in the last 10 years (without language restrictions) (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020200314). We included only observational cross-sectional and cohort studies with low risk of bias (risk scores 0-2 out of max 8) that reported the prevalence, incidence, odds ratio (OR), hazard ratio (HR), mean- or sum-scores for health-related outcomes in informal caregivers and non-caregivers. For a thorough methodological quality assessment, we used a validated checklist. The synthesis of the results was conducted by grouping outcomes. We included 22 studies, which came predominately from the USA and Europe. Informal caregivers had a significantly lower mortality than non-caregivers. Regarding chronic morbidity outcomes, the results from a large longitudinal German health-insurance evaluation showed increased and statistically significant incidences of severe stress, adjustment disorders, depression, diseases of the spine and pain conditions among informal caregivers compared to non-caregivers. In cross-sectional evaluations, informal caregiving seemed to be associated with a higher occurrence of depression and of anxiety (ranging from 4 to 51\% and 2 to 38\%, respectively), pain, hypertension, diabetes and reduced quality of life. Results from our systematic review suggest that informal caregiving may be associated with several mental and physical disorders. However, these results need to be interpreted with caution, as the cross-sectional studies cannot determine temporal relationships. The lower mortality rates compared to non-caregivers may be due to a healthy-carer bias in longitudinal observational studies; however, these and other potential benefits of informal caregiving deserve further attention by researchers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WillekeJansonZinketal.2021,
  author    = {Willeke, Kristina and Janson, Patrick and Zink, Katharina and Stupp, Carolin and Kittel-Schneider, Sarah and Bergh{\"o}fer, Anne and Ewert, Thomas and King, Ryan and Heuschmann, Peter U. and Zapf, Andreas and Wildner, Manfred and Keil, Thomas},
  title     = {Occurrence of mental illness and mental health risks among the self-employed: a systematic review},
  series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  number    = {16},
  issn      = {1660-4601},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph18168617},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245085},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We aimed to systematically identify and evaluate all studies of good quality that compared the occurrence of mental disorders in the self-employed versus employees. Adhering to the Cochrane guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and searched three major medical databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase), complemented by hand search. We included 26 (three longitudinal and 23 cross-sectional) population-based studies of good quality (using a validated quality assessment tool), with data from 3,128,877 participants in total. The longest of these studies, a Swedish national register evaluation with 25 years follow-up, showed a higher incidence of mental illness among the self-employed compared to white-collar workers, but a lower incidence compared to blue-collar workers. In the second longitudinal study from Sweden the self-employed had a lower incidence of mental illness compared to both blue- and white-collar workers over 15 years, whereas the third longitudinal study (South Korea) did not find a difference regarding the incidence of depressive symptoms over 6 years. Results from the cross-sectional studies showed associations between self-employment and poor general mental health and stress, but were inconsistent regarding other mental outcomes. Most studies from South Korea found a higher prevalence of mental disorders among the self-employed compared to employees, whereas the results of cross-sectional studies from outside Asia were less consistent. In conclusion, we found evidence from population-based studies for a link between self-employment and increased risk of mental illness. Further longitudinal studies are needed examining the potential risk for the development of mental disorders in specific subtypes of the self-employed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FrickeAvilaKelleretal.2020,
  author    = {Fricke, Julia and {\´A}vila, Gabriela and Keller, Theresa and Weller, Karsten and Lau, Susanne and Maurer, Marcus and Zuberbier, Torsten and Keil, Thomas},
  title     = {Prevalence of chronic urticaria in children and adults across the globe: Systematic review with meta-analysis},
  series = {Allergy},
  volume    = {75},
  journal   = {Allergy},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.1111/all.14037},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213700},
  pages     = {423 -- 432},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background and objectives: Urticaria is a frequent skin condition, but reliable prevalence estimates from population studies particularly of the chronic form are scarce. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate and summarize the prevalence of chronic urticaria by evaluating population-based studies worldwide. Methods: We performed a systematic search in PUBMED and EMBASE for population-based studies of cross-sectional or cohort design and studies based on health insurance/system databases. Risk of bias was assessed using a specific tool for prevalence studies. For meta-analysis, we used a random effects model. Results: Eighteen studies were included in the systematic evaluation and 11 in the meta-analysis including data from over 86 000 000 participants. Risk of bias was mainly moderate, whereas the statistical heterogeneity (I\(^{2}\)) between the studies was high. Asian studies combined showed a higher point prevalence of chronic urticaria (1.4\%, 95\%-CI 0.5-2.9) than those from Europe (0.5\%, 0.2-1.0) and Northern American (0.1\%, 0.1-0.1). Women were slightly more affected than men, whereas in children < 15 years we did not find a sex-specific difference in the prevalence. The four studies that examined time trends indicated an increasing prevalence of chronic urticaria over time. Conclusions: On a global level, the prevalence of chronic urticaria showed considerable regional differences. There is a need to obtain more sex-specific population-based and standardized international data particularly for children and adolescents, different chronic urticaria subtypes and potential risk and protective factors.},
  language  = {en}
}