@phdthesis{Mohme2020,
  author    = {Mohme, Sophia},
  title     = {Visuelle Aufmerksamkeitsverteilung von An{\"a}sthesisten bei der Einleitung einer Allgemeinan{\"a}sthesie in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von ihrer Erfahrung und der Umgebung},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19851},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-198519},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In der vorliegenden experimentellen Studie wurde die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit von An{\"a}sthesisten w{\"a}hrend der Einleitung einer Allgemeinan{\"a}sthesie in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von ihrer Erfahrung mithilfe eines mobilen Eye-Tracking-Ger{\"a}tes untersucht. 12 Assistenten mit durchschnittlich 1,3 Jahren klinischer Erfahrung und ebenfalls 12 Fach{\"a}rzte mit durchschnittlich circa 10 Jahren klinischer Erfahrung nahmen an der Studie teil. Ebenso wurde der simulierte Fall mit der An{\"a}sthesieeinleitung am Patienten verglichen. Beide An{\"a}sthesisten-Gruppen f{\"u}hrten mit der Eye-Tracking-Brille jeweils eine Einleitung so-wohl an einem Simulator im Simulationsraum als auch am Patienten im Einleitungsraum vor dem OP-Saal durch. Diese Brille zeichnete dabei Daten zu Fixationspunkten und Blickbewegungen der Probanden auf. Angelehnt an Schulz et al.21 wurden 24 Areas of Interest definiert und diese den Gruppen „manuelle T{\"a}tigkeiten", „{\"U}berwachung" und „weitere Beobachtungspunkte" zugeordnet. Als abh{\"a}ngige Variable f{\"u}r die statistische Auswertung wurde die relative Verweildauer in Prozent genutzt und eine multivariate ANOVA gerechnet. Es ergab sich im Wesentlichen kein signifikanter Effekt des Faktors Erfahrung. Die Assistenten verteilten ihre visuelle Aufmerksamkeit nicht signifikant anders als die erfahreneren An{\"a}sthesisten und verhielten sich folglich in Bezug darauf weitgehend gleich. Der Erwerb dieses Verhaltens findet demnach anscheinend schon sehr fr{\"u}h statt, sodass mit 1,3 Jahren Erfahrung in dieser Hinsicht kein Unterschied zu deutlich mehr Erfahrung auftritt. Ein halbstandardisiertes Interview st{\"u}tzt diese Annahme. Der Faktor Umgebung beeinflusste aber signifikant das Verhalten der An{\"a}sthesisten. In der Simula-tion widmeten beide Gruppen sowohl der „{\"U}berwachung" insgesamt als auch „manu-ellen T{\"a}tigkeiten" w{\"a}hrend der Vorbereitungsphase mehr visuelle Aufmerksamkeit als in der Narkoseeinleitung am Patienten. Das ist einerseits mit den Einschr{\"a}nkungen der Simulationspuppe zu erkl{\"a}ren und liegt andererseits wahrscheinlich an der ungewohn-ten Umgebung und der unbekannten Pflegekraft, sodass die An{\"a}sthesisten das Material l{\"a}nger kontrollierten. Folglich schauten beide Gruppen w{\"a}hrend der Narkoseeinleitung am Patienten h{\"a}ufiger auf „weitere Beobachtungspunkte", was auch durch die h{\"o}here Komplexit{\"a}t und St{\"o}ranf{\"a}lligkeit dieser Situation schl{\"u}ssig wirkt. Optimierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten der Bedingungen im Simulationsraum werden angespro-chen, Anschlussstudien vorgeschlagen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Einsatz eines Eye-Tracking-Ger{\"a}tes auch w{\"a}hrend der hochsensiblen Einleitung einer Allgemein-an{\"a}sthesie am Patienten problemlos m{\"o}glich ist. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus liefert die Studie nun eine stark standardisierte Versuchsmethode, welche f{\"u}r weitere Forschungsfragen sehr empfohlen werden kann.},
  subject      = {An{\"a}sthesie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Ahrens2020,
  author    = {Ahrens, Lea Marlen},
  title     = {The Role of Attentional Control and Fear Acquisition and Generalization in Social Anxiety Disorder},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17162},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171622},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Although Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders, still little is known about its development and maintenance. Cognitive models assume that deviations in attentional as well as associative learning processes play a role in the etiology of SAD. Amongst others, deficits in inhibitory attentional control as well as aberrations during fear generalization, which have already been observed in other anxiety disorders, are two candidate mechanisms that might contribute to the onset and retention of SAD. However, a review of the literature shows that there is a lack of research relating to these topics. Thus, the aim of the present thesis was to examine in which way individuals with SAD differ from healthy controls regarding attentional control and generalization of acquired fear during the processing of social stimuli. Study 1 tested whether impairment in the inhibitory control of attention is a feature of SAD, and how it might be influenced by emotional expression and gaze direction of an interactional partner. For this purpose, individuals with SAD and healthy controls (HC) participated in an antisaccade task with faces displaying different emotional expressions (angry, neutral and happy) and gaze directions (direct and averted) serving as target stimuli. While the participants performed either pro- or antisaccades in response to the peripherally presented faces, their gaze behavior was recorded via eye-tracking, and ratings of valence and arousal were obtained. Results revealed that both groups showed prolonged latencies and increased error rates in trials with correct anti- compared to prosaccades. However, there were no differences between groups with regard to response latency or error rates, indicating that SAD patients did not exhibit impairment on inhibitory attentional control in comparison to HC during eye-tracking. Possible explanations for this finding could be that reduced inhibitory attentional control in SAD only occurs under certain circumstances, for example, when these individuals currently run the risk of being negatively evaluated by others and not in the mere presence of phobic stimuli, or when the cognitive load of a task is so high that it cannot be unwound by compensatory strategies, such as putting more effort into a task. As not only deviations in attentional, but also associative learning processes might be pathogenic markers of SAD, these mechanisms were further addressed in the following experiments. Study 2 is the first that attempted to investigate the generalization of conditioned fear in patients with SAD. To this end, patients with SAD and HC were conditioned to two neutral female faces serving as conditioned stimuli (CS+: reinforced; CS-: non-reinforced) and a fearful face paired with a loud scream serving as unconditioned stimulus (US). Fear generalization was tested by presenting morphs of the two faces (GS: generalization stimuli), which varied in their similarity to the original faces. During the whole experiment, self-report ratings, heart rate (HR) and skin conductance responses (SCR) were recorded. Results demonstrated that SAD patients rated all stimuli as less pleasant and more arousing, and overestimated the occurrence of the US compared to HC, indicating a general hyperarousal in individuals with SAD. In addition, ratings and SCR indicated that both groups generalized their acquired fear from the CS+ to intermediate GSs as a function of their similarity to the CS+. However, except for the HR data, which indicated that only SAD patients but not HC displayed a generalization response in this measure, most of the results did not support the hypothesis that SAD is characterized by overgeneralization. A plausible reason for this finding could be that overgeneralization is just a key characteristic of some anxiety disorders and SAD is not one of them. Still, other factors, such as comorbidities in the individuals with SAD, could also have had an influence on the results, which is why overgeneralization was further examined in study 3. The aim of study 3 was to investigate fear generalization on a neuronal level. Hence, high (HSA) and low socially anxious participants (LSA) underwent a conditioning paradigm, which was an adaption of the experimental design used study 2 for EEG. During the experiment, steady-state visually evoked potentials (ssVEPs) and ratings of valence and arousal were recorded. Analyses revealed significant generalization gradients in all ratings with highest fear responses to the CS+ and a progressive decline of these reactions with increasing similarity to the CS-. In contrast, the generalization gradient on a neuronal level showed highest amplitudes for the CS+ and a reduction in amplitude to the most proximal, but not distal GSs in the ssVEP signal, which might be interpreted as lateral inhibition in the visual cortex. The observed dissociation among explicit and implicit measures points to different functions of behavioral and sensory cortical processes during fear generalization: While the ratings might reflect an individual's consciously increased readiness to react to threat, the lateral inhibition pattern in the occipital cortex might serve to maximize the contrast among stimuli with and without affective value and thereby improve adaptive behavior. As no group differences could be observed, the finding of study 2 that overgeneralization does not seem to be a marker of SAD is further consolidated. In sum, the conducted experiments suggest that individuals with SAD are characterized by a general hyperarousal during the exposition to disorder-relevant stimuli as indicated by enhanced arousal and reduced valence ratings of the stimuli compared to HC. However, the hypotheses that reduced inhibitory attentional control and overgeneralization of conditioned fear are markers of SAD were mostly not confirmed. Further research is required to elucidate whether they only occur under certain circumstances, such as high cognitive load (e.g. handling two tasks simultaneously) or social stress (e.g. before giving a speech), or whether they are not characteristics of SAD at all. With the help of these findings, new interventions for the treatment of SAD can be developed, such as attentional bias modification or discrimination learning.},
  subject      = {Sozialangst},
  language  = {en}
}