@phdthesis{Zhou2005,
  author    = {Zhou, Qingchun},
  title     = {Molecular analysis of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome in the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13827},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {A large variety of sex determination systems have been described in fish. However, almost no information is available about sex determination in the classical fish models, the zebrafish Danio rerio and the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes. A DNA-binding protein gene called dmrt1bY (or DMY) has been recently described as an outstanding candidate for the primary sex-determining gene in the medaka fish Oryzias latipes. But this gene is not the universal master sex-determining gene in teleost fish, since dmrt1bY is not found in most other fishes. Hence, other fish models need to be examined including the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus. Xiphophorus maculatus has three types of sex chromosomes (X, Y and W; females are XX, WX or WY; males are XY or YY). Its gonosomes are at an early stage of differentiation. The sex-determining locus on the sex chromosomes is flanked by two receptor tyrosine kinase genes, the Xmrk oncogene and its protooncogenic progenitor gene egfrb, which both delimit a region of about 0.6 centiMorgans. This situation should allow the positional cloning of the sex-determining gene (SD) of the platyfish. For this purpose, Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) contigs were assembled from a BAC library of XY males constructed in our laboratory, using the oncogene Xmrk, egfrb, as well as a Y-specific pseudogene called ps-criptY as starting points. The ps-criptY sequence was found to be closely linked to the SD gene, since no recombination was observed between SD and ps-criptY in more than 400 individuals tested. Two major BAC contigs for the X chromosome (about 2.5 Mb) and three major BAC contigs for the Y chromosome (about 3.5 Mb) were built up and analyzed by strategic sequencing. These are some of the largest contigs ever assembled for the sex chromosomes of a non-mammalian vertebrate species. The molecular analysis of the ps-criptY contig was the major objective of this work. The Y-specific ps-criptY contig has been extended over 1 Mb in this work with 58 identified molecular markers. Approximatively 700 kb of non-redundant sequences has been obtained from this contig by strategic sequencing. Numerous Y-linked markers from the contig including ps-criptY were also detected on the X chromosome. Nevertheless, major structural differences were observed between the X and Y chromosomes. Particularly, a large region, which is present at one copy on the X chromosome and contains several candidate genes, was found to be duplicated on the Y chromosome. Evidence for an inversion in the sex-determining region and for the Y-specific accumulation of a repeated sequence called XIR was also obtained. Such events might correspond to an initiation of differentiation between both types of gonosomes. Accumulation of transposable elements was also observed in the ps-criptY contig. A DNA transposable element, helitron, was isolated from the sex-determining region of X. maculatus. Three copies of helitron are located on the ps-criptY contig and one copy on the X-linked contig (helitron has roughly 15 copies per haploid genome). No in-frame stop codon, truncation or intron was found in these four copies, which present high nucleotide identities to each other. This suggests that helitron elements might be active or have been recently active in X. maculatus. A consensus open reading frame of helitron was also assembled from medaka (Oryzias latipes) genomic sequences. Two candidate genes from the ps-criptY contig are also located on the W chromosome in the X. maculatus Usumacinta strain (heterogamety). These markers show the relationship between the different types of gonosomes and allow to compare the male and female heterogameties in the platyfish. Several gene candidates were identified in the ps-criptY contig. However, some of them such as msh2, cript, igd and acr probably correspond to pseudogenes. Interestingly, a novel gene, called swimy, is exclusively expressed in spermatogonia of the adult testis. Swimy is a gene encoding a DNA-binding protein with several putative DNA-binding domains. The data suggest that swimy is a very promising candidate for the master SD gene. Another novel gene, which is called fredi and encodes a novel helix-turn-helix protein, is predominately expressed in the adult testis and currently under scrutiny. There is no doubt that the master SD gene of X. maculatus will be identified by positional cloning. Further molecular analysis of the contigs built in this work will shed new light on the molecular mechanism of sex determination and the evolution of sex chromosomes in fish.},
  subject      = {Platy},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kluever2007,
  author    = {Kl{\"u}ver, Nils},
  title     = {Molecular analysis of gonad development in medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Oryzias celebensis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25105},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {The process of sex-determination can be better understood through examinations of developing organs and cells, which are involved in the formation of undifferentiated gonad. This mechanisms show in fish a broad variety, ranging from hermaphroditism to gonochorism and environmental to genetic sex determination. Hormones and abiotic factors such as temperature and pH can influence teleost development and reproductive traits. These factors are vulnerable to pollutants and climate changes. Therefore, it is important to examine gonad development and sex-determination/differentiation in teleost fish. Teleost fish are the largest known group of vertebrates with approximately 25,000 species and are used for such kind of examinations as model organisms. Recently, in Oryzias latipes (medaka), dmrt1bY (or dmy), a member of the Dmrt gene family, has been described as testis-determining gene. However, this gene is not the universal master sex-determining gene in teleost fish. Although dmrt1bY is present in the most closely related species of the genus, namely Oryzias curvinotous, it is absent from other Oryzias species, like Oryzias celebensis, and other fish. During my thesis, I studied gonad development in medaka and in the closely related species Oryzias celebensis. Germ cell specification in medaka seems to be dependent on maternally provided cytoplasmatic determinants, so called germ plasm. Nanos and vasa are such germ cell specific genes. In zebrafish they are asymmetrically localized in the early embryo. I have shown that nanos mRNA is evenly distributed in the early embryo of medaka. A similar pattern has been already described for the medaka vasa homolog, olvas. This suggests differences in PGC specification in zebrafish and medaka. Further, the vasa homolog was isolated and the expression pattern examined in O. celebensis. The results show that it can be used as a germ cell specific marker. Additionally, the primordial germ cell migration in O. celebensis was followed, which is similar to medaka PGC migration. Primordial germ cell migration in vertebrates is dependent on the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (Sdf-1). Medaka has two different sdf-1 genes, sdf-1a and sdf-1b. Both genes are expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). During late embryonic development, I could show that sdf-1a is expressed in newly formed somites and not longer in the LPM. Sdf-1b expression persisted in the posterior part of the lateral plate mesoderm in the developing gonad. In terms of early and late functions, this suggests subfunctionalization of sdf-1a and sdf-1b. In "higher" vertebrates, genes that are involved in the process of gonad development have been studied in detail, e.g. Wt1, Sox9, and Amh. I have analyzed the expression pattern of wt1 and sox9 co-orthologs and amh. In both, the medaka and O. celebensis, wt1a transcripts were localized in the LPM and its expression was similar to sdf-1a gene expression in medaka. Wt1b expression was restricted to the developing pronephric region. During later embryonic development, wt1a is specifically expressed in the somatic cells of the gonad primordium in both sexes. This is the first time that in fish wt1 gene expression in developing gonads has been described. Therefore, this result suggests that wt1a is involved in the formation of the bipotential gonad. Furthermore, I have analyzed the gonad specific function of the wt1 co-orthologs in medaka. I could show that a conditional co-regulation mechanism between Wt1a and Wt1b ensures PGC maintenance and/or survival. The expression of sox9 genes in medaka and sox9b in O. celebensis were detected in the somatic cells of the gonad primordium of both sexes. Additionally, I have shown that amh and amhrII in medaka are expressed in somatic cells of the gonad primordium of both sexes. This suggests that sox9b, amh and amhrII are involved in gonad development and have specific functions in the adult gonad. In O. celebensis I could detect an expression of dmrt1 already six days after fertilization in half of the embryos, which is similar to the dmrt1bY expression in medaka. Whether the expression of dmrt1 is male specific in O. celebensis is currently under investigation. Altogether, the obtained results provide new insights into gene expression patterns during the processes of gonad development. Furthermore, no differences in the expression pattern of wt1a and sox9b during gonad development between the medaka and O. celebensis could be detected. This might indicate that the genetic mechanisms during gonad development are similar in both species.},
  subject      = {Japank{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schultheis2007,
  author    = {Schultheis, Christina},
  title     = {Die geschlechtsbestimmende Region des Platyfisches Xiphophorus maculatus auf den Geschlechtschromosomen X und Y: Molekulare Analyse der genomischen Struktur und molekulargenetische Untersuchung von Genkandidaten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25170},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Mit {\"u}ber 24.000 Arten sind etwa die H{\"a}lfte aller heute lebenden Wirbeltiere Fische. Im Gegensatz zu V{\"o}geln oder S{\"a}ugetieren weisen Fische eine erstaunliche Vielfalt und Variabilit{\"a}t der Geschlechtsbestimmungsmechanismen auf. S{\"a}mtliche Formen von Zwittrigkeit sowie umweltbedingte und genetische Geschlechtsbestimmung sind beschrieben worden. Die molekularen Grundlagen der genetischen Geschlechtsbestimmung bei Fischen sind jedoch weitgehend unbekannt. F{\"u}r einige Fischarten, wie etwa der Zebrafisch, die beliebte Modellorganismen zur Untersuchung z.B. von Krankheiten sind, liegen bereits sequenzierte Genome vor. Dennoch sind diese Modellorganismen aufgrund bisher nicht identifizierbarer Geschlechtschromosomen oder fehlender geschlechtsgebundener molekularer Marker als Modellorganismen zur Untersuchung der genetischen Geschlechtsbestimmung und der Evolution der Geschlechtschromosomen ungeeignet. Bei Stichling und Medaka, ebenfalls Fische mit vollst{\"a}ndig sequenzierten Genomen, konnte hingegen die geschlechtsbestimmende Region identifiziert werden. Im Medaka ist bereits das geschlechtsbestimmende Gen identifiziert worden, eine Y-spezifische Kopie des Gens dmrt1. Dmrt1bY konnte aber lediglich in einigen Medaka Arten nachgewiesen werden und stellt somit keinesfalls das universelle geschlechtsbestimmende Gen der Fische dar. Da die geschlechtsbestimmenden Regionen von Medaka und Stichling evolution{\"a}r gesehen relativ jung und linienspezifisch sind, spiegeln sie nur begrenzt den evolution{\"a}ren Verlauf der Entstehung von Geschlechtschromosomen und Geschlechtsbestimmungsmechanismen wider. Der Platyfisch Xiphophorus maculatus ist ein hervorragender Modellorganismus zur Untersuchung der Geschlechtsbestimmung und Evolution von Geschlechtschromosomen. Er wird seit Ende 1920 zur Untersuchung von malignen Melanomen verwendet. Interspezifische Hybride bilden durch die kreuzungsbedingte Aktivierung eines Tumorlocus erbliche Melanome aus. Der Tumorlocus konnte bereits molekular identifiziert werden. Er entspricht dem Onkogen Xmrk, das durch eine Xiphophorus-spezifische Duplikation des Protoonkogens egfrb gebildet worden ist. Onkogen und Protoonkogen, die beide f{\"u}r epidermale Wachstumsfaktorrezeptoren codieren, befinden sich in der Subtelomerregion auf den Geschlechtschromosomen des Platyfisches. Sie flankieren die etwa 1 Mb große geschlechtsbestimmende Region. Neben dem geschlechtsbestimmenden Locus sind verschiedene pigmentzelldefinierende Loci in dieser Region vorzufinden. Die Geschlechtschromosomen X und Y des Platyfisches sind sehr homolog, lassen sich aber sowohl cytogenetisch als auch genetisch gut voneinander unterscheiden. Zur Untersuchung der genetischen Struktur der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region und zur Identifizierung des geschlechtsbestimmenden Gens mittels positioneller Klonierung, wurde eine artifizielle Bakterienchromosom-(BAC) Bibliothek aus m{\"a}nnlichen Platyfischen (Genotyp XY) angelegt. Onkogen und Protoonkogen sowie verschiedene andere X- und Y-chromosomale molekulare Marker wurden als Startpunkte f{\"u}r „Chromosomen-Walking" und den Aufbau von X- und Y-chromosomalen artifizielle Bakterienchromosom (BAC)-Contigs verwendet. Hauptaufgabe meiner Doktorarbeit war die Erweiterung und physikalische Verkn{\"u}pfung verschiedener X- und Y-chromosomaler Contigs mittels molekularbiologischer und cytogenetischer Methoden sowie die Identifizierung von Genen mittels Bioinformatik und funktioneller Analyse. Bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt decken die BAC-Contigs 3,1 Mb auf dem Y-Chromosom und 3,8 Mb auf dem X-Chromosom in der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region ab. Sie stellen mitunter die gr{\"o}ßten geschlechtschromosomalen Contigs bei Fischen dar. Die X- und Y-chromosomalen Contigs werden derzeit in Kollaboration mit dem Sequenzierungszentrum Genoscope in Frankreich komplett durchsequenziert. Erste Sequenzanalysen weisen auf eine molekulare Differenzierung zwischen den X- und Y-Geschlechtschromosomen in der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region hin. Es konnten ein duplizierter Bereich auf dem Y Chromosom sowie eine Inversion in der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region identifiziert werden. Nichthomologe Rekombinationsereignisse zwischen transponierbaren Elementen und wiederholende Sequenzen sind mutmaßlich an dieser molekularen Umordnung beteiligt. Solche transponierbaren und sich wiederholenden Elemente akkumulieren in der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region und erschwerten auch maßgeblich Aufbau und Ausweitung der geschlechtschromosomalen Contigs. W{\"a}hrend die meisten Elemente auf beiden Geschlechtschromosomen zu finden sind, konnten auch Y-spezifische Kopien nachgewiesen werden, wie beispielsweise der endogene Retrovirus foamy. Eine Reihe von Genkandidaten wurden in der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region identifiziert. Einige stellen aussichtsreiche Kandidaten f{\"u}r den geschlechtsbestimmenden Locus dar. So ist das Gen fredi, das f{\"u}r einen putativen Transkriptionsfaktor mit Helix-Turn-Helix Motiv codiert, im Hoden stark exprimiert. Verschiedene fredi Kopien sind auf dem X und Y Chromosom in der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region identifiziert worden. Interessanterweise ist die codierende Sequenz der X-chromosomalen fredi Kopien durch ein transponierbares Element zerst{\"o}rt. Die Y-chromosomalen Kopien sind hingegen scheinbar nicht beeintr{\"a}chtigt. Zwei weitere miteinander verwandter Genkandidaten namens fah und tan, die bislang f{\"u}r Genprodukte mit unbekannten Eigenschaften codieren, liegen nebeneinander in der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region vor. Expressionsanalysen beider Gene weisen eine spezifische Expression im Ovar und zwar in der vegetativen Hemisph{\"a}re der Oocyten auf. Orthologe Gene wurden in Medaka und Zebrafisch identifiziert und kloniert. Expressionsanalysen in Medaka zeigten eine Ovar-spezifische Transkription wie in Xiphophorus, w{\"a}hrend im Zebrafisch fah und tan ubiquit{\"a}r exprimiert sind. Interessanterweise konnte im Platyfisch eine Spleißvariante von fah identifiziert werden, die auch im Hoden exprimiert ist. Dies macht fah zu einem vielversprechenden Kandidaten f{\"u}r den geschlechtsbestimmenden Locus. Die genomischen Regionen, in der fah und tan bei anderen Fischarten wie Medaka, Zebrafisch und Kugelfisch identifiziert wurden, zeigen hohe Syntenie zur geschlechtsbestimmenden Region des Platyfisches und k{\"o}nnten auch bei diesen Fischarten eine Rolle in der Geschlechtsbestimmung spielen. Ein einziges Gen, das mit fah und tan verwandt ist, konnte auch in Maus, Huhn und Frosch nachgewiesen werden. Interessanterweise konnte auf dem menschlichen X-Chromosom eine mit Stoppcodons durchzogene, zu fah/tan homologe Pseudogene Sequenz identifiziert werden. Diese Syntenie zwischen Geschlechtschromosomen von Fischen und S{\"a}ugern k{\"o}nnte auf eine evolution{\"a}r sehr alte geschlechtsbestimmende Region der Wirbeltiere hindeuten. Zusammenfassend hat diese Arbeit neben neuen Erkenntnissen {\"u}ber die Evolution der Geschlechtschromosomen bei Fischen verschiedene Genkandidaten f{\"u}r den geschlechtsbestimmenden Locus geliefert, die nun auch funktionell analysiert werden m{\"u}ssen.},
  subject      = {Geschlechtsbestimmung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Fischer2014,
  author    = {Fischer, Peter},
  title     = {Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Anzahl primordialer Keimzellen auf die Geschlechtsbestimmung von Medaka, Oryzias latipes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106846},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Die primordialen Keimzellen (PGCs) sind die einzigen Zellen des Embryos, die die genetische Information von einer Generation an die n{\"a}chste weiter geben k{\"o}nnen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in allen bislang untersuchten Knochenfischen die Anzahl der Urgeschlechtszellen w{\"a}hrend der Embryonalentwicklung der erste sichtbare Unterschied zwischen M{\"a}nnchen und Weibchen ist. Daraus ergibt sich die Frage, ob die Anzahl der primordialen Keimzellen das Geschlecht bestimmt, oder ob die somatischen Zellen je nach sexueller Identit{\"a}t die Urgeschlechtszellen zur Proliferation anregen. Um zu untersuchen, wie die Anzahl der Urgeschlechtszellen mit der Geschlechtsdetermination zusammenh{\"a}ngt, habe ich in dieser Arbeit die Anzahl der Urgeschlechtszellen manipuliert und deren Schicksal im Verlauf der Embryonalentwicklung verfolgt. Weiterhin untersuchte ich, in wieweit die Temperatur einen Einfluss auf die Geschlechtsbestimmung hat und ob sie Auswirkungen auf die Anzahl und die Wanderung der Urgeschlechtszellen hat beim Medaka hat. Durch meine Experimente, in denen ich die Fische w{\"a}hrend der Embryonalentwicklung bei verschiedenen Temperaturen hielt, konnte ich zeigen, dass beim Medaka der genetische Geschlechtsbestimmungsmechanismus durch erh{\"o}hte Temperatur {\"u}berschrieben werden kann. Die Temperaturerh{\"o}hung in der Embryonalentwicklung f{\"u}hrt zu einer Weibchen­-zu­-M{\"a}nnchen Geschlechtsumkehr. Dabei wird die Anzahl der primordialen Keimzellen im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen reduziert. Zudem wird durch die h{\"o}here Temperatur das autosomale dmrt1a viel fr{\"u}her angeschaltet, wa sauf einen alternativenSignalweg deutet, der die m{\"a}nnliche Geschlechtsentwicklung in XX geschlechtsumgewandelten Tieren steuert.},
  subject      = {Geschlechtsbestimmung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{ContarAdolfi2017,
  author    = {Contar Adolfi, Mateus},
  title     = {Sex determination and meiosis in medaka: The role of retinoic acid},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136335},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Sex determination (SD) is a complex and diverse developmental process that leads to the decision whether the bipotential gonad anlage will become a testis or an ovary. This mechanism is regulated by gene cascades, networks and/or chromosomal systems, and can be influenced by fluctuations of extrinsic factors like temperature, exposure to hormones and pollution. Within vertebrates, the group of fish show the widest variety of sex determination mechanism. This whole diversity of processes and mechanisms converges to the formation of two different gametes, the eggs and the sperm, the first bigger and static, and the second smaller and motile. Meiosis is crucial for the formation of both types of gametes, and the timing of meiosis entry is one of the first recognizable differences between male and female in vertebrates. The germ cells go into meiosis first in female than in male, and in mammals, this event has been shown to be regulated by retinoic acid (RA). This small polar molecule induces in the germ cells the expression of the pre-meiotic marker Stra8 (stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8), which is necessary for meiosis initiation. Interestingly, genome analyzes have shown that the majority of fish (including medaka) lack the stra8 gene, adding a question mark to the role of RA in meiosis induction in this group. Since a role of RA in entry of meiosis and sexual development of fish is still far from being understood, I investigated in medaka (Oryzias latipes) a possible signaling function of RA during the SD period in embryos and in reproductively active gonads of adults. I generated a transgenic medaka line that reports responsiveness to RA in vivo. With this tool, I compared RA responsiveness with the expression of the main gene involved in the synthesis of RA. My results show that there is a de-correlation between the action of RA with its source. In adults, expression of the RA metabolizing enzymes show sexually dimorphic RA levels, with aldh1a2 levels being higher in testis, and cyp26a1 stronger in female gonad. In ovary, the responsiveness is restricted to the early meiotic oocytes. In testis, RA is acting directly in the pre-meiotic cells, but also in Sertoli and Leydig cells. Treatment experiments on testis organ culture showed that RA pathway activation leads to a decrease in meiosis markers expression levels. During the development, RA responsiveness in the germ cells was observed in both sexes much earlier than the first female meiosis entry. Treatments with RA-synthesis inhibitor show a decrease in meiosis markers expression levels only after the sex differentiation period in female. Expression analyzes of embryos treated with exogenous RA showed induction of dmrt1a at the gonad levels and an increase of amh levels. Both genes are not only involved in male formation, but also in the regulation of germ cell proliferation and differentiation. RA is important in meiosis induction and gametogenesis in adult medaka. However, there is no evidence for a similar role of RA in initiating the first meiosis in female germ cells at the SD stage. Moreover, contrary to common expectation, RA seems to induce sex related genes that are involved indirectly in meiosis inhibition. In this thesis, I showed for the first time that RA can be involved in both induction and inhibition of meiosis entry, depending on the sex and the developmental stage in a stra8-independent model organism.},
  subject      = {Japank{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JellinghausMatinUrbanetal.2020,
  author    = {Jellinghaus, K. and Matin, S. and Urban, P. and Bohnert, M. and Jantz, R.},
  title     = {Study of the K-S distance on skulls from different modern populations for sex and ancestry determination},
  series = {Rechtsmedizin},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Rechtsmedizin},
  issn      = {0937-9819},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00194-020-00426-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235185},
  pages     = {451-457},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In forensic science determination of the origin and sex of skeletal remains is an important task for identification purposes. In this study we investigated the krotaphion-sphenion distance (K‑S distance) in the pterion region of German, Euro-American, African-American and Rwandan skulls of modern individuals from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century to look for statistically significant differences in sex and ancestry. We found a statistically significant sex-specific difference in the K‑S distance, which was greater in male skulls than in female skulls for both sides of the skull. Our study also showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the K‑S distance between the four populations studied. Landmarks and morphometric parameters measured in our investigations, which were not used for the present examination were provided to the software program Fordisc for its reference data to enhance the range of its usability for identification of unknown skulls or partial skulls of European individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}