@article{HockTerekhovStefanescuetal.2021,
  author    = {Hock, Michael and Terekhov, Maxim and Stefanescu, Maria Roxana and Lohr, David and Herz, Stefan and Reiter, Theresa and Ankenbrand, Markus and Kosmala, Aleksander and Gassenmaier, Tobias and Juchem, Christoph and Schreiber, Laura Maria},
  title     = {B\(_{0}\) shimming of the human heart at 7T},
  series = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1002/mrm.28423},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218096},
  pages     = {182 -- 196},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Purpose Inhomogeneities of the static magnetic B\(_{0}\) field are a major limiting factor in cardiac MRI at ultrahigh field (≥ 7T), as they result in signal loss and image distortions. Different magnetic susceptibilities of the myocardium and surrounding tissue in combination with cardiac motion lead to strong spatio-temporal B\(_{0}\)-field inhomogeneities, and their homogenization (B0 shimming) is a prerequisite. Limitations of state-of-the-art shimming are described, regional B\(_{0}\) variations are measured, and a methodology for spherical harmonics shimming of the B\(_{0}\) field within the human myocardium is proposed. Methods The spatial B\(_{0}\)-field distribution in the heart was analyzed as well as temporal B\(_{0}\)-field variations in the myocardium over the cardiac cycle. Different shim region-of-interest selections were compared, and hardware limitations of spherical harmonics B\(_{0}\) shimming were evaluated by calibration-based B0-field modeling. The role of third-order spherical harmonics terms was analyzed as well as potential benefits from cardiac phase-specific shimming. Results The strongest B\(_{0}\)-field inhomogeneities were observed in localized spots within the left-ventricular and right-ventricular myocardium and varied between systolic and diastolic cardiac phases. An anatomy-driven shim region-of-interest selection allowed for improved B\(_{0}\)-field homogeneity compared with a standard shim region-of-interest cuboid. Third-order spherical harmonics terms were demonstrated to be beneficial for shimming of these myocardial B\(_{0}\)-field inhomogeneities. Initial results from the in vivo implementation of a potential shim strategy were obtained. Simulated cardiac phase-specific shimming was performed, and a shim term-by-term analysis revealed periodic variations of required currents. Conclusion Challenges in state-of-the-art B\(_{0}\) shimming of the human heart at 7 T were described. Cardiac phase-specific shimming strategies were found to be superior to vendor-supplied shimming.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReiterWeissWeberetal.2022,
  author    = {Reiter, Theresa and Weiss, Ingo and Weber, Oliver M. and Bauer, Wolfgang R.},
  title     = {Signal voids of active cardiac implants at 3.0 T CMR},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-022-09690-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300502},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Recent technical advancements allow cardiac MRI (CMR) examinations in the presence of so-called MRI conditional active cardiac implants at 3.0 T. However, the artifact burden caused by susceptibility effects remain an obstacle. All measurements were obtained at a clinical 3.0 T scanner using an in-house designed cubic phantom and optimized sequences for artifact evaluation (3D gradient echo sequence, multi-slice 2D turbo spin echo sequence). Reference sequences according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) were additionally applied. Four representative active cardiac devices and a generic setup were analyzed regarding volume and shape of the signal void. For analysis, a threshold operation was applied to the grey value profile of each data set. The presented approach allows the evaluation of the signal void and shape even for larger implants such as ICDs. The void shape is influenced by the orientation of the B0-field and by the chosen sequence type. The distribution of ferromagnetic material within the implants also matters. The void volume depends both on the device itself, and on the sequence type. Disturbances in the B0 and B1 fields exceed the visual signal void. This work presents a reproducible and highly defined approach to characterize both signal void artifacts at 3.0 T and their influencing factors.},
  language  = {en}
}