@phdthesis{Noll2023,
  author    = {Noll, Niklas},
  title     = {Second Coordination Sphere Engineering in Macrocyclic Ruthenium Water Oxidation Catalysts},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30533},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-305332},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {About 2.4 billion years ago, nature has fundamentally revolutionized life on earth by inventing the multi-subunit protein complex photosystem II, the only molecular machine in nature that catalyzes the thermodynamically demanding photosynthetic splitting of water into oxygen and reducing equivalents. Nature chose a distorted Mn4CaO5 cluster as catalyst, better known as oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), thus recognizing the need for transition metals to achieve high-performance catalysts. The curiosity has always driven mankind to mimic nature's achievements, but the performance of natural enzymes such as the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II remain commonly unmatched. An important role in fine-tuning and regulating the activity of natural enzymes is attributed to the surrounding protein domain, which facilitates substrate preorganization within well-defined nanoenvironments. In light of growing energy demands and the depletion of fossil fuels, the unparalleled efficiency of natural photosynthesis inspires chemists to artificially mimic its natural counterpart to generate hydrogen as a 'solar fuel' through the light-driven splitting of water. As a result, significant efforts have been devoted in recent decades to develop molecular water oxidation catalysts based on earth-abundant transition metals and the discovery of the Ru(bda) (bda: 2,2' bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) catalyst family enabled activities comparable to the natural OEC. Similar to the natural archetypes, the design of homogeneous catalysts that interplay judiciously with the second coordination sphere of the outer ligand framework proved to be a promising concept for catalyst design. In this present thesis, novel supramolecular design approaches for enzyme like activation of substrate water molecules for the challenging oxidative water splitting reaction were established via tailor-made engineering of the secondary ligand environment of macrocyclic Ru(bda) catalysts.},
  subject      = {Katalyse},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Liu2020,
  author    = {Liu, Xiaocui},
  title     = {Catalytic Triboration and Diboration of Terminal Alkynes},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19253},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192537},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Chapter two reports the catalytic triboration of terminal alkynes with B2pin2 using readily available Cu(OAc)2 and PnBu3. Various 1,1,2-triborylalkenes, a class of compounds which have been demonstrated to be potential Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) inhibitors, are obtained directly in moderate to good yields. The process features mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance were observed. This Cu-catalyzed reaction can be conducted on a gram scale to produce the corresponding 1,1,2-triborylalkenes in modest yields. The utility of these products is demonstrated by further transformation of the C-B bonds to prepare gem-dihaloborylalkenes (F, Cl, Br), monohalodiborylalkenes (Cl, Br), and trans-diaryldiborylalkenes, which serve as important synthons and have previously been challenging to prepare. A convenient and efficient one step synthesis of 1,1,1-triborylalkanes was achieved via sequential dehydrogenative borylation and double hydroboration of terminal alkynes with HBpin (HBpin = pinacolborane) catalyzed by inexpensive and readily available Cu(OAc)2. This protocol proceeded under mild conditions, furnishing 1,1,1-tris(boronates) with wide substrate scope, excellent selectivity and good functional group tolerance, and is applicable to gram-scale synthesis without loss of yield. The 1,1,1-triborylalkanes can be used in the preparation of α-vinylboronates and borylated cyclic compounds, which are valuable but previously rare compounds. Different alkyl groups can be introduced stepwise via base-mediated deborylative alkylation to produce racemic tertiary alkyl boronates, which can be readily transformed into useful tertiary alcohols. Chapter 4 reported a NaOtBu-catalyzed mixed 1,1-diboration of terminal alkynes with an unsymmetrical diboron reagent BpinBdan. This Br{\o}nsted base-catalyzed reaction proceeds in a regio- and stereoselective fashion affording 1,1-diborylalkenes with two different boryl moieties in moderate to high yields, and is applicable to gram-scale synthesis without loss of yield or selectivity. Hydrogen bonding between the Bdan group and tBuOH is proposed to be responsible for the observed stereoselectivity. The mixed 1,1-diborylalkenes can be utilized in stereoselective Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions.},
  subject      = {Borylierung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Eck2018,
  author    = {Eck, Martin},
  title     = {Iron- and Copper-catalyzed Borylation of Alkyl and Aryl Halides and B-B Bond Activation and NHC Ring-expansion Reactions of the Diboron(4) Compound Bis(ethylene glycolato)diboron (B\(_2\)eg\(_2\))},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149791},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The purpose of the present work was, in the first part, to investigate the potential of iron-based metal complexes in catalytic borylation reactions with alkyl halides as substrates and B2pin2 as the borylation reagent. Moreover, extended studies of the recently reported, copper mediated borylation reactions of aryl halides were performed, including the screening of substrates and alkoxy bases as well as ligand-screening. Investigations were undertaken on the role of Cu-nanoparticles, which might be involved in this catalytic reaction. Furthermore, Cu-phosphine complexes were synthesized as precursors, but attempts to isolate Cu-boryl species which are intermediates in the proposed catalytic cycle were unsuccessful, although 11B NMR evidence for a Cu-boryl complex was obtained. In the second part of this work, the alternative, Lewis-acidic diboron(4) compound bis(ethylene glycolato)diboron (B2eg2) was synthesized to compare its reactivity with the reactivity of other diboron(4) compounds (e.g. B2neop2, B2cat2, B2pin2 and B2(NMe2)4). Therefore, reactions of B2eg2 with different Lewis-bases, such as NHCs and phosphines, were performed to investigate the possible formation of sp2-sp3 or sp3-sp3 adducts and ring-expansion reactions (RERs). The aim was to obtain a better general insight into the reactivity of diboron(4) compounds with Lewis-bases because they are both used as reactants in transition metal-catalyzed and metal-free borylation reactions. Understanding the B-B bond activation process promoted by Lewis-bases provides a new perspective on the reaction pathways available for various borylation reactions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Eichhorn2018,
  author    = {Eichhorn, Antonius},
  title     = {Copper(I) catalyzed borylation and cross-coupling reactions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167332},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The present thesis comprises synthesis and stoichiometric model reactions of well-defined NHC-stabilized copper(I) complexes (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) in order to understand their basic reactivity in borylation and cross-coupling reactions. This also includes the investigations of the reactivity of the ligands used (NHCs and CaaCs = cyclic alkyl(amino)carbenes) with the substrates, i.e. diboron(4) esters and arylboronates, which are addressed in the second part of the thesis.},
  subject      = {Copper},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pfaffinger2013,
  author    = {Pfaffinger, Bernd},
  title     = {Darstellung und Reaktivit{\"a}t von unges{\"a}ttigten Borverbindungen - Borirene, 1,4-Azaborinine und Bor-haltige Komplexe des Rhodiums},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77704},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Es wurden verschiedene Borirene synthetisiert und auf ihre Reaktivit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber Lewis-Basen und {\"U}bergangsmetallkomplexen untersucht. Hierbei wurden verschiedene Boriren-Basen-Addukte dargestellt. Zudem konnte der erste Platin-BC-sigma-Komplex dargestellt werden. Des Weiteren wurde die Metall-vermittelte Darstellung von 1,4-Azaborininen vorgestellt und der Mechanismus der Reaktion aufgekl{\"a}rt. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wurden Bor-haltige Komplexe des Rhodiums synthetisiert und ihre Reaktivit{\"a}t untersucht.},
  subject      = {Borirene},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schmidt2013,
  author    = {Schmidt, David},
  title     = {N-Heterocyclische Carbene und NHC stabilisierte Nickelkomplexe in der Aktivierung von Element-Element- und Element-Wasserstoff-Bindungen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90141},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich sowohl mit der st{\"o}chiometrischen als auch mit der katalytischen Aktivierung von Element-Element-Bindungen an NHC-stabilisierten Nickel(0) Komplexen.},
  subject      = {Nickelkomplexe},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Guethlein2012,
  author    = {G{\"u}thlein, Frank},
  title     = {{\"U}bergangsmetallkatalysierte Synthese von Diboranen(4)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71013},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Die Diborane(4) Bis(catecholato)diboran und Bis(pinakolato)diboran k{\"o}nnen durch homogene und heterogene Katalysatoren durch eine Dehydrokupplungsreaktion ausgehend von Catecholboran und Pinakolboran dargestellt werden. Der effizienteste Katalysator f{\"u}r diese Reaktion ist Platin auf Aluminiumoxid, wobei Umsatzzahlen von maximal 11600 und Umsatzfrequenzen von 444 1/h erreicht werden.},
  subject      = {Heterogene Katalyse},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Zell2011,
  author    = {Zell, Thomas},
  title     = {NHC-stabilisierte Nickel-Komplexe in der st{\"o}chiometrischen und katalytischen Element-Element-Bindungsaktivierung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57484},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Untersuchungen von Element-Element- Bindungsaktivierungsreaktionen des dinuklearen Nickel(0)-NHC-Komplex [Ni2(iPr2Im)4(COD)] A mit verschiedenen reaktionstr{\"a}gen Substraten, die ihrerseits wichtige Ausgangsstoffe f{\"u}r katalytische Anwendungen sind. Die Arbeit gliedert sich dabei in vier verschiedene Teile.},
  subject      = {Heterocyclische Carbene <-N>},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kluepfel2002,
  author    = {Kl{\"u}pfel, Bernd},
  title     = {P-chirale funktionelle Phosphane durch Hydrophosphinierung mit kationischen Phosphan-Eisenkomplexen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3149},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Chirale Phosphane besitzen als Liganden in {\"U}bergangsmetallkomplexen f{\"u}r die enantioselektive Synthese und Katalyse gesteigertes Interesse. Der Nobelpreis f{\"u}r Knowles im Jahre 2001 f{\"u}r die enantioselektive Synthese von L-Dopa, katalysiert durch einen optisch reinen DIPAMP-Rhodiumkomplex, zeigt die Bedeutung von chiralen Phosphanen als Katalysatorbausteine die stereochemische Information {\"u}bertragen. Bei der Synthese von chiralen Phosphanen werden gew{\"o}hnlich teuere Verfahren angewandt, wie Einsatz chiraler Hilfsguppen oder die Trennung racemischer Gemische durch Enatiomerentrennung. Ein weiterer Zugang zur Kn{\"u}pfung von P-C-Bindungen besteht in der Hydrophosphinierungsreaktion; eine Addition der P-H-Funktion an Alkene. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde gezeigt, dass z. B. die Reaktion von PH3 mit Acryls{\"a}uremethylester in Gegenwart von AIBN keine Chemoselektivit{\"a}t aufweist, was zu einem Gemisch der prim{\"a}ren, sekund{\"a}ren und terti{\"a}ren Phosphane P(H)2-n[(CH2)2CO2Et]n+1 (n = 0, 1, 2), sowie zur Bildung des in der Seitenkette alkylierten Phosphans P[(CH2)2CO2Et]2{CH2C(H)(CO2Et)[(CH2)2CO2 Et]} f{\"u}hrt. Eine M{\"o}glichkeit die Chemoselektivit{\"a}t des Hydrophosphinierungsprozesses zu erh{\"o}hen, ist die Aktivierung der P-H-Funktion durch {\"U}bergangsmetallfragmente, jedoch existiert zu diesem Thema ein nur begrenzter Kenntnisstand. In dieser Arbeit wurden P-chirale sekund{\"a}re Phosphane durch Insertion von organischen Mehrfachbindungssystemen wie substituierten Alkenen und Heterocumulenen in die P-H-Bindung der prim{\"a}r-Phosphan-Komplexe {C5R5(OC)2Fe[P(R')H2]}BF4 (R = H, Me; R' = Alkyl, Aryl) dargestellt. Im Falle von Acetylendicarbons{\"a}uredimethylester beobachtet man eine doppelte Hydrophosphinierung, was zum diastereospezifischen Aufbau von der Zweikernkomplexe C5R5(OC)2Fe{P(H)(R')[C(H)(CO2Me)]}}2(BF4)2 (R = H, Me; R' = t-Bu, 2-py) mit vier stereogenen Zentren f{\"u}hrt. Die Verwendung von p-Benzochinon bietet die M{\"o}glichkeit 2,5-Bis(hydroxy)arylphosphanliganden aufzubauen, die f{\"u}r weitere Transformationen geeignet sind. 1-Hydroxyalkylphosphankomplexe werden bei der Hydrophosphinerung von Aldehyden und Ketonen erhalten, ebenso wie 2-Hydroxycyclohexylphosphankomplexe durch Reaktion der prim{\"a}r-Phosphan-Eisenkomplexe mit Cyclohexenoxid. Umwandlung in hochfunktionalisierte terti{\"a}r-Phosphankomplexe wird durch einen weiteren Hydrophosphinierungsschritt der Alkene H2C=CHX (X = CN, 2-py), Diazoessigs{\"a}ureethylester, p-Benzochinon oder Ethylisocyanat erreicht. In speziellen F{\"a}llen wird die Bildung von Azaphospholanliganden beobachtet. Freisetzung der Phosphane vom Metall wird durch photoinduzierten Ligandentausch erm{\"o}glicht. Weiterhin eigen sich die chiralen, chelatphosphansubstituierten prim{\"a}r-Phosphankomplexe {C5H5(diphos)Fe[P(R)H2]} BF4 (diphos = DIOP, CHIRAPHOS) eine Stereokontrolle auf den Prozess der Hydrophosphinierung einfach substituierter Alkene zu {\"U}bertragen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde auch eine erfolgreiche katalytische Hydrophosphinierung durchgef{\"u}hrt, wobei [C5H5(DIOP)Fe(NCMe)]BF4 als Katalysator fungierte.},
  subject      = {Phosphane},
  language  = {de}
}