@phdthesis{Neuberger2008,
  author    = {Neuberger, Thomas},
  title     = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy at ultra high fields},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36670},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The goal of the work presented in this thesis was to explore the possibilities and limitations of MRI / MRS using an ultra high field of 17.6 tesla. A broad range of specific applications and MR methods, from MRI to MRSI and MRS were investigated. The main foci were on sodium magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of rodents, magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the mouse brain, and the detection of small amounts of iron labeled stem cells in the rat brain using MRI Sodium spectroscopic imaging was explored since it benefits tremendously from the high magnetic field. Due to the intrinsically low signal in vivo, originating from the low concentrations and short transverse relaxation times, only limited results have been achieved by other researchers until now. Results in the literature include studies conducted on large animals such as dogs to animals as small as rats. No studies performed on mice have been reported, despite the fact that the mouse is the most important laboratory animal due to the ready availability of transgenic strains. Hence, this study concentrated on sodium MRSI of small rodents, mostly mice (brain, heart, and kidney), and in the case of the brain on young rats. The second part of this work concentrated on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the rodent brain. Due to the high magnetic field strength not only the increasing signal but also the extended spectral resolution was advantageous for such kind of studies. The difficulties/limitations of ultra high field MRS were also investigated. In the last part of the presented work detection limits of iron labeled stem cells in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging were explored. The studies provided very useful benchmarks for future researchers in terms of the number of labeled stem cells that are required for high-field MRI studies. Overall this work has shown many of the benefits and the areas that need special attention of ultra high fields in MR. Three topics in MRI, MRS and MRSI were presented in detail. Although there are significant additional difficulties that have to be overcome compared to lower frequencies, none of the work presented here would have been possible at lower field strengths.},
  subject      = {NMR-Tomographie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{KharrazianCharandabi2006,
  author    = {Kharrazian Charandabi, Reza},
  title     = {Methoden der 23Na-NMR-Bildgebung zur Diagnose am isch{\"a}mischen und infarzierten Herzen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-21518},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit Methoden der 23Na-NMR-Bildgebung zur Diagnose am isch{\"a}mischen und infarzierten Herzmuskel. Der erste Teil beschreibt eine Methode zur lokalisierten Messung des intra- und extrazellul{\"a}ren Natriumgehaltes und T1. Die Methode kam in einer Studie zum Einsatz, in der intra- und extrazellul{\"a}rer Natriumgehalt sowie die T1-Werte an den Tagen 1, 3 und 21 nach Infarkt gemessen wurden.Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die Dynamik des 23Na bei freier Pr{\"a}zession im station{\"a}ren Zustand (SSFP) sowohl in numerischen Simulationen als auch experimentell untersucht.},
  subject      = {Herzinfarkt},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Machann2008,
  author    = {Machann, Wolfram},
  title     = {MRT nach Myokardinfarkt - Wandfunktionsanalyse und metabolische Bildgebung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28457},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Die kardiale MRT konnte in dieser Arbeit f{\"u}r die Infarktdiagnostik und Therapiekontrolle erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. Auf Grund einer Vielzahl von Sequenztechniken, dem Vorteil der Nichtinvasivit{\"a}t und dem Fehlen von ionisierenden Strahlen hat sich die MRT zu einem wichtigen Diagnostikwerkzeug zur Bestimmung von Prognoseparametern bei kardialen Erkrankungen entwickelt.},
  subject      = {NMR-Tomographie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Fei2023,
  author    = {Fei, Lin},
  title     = {Optogenetic regulation of osmolarity and water flux},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-32309},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-323092},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Optogenetics is a powerful technique that utilizes light to precisely regulate physiological activities of neurons and other cell types. Specifically, light-sensitive ion channels, pumps or enzymes are expressed in cells to enable their regulation by illumination, thus allowing for precise control of biochemical signaling pathways. The first part of my study involved the construction, optimization, and characterization of two optogenetic tools, KCR1 and NCR1. Elena Govorunova et al. discovered a lightgated potassium channel, KCR1, in the protozoan Hyphochytrium catenoides. Traditional potassium ion channels are classified as either ligand-gated or voltage-gated and possess conserved pore-forming domains and K+ -selective filters. However, KCR1 is unique in that it does not contain the signature sequence of previously known K+ channels and is a channelrhodopsin. We synthesized the KCR1 plasmid according to the published sequence and expressed it in Xenopus oocytes. Due to the original KCR1 current being too small, I optimized it into KCR1 2.0 to improve its performance by fusing LR (signal peptide LucyRho, enhances expression) at the N-terminal and T (trafficking signal peptide) and E (ER export signal peptide) at the C-terminal. Additionally, I investigated the light sensitivity, action spectrum, and kinetics of KCR1 2.0 in Xenopus oocytes. The potassium permeability of KCR1 2.0, PK/Pna  24, makes KCR1 2.0 a powerful hyperpolarizing tool that can be used to inhibit neuronal firing in animals. Inspired by KCR1, we used the KCR1 sequence as a template for gene sequence alignment with the sequences in H. catenoides. We found that NCR1 and KCR1 have similar gene sequences. NCR1 was characterized by us as a light-gated sodium channel. This NCR1 was also characterized and published by Govorunova et al. very recently, with the name HcCCR. Due to the original NCR1 current being too small, I optimized it into NCR1 2.0 to improve its performance by fusing LR at the N-terminal and T and E at the C-terminal, which significantly improved the expression level and greatly increased the current amplitude of NCR1. Full-length NCR1 2.0 contains 432 amino acids. To test whether the number of amino acids changes the characteristics of NCR1 2.0, we designed NCR1 2.0 (330), NCR1 2.0 (283), and NCR1 2.0 (273) by retaining the number of amino acids at 330, 280, and 273 in NCR1 2.0, respectively. As the number of amino acids decreased, the current in NCR1 2.0 increased. I also investigated the light sensitivity, action spectrum, and kinetics of NCR1 2.0 (273) in the Xenopus Abstract 2 oocytes. We performed four point mutations at amino acid positions 133 and 116 of NCR1 2.0 and analyzed the reversal potentials of the mutants. The mutations were as follows: NCR1 2.0 (273 D116H), NCR1 2.0 (273 D116E), NCR1 2.0 (283 V133H), and NCR1 2.0 (283 D116Q). The second part of this study focuses on light-induced water transport using optogenetic tools. We explored the use of optogenetic tools to regulate water flow by changing the osmolarity in oocytes. Water flux through AQP1 is driven by the osmotic gradient that results from concentration differences of small molecules or ions. Therefore, we seek to regulate ion concentrations, using optogenetic tools to regulate the flux of water noninvasively. To achieve this, I applied the light-gated cation channels XXM 2.0 and NCR1 2.0 to regulate the concentration of Na+ , while K + channel KCR1 2.0 was used to regulate K + concentration. As Na+ flows into the Xenopus oocytes, the membrane potential of the oocytes becomes positive, and Clcan influx through the light-gated anion channel GtACR1. By combining these optogenetic tools to regulate NaCl or KCl concentrations, I can change the osmolarity inside the oocytes, thus regulating the flux of water. I co-expressed AQP1 with optogenetic tools in the oocytes to accelerate water flux. Overall, I designed three combinations (1: AQP1, XXM 2.0 and GtACR1. 2: AQP1, NCR1 2.0 and GtACR1. 3: AQP1, KCR1 2.0 and GtACR1) to regulate the flow of water in oocytes. The shrinking or swelling of the oocytes can only be achieved when AQP1, light-gated cation channels (XXM 2.0/NCR1 2.0/KCR1 2.0), and light-gated anion channels (GtACR1) are expressed together. The illumination after expression of either or both alone does not result in changes in oocyte morphology. In sum, I demonstrated a novel strategy to manipulate water movement into and out of Xenopus oocytes, non-invasively through illumination. These findings provide a new avenue to interfere with water homeostasis as a means to study related biological phenomena across cell types and organisms.},
  subject      = {Osmolarit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}