@article{BuschWesthofenKochetal.2014,
  author    = {Busch, Martin and Westhofen, Thilo C. and Koch, Miriam and Lutz, Manfred B. and Zernecke, Alma},
  title     = {Dendritic Cell Subset Distributions in the Aorta in Healthy and Atherosclerotic Mice},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0088452},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119907},
  pages     = {e88452},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Dendritic cells (DCs) can be sub-divided into various subsets that play specialized roles in priming of adaptive immune responses. Atherosclerosis is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall and DCs can be found in non-inflamed and diseased arteries. We here performed a systematic analyses of DCs subsets during atherogenesis. Our data indicate that distinct DC subsets can be localized in the vessel wall. In C57BL/6 and low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice, CD11c+ MHCII+ DCs could be discriminated into CD103- CD11b+F4/80+, CD11b+F4/80- and CD11b-F4/80- DCs and CD103+ CD11b-F4/80- DCs. Except for CD103- CD11b- F4/80- DCs, these subsets expanded in high fat diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice. Signal-regulatory protein (Sirp)-α was detected on aortic macrophages, CD11b+ DCs, and partially on CD103- CD11b- F4/80- but not on CD103+ DCs. Notably, in FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand-deficient (Flt3l-/-) mice, a specific loss of CD103+ DCs but also CD103- CD11b+ F4/80- DCs was evidenced. Aortic CD103+ and CD11b+ F4/80- CD103- DCs may thus belong to conventional rather than monocyte-derived DCs, given their dependence on Flt3L-signalling. CD64, postulated to distinguish macrophages from DCs, could not be detected on DC subsets under physiological conditions, but appeared in a fraction of CD103- CD11b+ F4/80- and CD11b+ F4/80+ cells in atherosclerotic Ldlr-/- mice. The emergence of CD64 expression in atherosclerosis may indicate that CD11b+ F4/80- DCs similar to CD11b+ F4/80+ DCs are at least in part derived from immigrated monocytes during atherosclerotic lesion formation. Our data advance our knowledge about the presence of distinct DC subsets and their accumulation characteristics in atherosclerosis, and may help to assist in future studies aiming at specific DC-based therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic vascular inflammation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DreschersSauppHornefetal.2016,
  author    = {Dreschers, Stephan and Saupp, Peter and Hornef, Mathias and Prehn, Andrea and Platen, Christopher and Morschh{\"a}user, Joachim and Orlikowsky, Thorsten W.},
  title     = {Reduced PICD in Monocytes Mounts Altered Neonate Immune Response to Candida albicans},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0166648},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166778},
  pages     = {e0166648},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background Invasive fungal infections with Candida albicans (C. albicans) occur frequently in extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants and are associated with poor outcome. Phagocytosis of C.albicans initializes apoptosis in monocytes (phagocytosis induced cell death, PICD). PICD is reduced in neonatal cord blood monocytes (CBMO). Hypothesis Phagocytosis of C. albicans causes PICD which differs between neonatal monocytes (CBMO) and adult peripheral blood monocytes (PBMO) due to lower stimulation of TLR-mediated immune responses. Methods The ability to phagocytose C. albicans, expression of TLRs, the induction of apoptosis (assessment of sub-G1 and nick-strand breaks) were analyzed by FACS. TLR signalling was induced by agonists such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Pam3Cys, FSL-1 and Zymosan and blocked (neutralizing TLR2 antibodies and MYD88 inhibitor). Results Phagocytic indices of PBMO and CBMO were similar. Following stimulation with agonists and C. albicans induced up-regulation of TLR2 and consecutive phosphorylation of MAP kinase P38 and expression of TNF-α, which were stronger on PBMO compared to CBMO (p < 0.005). Downstream, TLR2 signalling initiated caspase-3-dependent PICD which was found reduced in CBMO (p < 0.05 vs PBMO). Conclusion Our data suggest direct involvement of TLR2-signalling in C. albicans-induced PICD in monocytes and an alteration of this pathway in CBMO.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FehrholzGlaserSeidenspinneretal.2016,
  author    = {Fehrholz, Markus and Glaser, Kirsten and Seidenspinner, Silvia and Ottensmeier, Barbara and Curstedt, Tore and Speer, Christian P. and Kunzmann, Steffen},
  title     = {Impact of the New Generation Reconstituted Surfactant CHF5633 on Human CD4\(^+\) Lymphocytes},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0153578},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146419},
  pages     = {e0153578},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background Natural surfactant preparations, commonly isolated from porcine or bovine lungs, are used to treat respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Besides biophysical effectiveness, several studies have documented additional immunomodulatory properties. Within the near future, synthetic surfactant preparations may be a promising alternative. CHF5633 is a new generation reconstituted synthetic surfactant preparation with defined composition, containing dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine, palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol and synthetic analogs of surfactant protein (SP-) B and SP-C. While its biophysical effectiveness has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, possible immunomodulatory abilities are currently unknown. Aim The aim of the current study was to define a potential impact of CHF5633 and its single components on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in human CD4\(^+\) lymphocytes. Methods Purified human CD4\(^+\) T cells were activated using anti CD3/CD28 antibodies and exposed to CHF5633, its components, or to the well-known animal-derived surfactant Poractant alfa (Curosurf®). Proliferative response and cell viability were assessed using flow cytometry and a methylthiazolyldiphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. The mRNA expression of IFNγ, IL-2, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-4, and IL-10 was measured by quantitative PCR, while intracellular protein expression was assessed by means of flow cytometry. Results Neither CHF5633 nor any of its phospholipid components with or without SP-B or SP-C analogs had any influence on proliferative ability and viability of CD4\(^+\) lymphocytes under the given conditions. IFNγ, IL-2, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-4, and IL-10 mRNA as well as IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 protein levels were unaffected in both non-activated and activated CD4+ lymphocytes after exposure to CHF5633 or its constituents compared to non-exposed controls. However, in comparison to Curosurf®, expression levels of anti-inflammatory IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA were significantly increased in CHF5633 exposed CD4\(^+\) lymphocytes. Conclusion For the first time, the immunomodulatory capacity of CHF5633 on CD4\(^+\) lymphocytes was evaluated. CHF5633 did not show any cytotoxicity on CD4\(^+\) cells. Moreover, our in vitro data indicate that CHF5633 does not exert unintended pro-inflammatory effects on non-activated and activated CD4+ T cells. As far as anti-inflammatory cytokines are concerned, it might lack an overall reductive ability in comparison to animal-derived surfactants, potentially leaving pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine response in balance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GlaserFehrholzCurstedtetal.2016,
  author    = {Glaser, Kirsten and Fehrholz, Markus and Curstedt, Tore and Kunzmann, Steffen and Speer, Christian P.},
  title     = {Effects of the New Generation Synthetic Reconstituted Surfactant CHF5633 on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Native and LPS-Stimulated Adult CD14\(^{+}\) Monocytes},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0146898},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180195},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background Surfactant replacement therapy is the standard of care for the prevention and treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. New generation synthetic surfactants represent a promising alternative to animal-derived surfactants. CHF5633, a new generation reconstituted synthetic surfactant containing SP-B and SP-C analogs and two synthetic phospholipids has demonstrated biophysical effectiveness in vitro and in vivo. While several surfactant preparations have previously been ascribed immunomodulatory capacities, in vitro data on immunomodulation by CHF5633 are limited, so far. Our study aimed to investigate pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of CHF5633 on native and LPS-stimulated human adult monocytes. Methods Highly purified adult CD14\(^{+}\) cells, either native or simultaneously stimulated with LPS, were exposed to CHF5633, its components, or poractant alfa (Curosurf\(^{®}\)). Subsequent expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR, corresponding intracellular cytokine synthesis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Potential effects on TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression were monitored by qPCR and flow cytometry. Results Neither CHF5633 nor any of its components induced inflammation or apoptosis in native adult CD14\(^{+}\) monocytes. Moreover, LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses were not aggravated by simultaneous exposure of monocytes to CHF5633 or its components. In LPS-stimulated monocytes, exposure to CHF5633 led to a significant decrease in TNF-α mRNA (0.57 ± 0.23-fold, p = 0.043 at 4h; 0.56 ± 0.27-fold, p = 0.042 at 14h). Reduction of LPS-induced IL-1β mRNA expression was not significant (0.73 ± 0.16, p = 0.17 at 4h). LPS-induced IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA and protein expression were unaffected by CHF5633. For all cytokines, the observed CHF5633 effects paralleled a Curosurf®-induced modulation of cytokine response. TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression were not affected by CHF5633 and Curosurf®, neither in native nor in LPS-stimulated adult monocytes. Conclusion The new generation reconstituted synthetic surfactant CHF5633 was tested for potential immunomodulation on native and LPS-activated adult human monocytes. Our data confirm that CHF5633 does not exert unintended pro-inflammatory effects in both settings. On the contrary, CHF5633 significantly suppressed TNF-α mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated adult monocytes, indicating potential anti-inflammatory effects.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GlaserKernSpeeretal.2023,
  author    = {Glaser, Kirsten and Kern, David and Speer, Christian P. and Schlegel, Nicolas and Schwab, Michael and Thome, Ulrich H. and H{\"a}rtel, Christoph and Wright, Clyde J.},
  title     = {Imbalanced inflammatory responses in preterm and term cord blood monocytes and expansion of the CD14\(^+\)CD16\(^+\) subset upon toll-like receptor stimulation},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {5},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms24054919},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311056},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Developmentally regulated features of innate immunity are thought to place preterm and term infants at risk of infection and inflammation-related morbidity. Underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Differences in monocyte function including toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and signaling have been discussed. Some studies point to generally impaired TLR signaling, others to differences in individual pathways. In the present study, we assessed mRNA and protein expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in preterm and term cord blood (CB) monocytes compared with adult controls stimulated ex vivo with Pam3CSK4, zymosan, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, and CpG oligonucleotide, which activate the TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9 pathways, respectively. In parallel, frequencies of monocyte subsets, stimulus-driven TLR expression, and phosphorylation of TLR-associated signaling molecules were analyzed. Independent of stimulus, pro-inflammatory responses of term CB monocytes equaled adult controls. The same held true for preterm CB monocytes—except for lower IL-1β levels. In contrast, CB monocytes released lower amounts of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-1ra, resulting in higher ratios of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Phosphorylation of p65, p38, and ERK1/2 correlated with adult controls. However, stimulated CB samples stood out with higher frequencies of intermediate monocytes (CD14\(^+\)CD16\(^+\)). Both pro-inflammatory net effect and expansion of the intermediate subset were most pronounced upon stimulation with Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), zymosan (TR2/6), and lipopolysaccharide (TLR4). Our data demonstrate robust pro-inflammatory and yet attenuated anti-inflammatory responses in preterm and term CB monocytes, along with imbalanced cytokine ratios. Intermediate monocytes, a subset ascribed pro-inflammatory features, might participate in this inflammatory state.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GlaserSilwedelFehrholzetal.2017,
  author    = {Glaser, Kirsten and Silwedel, Christine and Fehrholz, Markus and Waaga-Gasser, Ana M. and Henrich, Birgit and Claus, Heike and Speer, Christian P.},
  title     = {Ureaplasma Species Differentially Modulate Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Responses in Newborn and Adult Human Monocytes Pushing the State Toward Pro-Inflammation},
  series = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology},
  number    = {484},
  doi       = {10.3389/fcimb.2017.00484},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169958},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: Ureaplasma species have been associated with chorioamnionitis and preterm birth and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neonatal short and long-term morbidity. However, being mostly commensal bacteria, controversy remains on the pro-inflammatory capacity of Ureaplasma. Discussions are ongoing on the incidence and impact of prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal infection. The present study addressed the impact of Ureaplasma isolates on monocyte-driven inflammation. Methods: Cord blood monocytes of term neonates and adult monocytes, either native or LPS-primed, were cultured with Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum) serovar 8 (Uu8) and Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3 (Up3). Using qRT-PCR, cytokine flow cytometry, and multi-analyte immunoassay, we assessed mRNA and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Results: Uu8 and Up3 induced mRNA expression and protein release of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8 in term neonatal and adult monocytes (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Intracellular protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8 in Ureaplasma-stimulated cells paralleled those results. Ureaplasma-induced cytokine levels did not significantly differ from LPS-mediated levels except for lower intracellular IL-1β in adult monocytes (Uu8: p < 0.05). Remarkably, ureaplasmas did not induce IL-12p40 response and promoted lower amounts of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-1ra than LPS, provoking a cytokine imbalance more in favor of pro-inflammation (IL-1β/IL-10, IL-8/IL-10 and IL-8/IL-1ra: p < 0.01, vs. LPS). In contrast to LPS, both isolates induced TLR2 mRNA in neonatal and adult cells (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) and suppressed TLR4 mRNA in adult monocytes (p < 0.05). Upon co-stimulation, Uu8 and Up3 inhibited LPS-induced intracellular IL-1β (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) and IL-8 in adult monocytes (p < 0.01), while LPS-induced neonatal cytokines were maintained or aggravated (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate a considerable pro-inflammatory capacity of Ureaplasma isolates in human monocytes. Stimulating pro-inflammatory cytokine responses while hardly inducing immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, ureaplasmas might push monocyte immune responses toward pro-inflammation. Inhibition of LPS-induced cytokines in adult monocytes in contrast to sustained inflammation in term neonatal monocytes indicates a differential modulation of host immune responses to a second stimulus. Modification of TLR2 and TLR4 expression may shape host susceptibility to inflammation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HalderAbdelfatahJoetal.2017,
  author    = {Halder, Luke D. and Abdelfatah, Mahmoud A. and Jo, Emeraldo A. H. and Jacobsen, Ilse D. and Westermann, Martin and Beyersdorf, Niklas and Lorkowski, Stefan and Zipfel, Peter F. and Skerka, Christine},
  title     = {Factor H binds to extracellular DNA traps released from human blood monocytes in response to Candida albicans},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2016.00671},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181127},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Upon systemic infection with human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (C. albicans), human monocytes and polymorph nuclear neutrophilic granulocytes are the first immune cells to respond and come into contact with C. albicans. Monocytes exert immediate candidacidal activity and inhibit germination, mediate phagocytosis, and kill fungal cells. Here, we show that human monocytes spontaneously respond to C. albicans cells via phagocytosis, decondensation of nuclear DNA, and release of this decondensed DNA in the form of extracellular traps (called monocytic extracellular traps: MoETs). Both subtypes of monocytes (CD14\(^{++}\)CD16\(^-\)/CD14\(^+\)CD16\(^+\)) formed MoETs within the first hours upon contact with C. albicans. MoETs were characterized by the presence of citrullinated histone, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, and elastase. MoETs were also formed in response to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, indicating a general reaction of monocytes to infectious microbes. MoET induction differs from extracellular trap formation in macrophages as MoETs are not triggered by simvastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis and inducer of extracellular traps in macrophages. Extracellular traps from both monocytes and neutrophils activate complement and C3b is deposited. However, factor H (FH) binds via C3b to the extracellular DNA, mediates cofactor activity, and inhibits the induction of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta in monocytes. Altogether, the results show that human monocytes release extracellular DNA traps in response to C. albicans and that these traps finally bind FH via C3b to presumably support clearance without further inflammation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoenigerKuerten2017,
  author    = {Koeniger, Tobias and Kuerten, Stefanie},
  title     = {Splitting the "unsplittable": Dissecting resident and infiltrating macrophages in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms18102072},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285067},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Macrophages predominate the inflammatory landscape within multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, not only regarding cellularity but also with respect to the diverse functions this cell fraction provides during disease progression and remission. Researchers have been well aware of the fact that the macrophage pool during central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity consists of a mixture of myeloid cells. Yet, separating these populations to define their unique contribution to disease pathology has long been challenging due to their similar marker expression. Sophisticated lineage tracing approaches as well as comprehensive transcriptome analysis have elevated our insight into macrophage biology to a new level enabling scientists to dissect the roles of resident (microglia and non-parenchymal macrophages) and infiltrating macrophages with unprecedented precision. To do so in an accurate way, researchers have to know their toolbox, which has been filled with diverse, discriminating approaches from decades of studying neuroinflammation in animal models. Every method has its own strengths and weaknesses, which will be addressed in this review. The focus will be on tools to manipulate and/or identify different macrophage subgroups within the injured murine CNS.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftDrechslerSchuhmannetal.2015,
  author    = {Kraft, Peter and Drechsler, Christiane and Schuhmann, Michael K. and Gunreben, Ignaz and Kleinschnitz, Christoph},
  title     = {Characterization of Peripheral Immune Cell Subsets in Patients with Acute and Chronic Cerebrovascular Disease: A Case-Control Study},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Science},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Science},
  number    = {10},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms161025433},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126319},
  pages     = {25433-25449},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Immune cells (IC) play a crucial role in murine stroke pathophysiology. However, data are limited on the role of these cells in ischemic stroke in humans. We therefore aimed to characterize and compare peripheral IC subsets in patients with acute ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (AIS/TIA), chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCD) and healthy volunteers (HV). We conducted a case-control study of patients with AIS/TIA (n = 116) or CCD (n = 117), and HV (n = 104) who were enrolled at the University Hospital W{\"u}rzburg from 2010 to 2013. We determined the expression and quantity of IC subsets in the three study groups and performed correlation analyses with demographic and clinical parameters. The quantity of several IC subsets differed between the AIS/TIA, CCD, and HV groups. Several clinical and demographic variables independently predicted the quantity of IC subsets in patients with AIS/TIA. No significant changes in the quantity of IC subsets occurred within the first three days after AIS/TIA. Overall, these findings strengthen the evidence for a pathophysiologic role of IC in human ischemic stroke and the potential use of IC-based biomarkers for the prediction of stroke risk. A comprehensive description of IC kinetics is crucial to enable the design of targeted treatment strategies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LutzStroblSchuleretal.2017,
  author    = {Lutz, Manfred B. and Strobl, Herbert and Schuler, Gerold and Romani, Nikolaus},
  title     = {GM-CSF monocyte-derived cells and Langerhans cells as part of the dendritic cell family},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  number    = {1388},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2017.01388},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158730},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mph) share many characteristics as components of the innate immune system. The criteria to classify the multitude of subsets within the mononuclear phagocyte system are currently phenotype, ontogeny, transcription patterns, epigenetic adaptations, and function. More recently, ontogenetic, transcriptional, and proteomic research approaches uncovered major developmental differences between Flt3L-dependent conventional DCs as compared with Mphs and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs), the latter mainly generated in vitro from murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) or human CD14\(^{+}\) peripheral blood monocytes. Conversely, in vitro GM-CSF-dependent monocyte-derived Mphs largely resemble MoDCs whereas tissue-resident Mphs show a common embryonic origin from yolk sac and fetal liver with Langerhans cells (LCs). The novel ontogenetic findings opened discussions on the terminology of DCs versus Mphs. Here, we bring forward arguments to facilitate definitions of BM-DCs, MoDCs, and LCs. We propose a group model of terminology for all DC subsets that attempts to encompass both ontogeny and function.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MilanezAlmeidaUlasPasztoietal.2015,
  author    = {Milanez-Almeida, P. and Ulas, T. and Pasztoi, M. and Glage, S. and Schughart, K. and Lutz, M. B. and Schultze, J. L. and Huehn, J.},
  title     = {CD11b\(^{+}\)Ly6C\(^{++}\)Ly6G\(^{-}\) cells with suppressive activity towards T cells accumulate in lungs of influenza A virus-infected mice},
  series = {European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1556/1886.2015.00038},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149583},
  pages     = {246-255},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes an acute respiratory disease characterized by a strong inflammatory immune response and severe immunopathology. Proinflammatory mechanisms are well described in the murine IAV infection model, but less is known about the mechanisms leading to the resolution of inflammation. Here, we analyzed the contribution of CD11b\(^{+}\)Ly6C\(^{++}\)Ly6G\(^{-}\) cells to this process. An accumulation of CD11b\(^{+}\)Ly6C\(^{++}\)Ly6G\(^{-}\) cells within the lungs was observed during the course of IAV infection. Phenotypic characterization of these CD11b\(^{+}\)Ly6C\(^{++}\)Ly6G\(^{-}\) cells by flow cytometry and RNA-Seq revealed an activated phenotype showing both pro- and anti-inflammatory features, including the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by a fraction of cells in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Moreover, CD11b\(^{+}\)Ly6C\(^{++}\)Ly6G\(^{-}\) cells isolated from lungs of IAV-infected animals displayed suppressive activity when tested in vitro, and iNOS inhibitors could abrogate this suppressive activity. Collectively, our data suggest that during IAV infection, CD11b\(^{+}\)Ly6C\(^{++}\)Ly6G\(^{-}\) cells acquire immunoregulatory function, which might contribute to the prevention of pathology during this life-threatening disease.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Partheil2013,
  author    = {Partheil, Anna},
  title     = {Monozyten und Prostaglandine in der Schmerzentstehung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85091},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Schmerz ist eine klassische Komponente von Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktionen. Im Rahmen des Entz{\"u}ndungsgeschehens werden Zytokine und Chemokine freigesetzt, die Leukozyten zum Entz{\"u}ndungsort rekrutieren. {\"U}ber die Freisetzung weiterer proalgetischer Mediatoren tragen diese zur Aktivierung und Sensitivierung von Nozizeptoren und damit zur Schmerzentstehung bei. Das Monozyten-rekrutierende Chemokin CCL2 verursachte in Verhaltensexperimenten eine Hyperalgesie bei Ratten. Die Hyperalgesie war durch den Cox-2 Inhibitor Parecoxib vollst{\"a}ndig reversibel. Daher wurde in dieser Arbeit die Rolle von Monozyten und Prostaglandinen in der Entstehung dieser Hyperalgesie untersucht. Dazu wurde in vitro die Cox-2 Expression und die Prostaglandin-Bildung in humanen Monozyten und Peritonealmakrophagen der Ratte nach CCL2 Stimulation bestimmt. Zudem wurde in vivo die Cox-2 Expression im R{\"u}ckenmark und in der Rattenpfote nach CCL2 Injektion in die Pfote untersucht.},
  subject      = {Schmerz},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{RittnerHackelPflueckeetal.2013,
  author    = {Rittner, Heike Lydia and Hackel, Dagmar and Pfl{\"u}cke, Diana and Neumann, Annick and Viebahn, Johannes and Mousa, Shaaban and Wischmeyer, Erhard and Roewer, Norbert and Brack, Alexander},
  title     = {The Connection of Monocytes and Reactive Oxygen Species in Pain},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0063564},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96669},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The interplay of specific leukocyte subpopulations, resident cells and proalgesic mediators results in pain in inflammation. Proalgesic mediators like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downstream products elicit pain by stimulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. The contribution of leukocyte subpopulations however is less clear. Local injection of neutrophilic chemokines elicits neutrophil recruitment but no hyperalgesia in rats. In meta-analyses the monocytic chemoattractant, CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MCP-1), was identified as an important factor in the pathophysiology of human and animal pain. In this study, intraplantar injection of CCL2 elicited thermal and mechanical pain in Wistar but not in Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which lack p47phox, a part of the NADPH oxidase complex. Inflammatory hyperalgesia after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) as well as capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia and capsaicin-induced current flow in dorsal root ganglion neurons in DA were comparable to Wistar rats. Macrophages from DA expressed lower levels of CCR2 and thereby migrated less towards CCL2 and formed limited amounts of ROS in vitro and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the tissue in response to CCL2 compared to Wistar rats. Local adoptive transfer of peritoneal macrophages from Wistar but not from DA rats reconstituted CCL2-triggered hyperalgesia in leukocyte-depleted DA and Wistar rats. A pharmacological stimulator of ROS production (phytol) restored CCL2-induced hyperalgesia in vivo in DA rats. In Wistar rats, CCL2-induced hyperalgesia was completely blocked by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase or tempol. Likewise, inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin reduced CCL2-elicited hyperalgesia but not CFA-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. In summary, we provide a link between CCL2, CCR2 expression on macrophages, NADPH oxidase, ROS and the development CCL2-triggered hyperalgesia, which is different from CFA-induced hyperalgesia. The study further supports the impact of CCL2 and ROS as potential targets in pain therapy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schmidt2009,
  author    = {Schmidt, Kay-Renke Meinard Werner},
  title     = {Charakterisierung in vitro modifizierter humaner Blutmonozyten: {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung von Kulturbedingungen und funktioneller Nachweis von Insulin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38342},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Das Konzept, Insulin-produzierende Zellen als Ersatz f{\"u}r zerst{\"o}rte Beta-Zellen beim Diabetes mellitus Typ I einzusetzen, ist auch weiterhin hoch attraktiv. Eine Alternative zur Herstellung Insulin-produzierender Zellen aus embryonalen oder adulten Stammzellen k{\"o}nnten in vitro modifizierte, Insulin-positive Monozyten sein. Seit l{\"a}ngerem ist bekannt, dass sich Monozyten in Makrophagen und Dendritische Zellen differenzieren. Weniger bekannt ist, dass sich Monozyten auch in eine Vielzahl nicht-phagozytierender Zellen differenzieren k{\"o}nnen. Hierzu geh{\"o}ren auch Insulin-positive Zellen. F{\"u}r die optimale Zelltherapie ist zu fordern, dass die Zellen nicht nur ihre Funktion im Patienten beibehalten, sondern dass von ihnen auch kein immu-nologisches Risiko ausgeht. Blutmonozyten lassen sich einfach gewinnen und st{\"u}nden somit als autologer Zellersatz f{\"u}r eine m{\"o}gliche Zelltherapie zur Verf{\"u}gung. Monozyten von zw{\"o}lf gesunden Spendern im Alter zwischen 23 und 57 Jahren wurden untersucht. Die Monozyten wurden durch Adh{\"a}renz angereichert und f{\"u}r sechs Tage in X-Medium mit den Cytokinen M-CSF und IL-3 und f{\"u}r weitere vier Tage in Y-Medium mit den Cytokinen HGF und EGF inkubiert. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass sich Insulin-positive Monozyten routine-m{\"a}ßig aus peripheren Blutmonozyten gesunder Spender mittels Leukapharese gewinnen lassen. Frisch isolierte periphere Blutmonozyten waren vor ihrer Kultivierung negativ f{\"u}r Insulin und C-Peptid. Nach zehnt{\"a}giger Kultur wurden 77±16\% Insulin-positive und 49±30\% C-Peptid-positive Monozyten nachgewiesen. Weiterhin exprimierten 60±4\% der Zellen den Monozytenmarker CD14. Auch wurde gezeigt, dass die Kulturbedingungen die Ausbeute an Insulin-positiven Monozyten beeinflussen. Aus jeweils drei Millionen Insulin-positiven Monozyten wurde das Insulin isoliert und diabetischen M{\"a}usen mit einem Blutzuckerspiegel von 300-600 mg/dL subkutan injiziert (n=8). Daraufhin sank der Blutzuckerspiegel um 51\%±12\% innerhalb einer Stunde. Auch Insulin-positive Monozyten, die diabetischen M{\"a}usen subkutan injiziert wurden, waren in der Lage, den Blutzuckerspiegel bis zum Zeitpunkt Ihrer Abstoßung aktiv zu regulieren (n=4). In einem Pilotversuch wurde zudem gezeigt, dass transplantierte Insulin-positive Monozyten langfristig (> 100 Tage) den Blutzuckerspiegel einer diabetischen immuninkompetenten Maus regulieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde somit erfolgreich gezeigt, dass in vitro modifizierte Monozyten biologisch aktives Insulin enthalten.},
  subject      = {Monozyten},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SanchezMaldonadoMonizDiezterHorstetal.2020,
  author    = {S{\´a}nchez-Maldonado, Jose Manuel and Mo{\~n}iz-D{\´i}ez, Ana and ter Horst, Rob and Campa, Daniele and Cabrera-Serrano, Antonio Jos{\´e} and Mart{\´i}nez-Bueno, Manuel and Garrido-Collado, Mar{\´i}a del Pilar and Hern{\´a}ndez-Mohedo, Francisca and Fern{\´a}ndez-Puerta, Laura and L{\´o}pez-Nevot, Miguel {\´A}ngel and Cunha, Cristina and Gonz{\´a}lez-Sierra, Pedro Antonio and Springer, Jan and Lackner, Michaela and Alcazar-Fuoli, Laura and Fianchi, Luana and Aguado, Jos{\´e} Mar{\´i}a and Pagano, Livio and L{\´o}pez-Fern{\´a}ndez, Elisa and Clavero, Esther and Potenza, Leonardo and Luppi, Mario and Moratalla, Lucia and Solano, Carlos and Sampedro, Antonio and Cuenca-Estrella, Manuel and Lass-Fl{\"o}rl, Cornelia and Canzian, Federico and Loeffler, Juergen and Li, Yang and Einsele, Hermann and Netea, Mihai G. and V{\´a}zquez, Lourdes and Carvalho, Agostinho and Jurado, Manuel and Sainz, Juan},
  title     = {Polymorphisms within the TNFSF4 and MAPKAPK2 loci influence the risk of developing invasive aspergillosis: a two-stage case control study in the context of the aspBIOmics consortium},
  series = {Journal of Fungi},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Journal of Fungi},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {2309-608X},
  doi       = {10.3390/jof7010004},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220107},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Here, we assessed whether 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TNFSF4 and MAPKAPK2 loci influence the risk of developing invasive aspergillosis (IA). We conducted a two-stage case control study including 911 high-risk patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies that were ascertained through the aspBIOmics consortium. The meta-analysis of the discovery and replication populations revealed that carriers of the TNFSF4\(_{rs7526628T/T}\) genotype had a significantly increased risk of developing IA (p = 0.00022). We also found that carriers of the TNFSF4\(_{rs7526628T}\) allele showed decreased serum levels of TNFSF14 protein (p = 0.0027), and that their macrophages had a decreased fungicidal activity (p = 0.048). In addition, we observed that each copy of the MAPKAPK2\(_{rs12137965G}\) allele increased the risk of IA by 60\% (p = 0.0017), whereas each copy of the MAPKAPK2\(_{rs17013271T}\) allele was estimated to decrease the risk of developing the disease (p = 0.0029). Mechanistically, we found that carriers of the risk MAPKAPK2\(_{rs12137965G}\) allele showed increased numbers of CD38+IgM-IgD- plasmablasts in blood (p = 0.00086), whereas those harboring two copies of the allele had decreased serum concentrations of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (p = 0.00097). Finally, we also found that carriers of the protective MAPKAPK2\(_{rs17013271T}\) allele had decreased numbers of CD27-IgM-IgD- B cells (p = 0.00087) and significantly lower numbers of CD14+ and CD14+CD16- cells (p = 0.00018 and 0.00023). Altogether, these results suggest a role of the TNFSF4 and MAPKAPK2 genes in determining IA risk.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Timmermann2005,
  author    = {Timmermann, Meike},
  title     = {Zellul{\"a}re Regulation und klinische Aspekte des monocyten-/macrophagenspezifischen Proteins CD163},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-16028},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die zellul{\"a}re Regulation des monocyten-/ macrophagenspezifischen Oberfl{\"a}chenproteins CD163 untersucht und klinische Aspekte der l{\"o}slichen Form des CD163 (sCD163) diskutiert. sCD163 wird in vivo durch einen inflammatorischen Reiz von der Zelloberfl{\"a}che abgespalten. Bislang waren jedoch noch keine Mediatoren charakterisiert worden, die immer unter Entz{\"u}ndungsbedingungen vorhanden sind. In den eigenen Untersuchungen des Shedding von CD163 konnten f{\"u}r die Generierung des sCD163 neue endogene Aktivatoren identifiziert werden. Sowohl reaktive Sauerstoffspezies, wie Wasserstoffperoxid oder Stickstoffmonoxid, als auch das Produkt von endogenen Oxidationsreaktionen mit reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies 8-iso Prostaglandin F2a erwiesen sich als potente Aktivatoren des Shedding von CD163. Neben den bekannten physiologischen Funktionen des 8-iso Prostaglandin F2a konnte erstmals eine neue Funktion bei Entz{\"u}ndungen definiert werden. Dieser Effekt wurde spezifisch durch 8-iso Prostaglandin F2a hervorgerufen, da das isomere Prostaglandin F2a unter gleichen Bedingungen keinen Einfluss auf das Shedding von CD163 aus{\"u}bte. Das Immunsuppressivum Cyclosporin A konnte ebenfalls als Induktor des Shedding von CD163 ermittelt werden. Damit konnte zus{\"a}tzlich zur bekannten immunmodulatorischen Wirkung des Cyclosporin A eine weitere antiinflammatorische Wirkung {\"u}ber Monocyten/Macrophagen aufgezeigt werden. Durch Untersuchungen der Inhibierung des Shedding von CD163 konnten Gemeinsamkeiten bez{\"u}glich der in die sCD163-Generierung involvierten Mediatoren dargestellt werden. Obwohl die untersuchten Verbindungen wahrscheinlich {\"u}ber unterschiedliche Signalwege das Shedding von CD163 induzieren, waren die Anwesenheit von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies und intrazellul{\"a}rem Calcium und die Beteiligung einer TIMP-3-sensitiven Metalloproteinase an diesem Prozess essentiell. Bei einem Vergleich zwischen dem Shedding von CD163 und Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) ergaben sich Gemeinsamkeiten durch die Induktion des Shedding beider Verbindungen durch 8-iso Prostaglandin F2a und in sehr viel geringerem Maße durch Wasserstoffperoxid. Im Gegensatz dazu waren deutliche Unterschiede in dem Ausmaß der induzierten Stimulation des Shedding durch Stickstoffmonoxid, Prostaglandin F2a und Cyclosporin A zu erkennen. Im Hinblick auf die entgegengesetzten Wirkungen von sCD163 als antiinflammatorisch wirkende Verbindung und TNF-a als proinflammatorisches Cytokin, konnte dargestellt werden, dass die Freisetzung durch unterschiedliche Aktivatoren erfolgt. Nach Bestimmung der Konzentrationen von sCD163 und 8-iso PGF2a in bronchoalveol{\"a}rer Lavage-Fl{\"u}ssigkeit von Patienten mit Cystischer Fibrose konnten keine abschließende Aussagen {\"u}ber die Eignung beider Parameter als biologische Marker f{\"u}r chronische Entz{\"u}ndungen der Lunge bei diesen Patienten getroffen werden. Weiterf{\"u}hrend zu der Kenntnis, dass sCD163 die antiinflammatorische Wirkung {\"u}ber eine Interaktion des Proteins mit humanen T-Lymphocyten und nachfolgender Hemmung der Proliferation dieser Zellen aus{\"u}bt, wurde diese Wechselwirkung genauer untersucht. In quantitativen Bestimmungen des sCD163 in isolierten T-Lymphocyten verschiedener Spender konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass sCD163 zu einem Teil konstitutiv in die T-Lymphocyten aufgenommen wird und dass diese Aufnahme durch proinflammatorische Aktivierung der T-Lymphocyten stark gesteigert werden kann. Durch fluoreszenzmikroskopische Aufnahmen unstimulierter T-Lymphocyten konnte die intrazellul{\"a}re Lokalisation des sCD163 visualisiert werden. Nach Aktivierung der Zellen mit einem proinflammatorischen Reiz fand innerhalb der Zellen eine Translokalisation des sCD163 aus dem cytoplasmatischen Bereich zur Zellmembran statt. Damit konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass abh{\"a}ngig vom Aktivierungsstatus der T-Lymphocyten eine Umverteilung des sCD163 innerhalb der Zellen erfolgt. Eine quantitative Bestimmung des sCD163 und seines Bindungspartners in T-Lymphocyten nichtmuskul{\"a}res Myosin Typ IIA gelang mittels eines neu entwickeltem ELISA, der spezifisch sCD163 und Myosin ausschließlich im Komplex erfasst. Damit konnte durch die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Untersuchungen ein grundlegender Beitrag zur Charakterisierung der Regulation der Proteinexpression und des Shedding von CD163 in humanen Monocyten sowie der Interaktion des sCD163 mit T-Lymphocyten geleistet werden.},
  subject      = {Antigen CD163},
  language  = {de}
}