@phdthesis{Li2009, author = {Li, Naixin}, title = {Dorso-ventral Differentiation and Specification of the Mesencephalon in Early Chick Embryos}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32950}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {The chick midbrain is subdivided into functionally distinct ventral and dorsal domains, tegmentum and optic tectum. In the mature tectum, neurons are organized in layers, while they form discrete nuclei in the tegmentum. An interesting characteristic of the embryonic brain is the development of a large optic tectum, of which the growth becomes obvious at embryonic day 3 (E3). Dorsoventral (DV) specification of the early midbrain should thus play a crucial role for the organization of the neuronal circuitry in optic tectum and tegmentum. In the first part of my thesis, I investigated regional commitment and establishment of cellular differences along the midbrain DV axis. I examined the commitment of gene expression patterns in isolated ventral and dorsal tissue in vivo and in vitro, and studied their cell mixing properties. Explant cultures, and grafting of dorsal midbrain into a ventral environment or vice versa, revealed a gradual increase in the autonomy of region-specific gene regulation between, which was accompanied by a gradual increase in differential adhesive properties from E2 to E3, once the DV axis polarity was fixed. These events happened at a time-point when the majority of midbrain cells are not yet differentiated. Long-term transplantation (6 - 9 days) using quail cells from ventral midbrain as grafts showed the same result. Hence, the results suggest that progressive specification of the midbrain DV axis is accompanied by progressively reduced cell mixing between dorsal and ventral precursors, leading to a partial regionalization of midbrain tissue into autonomous units of precursor cell populations. In the second part I investigated the genes that might be involved in regulating the growth of the tectum. In particular, I focused on the role of Pax7 transcription factor, a paired domain protein. The results suggested that Pax7 was involved in regulating the medial-lateral extension of the tectum. Over expression of Pax7 in dorsal midbrain led to an enlarged tectum accompanied by a raise in cell division, while Pax7 knockdown by shrank caused a reduction in tectum. The overall pattern of neuronal differentiation was not disturbed by an up or down regulation of Pax7. Pax7 also positively regulated Pax3, another pair-ruled gene expressed dorsally. These results suggest that Pax7 very likely together with Pax3 could facilitate or maintain neural cell proliferation in the midbrain at early stages and that a regulation of the size in that region does not influence the neuronal patterning of the developmental field. I further checked the expression and function of a GFPase Rab 23, that was suggested to be involved in the DV patterning in mouse neural tube as a negative regulator of Shh signaling. Overexpression of Rab23 indicated that it facilitated the expression of Pax7 and Pax3 in the neural tube and suppressed ventral genes like Nkx6.1 cell autonomously, however, it did not disturb neuronal patterning. Interestingly, a thorough expression study of Rab 23 during chick early development revealed that Rab23 is already expressed very early and asymmetrically during gastrulation, suggesting a possible role of Rab23 on the left-right determination of Hensen's node. In combination with the result that Rab23 is expressed in the notochord early in development, I assume that both Rab23 and Shh exist in all neural progenitor cells initially, and when their expression patterns separate gradually the neural cells adopt a ventral or dorsal fate according to their location along the dorsoventral axis. The avian embryo is a classic system used widely to investigate questions of vertebrate development. The easy and cheap accessibility of the embryo for in ovo or ex ovo experiments all around the year make it an ideal animal model to work with. The only recently developed method of over expressing genes in specific cells or regions in the chick embryo by electroporation enabled me to study different ways of gene suppression using this way of gene transfection. Thus, I compared the effect of long-hairpin and short hairpin dsRNA in different vectors and antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. The results revealed that all hairpin dsRNA constructs did reduce gene and protein expression often accompanied by morphological changes. Most efficiently were shRNAi constructs cloned into a siRNA-specific vector - pSilencer 1.0-U6. Gene silencing was already well observed 36 hours after transfection. In comparison antisense morpholino oligonucleotides did not show such big gene reduction as the shRNA in pSilencer. Taken together, this methodical research proposes that the shRNA in the pSilencer vector was a good and effective tool to reduce gene and protein expression locally.}, subject = {Differenzierung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Lazariotou2008, author = {Lazariotou, Maria}, title = {Gentechnologische Reduktion der Expression des Autoantigens Glutamatdecarboxylase (GAD) in insulinproduzierenden Zellen des endokrinen Pankreas}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30878}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte gepr{\"u}ft werden ob durch Reduktion der Glutamatdecarboxylase (GAD) Expression eine Reduktion des autoimmunogenen Potenzials in insulinproduzierenden Beta-Zellen des endokrinen Pankreas erreicht werden kann. Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, dass GAD als Autoantigen eine zentrale Stellung bei der Induktion der T-Zell vermittelten Insulitis einnimmt. Der Prozess, welcher zur Beta-Zell-Apoptose des Typ 1 Diabetes f{\"u}hrt, ist ein bislang wenig verstandener komplexer Vorgang. Ein besseres Verst{\"a}ndnis dieses Prozesses k{\"o}nnte zur Pr{\"a}vention der Beta-Zell-Zerst{\"o}rung in der fr{\"u}hen Phase des Typ 1 Diabetes beitragen. In den f{\"u}r die Untersuchungen verwendeten INS-1 Zellen werden die beiden Isoformen der GAD exprimiert. Durch einen antisense Ansatz sollte in INS-1 Zellen die GAD Expression beider Isoformen supprimiert werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Methoden zur gezielten Suppression der Expression des Autoantigens GAD65 etabliert. Es konnte ein antisense Klon identifiziert werden, bei dem die endogene GAD65 mRNA fast nicht mehr detektierbar war. Auf Protein Ebene, im Westernblot konnte dieses Ergebnis jedoch nicht best{\"a}tigt werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Funktion der INS-1 Zellen mit supprimierter GAD65 Expression charakterisiert. Dieser Punkt beinhaltet die Analyse der Expression von Genen, welche die Beta-Zell-Funktion definieren, die Glukose-abh{\"a}ngige Insulinsekretion sowie die Regulation der Zytokin-induzierten Apoptose. Dabei zeigte sich aus Daten der RT-PCR, dass die mRNAs von anderen Beta-Zell-spezifischen Genen wie GLUT2, Glukokinase, Proinsulin, IDX1 und Nkx6.1 in unver{\"a}nderter Menge nachweisbar sind. Also bleibt die Funktion der INS-1 Beta-Zellen erhalten, da selbst durch forcierte Reduktion der Expression des Autoantigens GAD65 die Glukose-induzierte Insulinsekretionskapazit{\"a}t im Wesentlichen nicht beeintr{\"a}chtigt wird. In vitro Untersuchungen zeigten eine unver{\"a}nderte Sensitivit{\"a}t der Zytokin-induzierten Apoptose nach GAD65 Suppression in INS-1 Zellen. Die zuvor genannten Resultate und die Tatsache, dass die GAD wohl eines der wichtigsten Autoantigene im Rahmen der Immunpathogenese des Typ 1 Diabetes ist, stellen die Grundlage f{\"u}r die Generierung GAD-supprimierter transplantierbarer Beta-Zellen mit guter Transplantatfunktion dar. Im Hinblick auf eine m{\"o}gliche therapeutische Anwendung bei der Behandlung dieser humanen Autoimmunerkrankung demonstrieren die vorliegenden Daten, dass im Rahmen einer Inselzelltransplantation die Verwendung von GAD-supprimierten Beta-Zellen bei der Transplantation in das endokrine Pankreas des Menschen zu einer Verminderung von Autoimmunreaktionen f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnte.}, subject = {Glutamat-Decarboxylase}, language = {de} }