@phdthesis{Yang2007,
  author    = {Yang, Shaoxian},
  title     = {The role of NFAT proteins in Rag and Nfatc1a Gene Regulation in Murine Thymus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-23691},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {In this thesis we have investigated the effect of NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cell) transcription factors on the expression of Rag-(Recombination Activating Genes) genes in murine thymus. The protein products of Rag genes, RAG1 and RAG2, are critical for the recombination and generation of the TCR (T Cell Receptor) repertoire during thymocyte development, and their expression can be suppressed by the activity of NFAT factors. In thymus, the expression of Rag1 and Rag2 genes is induced at the double-negative (DN, CD4-8-) 3 stage, down-regulated at the DN4 stage, re-induced at the double-positive (DP, CD4+8+) stage, and suppressed again at the single-positive (SP, CD4+8- or CD4-8+) stage. Although it is known that TCR signaling suppresses the expression of Rag1 and Rag2 at the SP stage, the signals that mediate the Rag gene down-reulation remain elusive. Here we report that both the calcineurin-NFAT-signaling and MAPKinase signaling pathways, which are activated by TCR signaling during positive selection, mediate the Rag gene down-regulation in DP thymocytes. The calcineurin-NFAT pathway suppresses both the Rag1 and the Rag2 gene expression. This pathway has a stronger suppressive effect on the Rag1 than the Rag2 gene. A synergistic activity between the two NFAT factors NFATc2 and NFATc3 is essential for calcineurin-NFAT signaling to efficiently suppress the Rag gene expression in DP thymocytes. It is likely that the calcineurin-NFAT signaling down-regulates Rag gene expression by suppressing both the Rag anti-silencer element (ASE) activity and the Rag promoter activity. Similarly, MEK-ERK signaling of MAPK signaling pathway mediates the Rag gene suppression in DP thymocytes although the mechanism through which MEK-ERK mediates the Rag gene down-regulation has to be elucidated. In DN thymocytes, it appears that neither the calcineurin-NFAT signaling nor MAPK signaling is involved in the Rag gene down-regulation. However, a role for these two signaling pathways in the Rag gene up-regulation in DN thymocytes is not excluded. In DN thymocytes, pre-TCR signaling stimulates the expression both Nfatc1 and Nfatc2 genes but has no effect on Nfatc3 gene expression. In DN thymocytes, pre-TCR signaling activates Nfatc1\&\#945; expression but not Nfatc1ß expression, i.e. the two promoters controling Nfatc1 gene xpression are differently controled by pre-TCR signals. Nfatc1\&\#945; gene expression in DN thymocytes is mainly regulated by the MAPK signaling pathway because activation of Nfatc1\&\#945; is mediated by MEK-ERK signaling but opposed by JNK signaling. Calcineuirn-NFAT and p38 signaling pathways are not involved in Nfatc1\&\#945; promoter regulation in DN thymocytes. In DP thymocytes, TCR signaling up-regulates Nfatc1 and Nfatc2 expression but down-regulates Nfatc3 expression. In DP thymocytes, TCR signaling activates Nfatc1\&\#945; expression. The activation of Nfatc1\&\#945; in DP thymocytes is mediated by NFATc1, but not or to a less degree by NFATc2 and NFATc3. MEK-ERK, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways are involved in Nfatc1\&\#945; gene activation in DP thymocytes, probably by activating NFAT trans-activation activity. All these findings illustrate that in thymocytes the expression of NFAT transcription factors - which are essential for thymic development - is controled at multiple levels.},
  language  = {en}
}