@phdthesis{Willmann2023,
  author    = {Willmann, Lukas},
  title     = {Altersabh{\"a}ngige Makuladegeneration - Regeneration des retinalen Pigmentepithels durch Anregung zur Proliferation durch den Transkriptionsfaktor E2F2},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29183},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-291833},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Altersbedingte Makuladegeneration (AMD) ist weltweit die h{\"a}ufigste Ursache von irreversibler Erblindung des alternden Menschen. Mit der anti-VEGF-Behandlung steht f{\"u}r die deutlich seltenere feuchte AMD eine zugelassene Therapie bereit, die deutlich h{\"a}ufigere trockene AMD entzieht sich aktuell jedoch jeglicher Therapie. Ein zentraler Pathomechanismus der AMD ist der progrediente Untergang des retinalen Pigmentepithels (RPE). Die Rarifizierung und letztendlich Atrophie des RPEs f{\"u}hrt zum Untergang der funktionellen Einheit aus RPE, Photorezeptoren und Bruch'scher Membran und somit zum irreversiblen Funktionsverlust. Ein m{\"o}glicher therapeutischer Ansatz, der progredienten Atrophie des RPEs entgegenzuwirken, ist, das prinzipiell post- mitotischen RPE zur Proliferation anzuregen. Grundlage unserer in vitro Untersuchungen ist das ARPE-19 Zellmodell. Um die Proliferation anzuregen wurden die RPE-Zellen mit E2F2, einem Zellzyklus- regulierendem Transkriptionsfaktor, transfiziert. Zun{\"a}chst wurde ein nicht-proliferatives RPE-Zellmodell mit spontanem Wachstumsarrest etabliert. Innerhalb von zwei Wochen konnte die Ausbildung von Zonulae occludentes als Zeichen der Integrit{\"a}t des adh{\"a}renten Zellmonolayers beobachtet werden. Die chemische Transfektion von E2F2 unter einem CMV-Promoter f{\"u}hrte zur {\"U}berexpression von E2F2-Protein. Der proliferationssteigernde Effekt von E2F2 konnte durch die Proliferationsmarker Cyclin D1 sowie Ki67, dem Anstieg der BrdU-Aufnahme und der nach Transfektion mit E2F2 zunehmenden Gesamtzellzahl nachgewiesen werden. Der Zellzahlerh{\"o}hung standen jedoch potentiell qualitative und funktionelle Einbußen entgegen. So zeigten sich nach Behandlung mit E2F2 die Zellviabilit{\"a}t reduziert und die Apoptoserate sowie die Permeabilit{\"a}t des Epithels erh{\"o}ht. Diese Einschr{\"a}nkungen waren jedoch nur passager bis 7 Tage nach Transfektion sichtbar und reversibel. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass diese Defizite nicht durch E2F2 selbst, sondern durch das Transfektionsreagenz PEI bedingt waren. Weitere funktionelle Defizite k{\"o}nnten durch epithelial-mesenchymale Transition (EMT) verursacht werden. Hier zeigte sich durch E2F2 keine De-Differenzierung im Sinne einer typischen EMT-Marker- Expression. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt in einem in vitro Zellmodell die Grundlagen eines vielversprechenden Ansatzes zur Therapie der trockenen AMD: Durch {\"U}berexpression eines den Zellzyklus regulierenden Gens (hier E2F2) wurde die RPE-Regeneration angeregt. Analog zur schon zugelassenen Gentherapie des RPEs bei RPE65-assoziierten Netzhautdystrophien durch den Transfer von funktionst{\"u}chtigem RPE65-Gen mittels Adeno-assoziierten Viren k{\"o}nnte mittels E2F2, {\"u}bertragen mit einem lentiviralen Verktor, eine Stimulation des RPEs zur Proliferation m{\"o}glich sein. Entscheidend ist der m{\"o}glichst gute Struktur- und Funktionserhalt des Photorezeptor-Bruch-Membran-RPE Komplexes. Eine Therapie sollte daher in fr{\"u}hen Krankheitsstadien erfolgen, um die Progression zu fortgeschrittenen Erkrankungsstadien mit irreversiblem Funktionsverlust zu verz{\"o}gern oder zu verhindern.},
  subject      = {Netzhaut},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Mieck2009,
  author    = {Mieck, Sibylle},
  title     = {Gr{\"o}ßen{\"a}nderung der subretinalen Membran / der Makulanarbe nach subretinaler Chirurgie bei altersabh{\"a}ngiger Makuladegeneration, im Vergleich zum Verlauf nach Laserbehandlung und ohne Therapie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39597},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die altersabh{\"a}ngige Makuladegeneration ist neben der diabetischen Makulopathie und dem Glaukom die h{\"a}ufigste Ursache f{\"u}r den irreversiblen Verlust der Lesef{\"a}higkeit und Erblindung bei {\"a}lteren Menschen in den westlichen Industriel{\"a}ndern. Diese Studie versuchte die Gr{\"o}ßen{\"a}nderung der Narbe nach subretinaler Membranexzision und nach Photokoagulation {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren anhand von Fundusfotografien und Angiographien zu analysieren. Die Arbeit beinhaltet eine retrospektive Analyse von 109 Patienten mit submakul{\"a}rer Operation und 11 Patienten mit Laserkoagulation zwischen den Jahren 1996 und 1998. Nach chirurgischer Exzision der Membranen und nach Photokoagulation kam es innerhalb von zwei Jahren nur zu einem geringen Narbenwachstum verglichen mit dem st{\"a}ndigen Membranwachstum bei den Spontanverl{\"a}ufen.},
  subject      = {Senile Makuladegeneration},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Beisel2008,
  author    = {Beisel, Sebastian Karl},
  title     = {Kurz- und Langzeitergebnisse der Photodynamischen Therapie mit Verteporfin bei altersbedingter Makuladegeneration},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33563},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Kurz- und Langzeitergebnisse der Photodynamischen Therapie mit Verteporfinbei altersbedingter Makuladegeneration.},
  subject      = {Senile Makuladegeneration},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Stojic2005,
  author    = {Stojic, Jelena},
  title     = {Cloning and functional characterization of novel genes expressed preferentially in the human retina},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13746},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The human retina is a multi-layered neuronal tissue specialized for the reception and processing of visual information. The retina is composed of a great diversity of neuronal cell types including rod and cone photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells and M{\"u}ller glia. In response to light, a coordinated series of molecular events, the so-called phototransduction cascade, is triggered in photoreceptor cells and the signals from the photoreceptors are further processed by the bipolar and ganglion cells to the higher centers of the brain. The retina as highly complex system may be greatly susceptible to genetic defects which can lead to a wide range of disease phenotypes. Therefore, isolation and characterisation of the genes active in the human retina will facilitate our deeper understanding of retinal physiology and mechanisms underlying retinal degeneration and provide novel candidates for the retinal disease genes. To identify novel genes that are specifically or predominantly expressed in the human retina, a cDNA library enriched for retina specific transcripts was generated using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. In total, 1113 clones were randomly isolated from the retina SSH cDNA library and partially sequenced. On the basis of BLASTN algorithm analysis these clones were classified into four categories including those with I) significant homology to known human genes (766/1113), II) significant homology to partial transcripts and hypothetical gene predictions (162/1113), III) no homology to known mRNAs (149/1113), and IV) vector sequences and clones derived from mitochondrial genes (36/1113). After correcting for redundancy, category I represented 234 known human genes and category II a total of 92unknown transcripts. Clones from category I, were selected for expression analysis by RT-PCR in a great number of human tissues. This resulted in the identification of 16 genes which were expressed exclusively in the retina, 13 which were highly expressed in the retina compared to other tissues, 12 genes which were specifically expressed in neuronal tissues and 48 ubiquitously expressed genes. Thus, our expression analysis resulted in the identification of 29 genes exclusively or abundantly transcribed in the human retina. Of those, retina specific genes L25,L33, L35, L37, L38 and L40 were selected for further analysis. To characterize the complete mRNA sequences of these transcripts a full-length human retina cDNA library was constructed. The analysis of the L25 gene revealed three splicing variants of the ABCC5 gene, consequently named ABCC5_SV1 (SV1), ABCC5_SV2 (SV2) and ABCC5_SV3 (SV3).These isoforms comprise the first five exons of ABCC5 and additional novel exons named 5a, 5b and 5c, generated by differential exon usage. The determined lengths of the three transcripts are 2039 bp, 1962 bp, and 1887 bp in size, respectively. RT-PCR, real-time PCR and Northern blot analysis of ABCC5 as well as the isoforms SV1, SV2 and SV3demonstrated high levels of expression for all transcripts in the retina compared to other tissues. Analysis of their nucleotide sequences revealed that inclusion of exon 5a in splicing variant SV1 produced a frame shift and premature termination codon (PTC). Our data show that this splice variant is the target of nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD). This was shown by inhibition of protein synthesis with antibiotics puromycin and anisomycin in human cell lines A-RPE 19 and Y79. Our analysis resulted in an increase of the PTC containing transcript and a decrease of the ABCC5 transcript. Conversely, the amount of both transcripts (SV1 and ABCC5) returned to pre-treatment levels after removal of the inhibitors. Together, our results suggest that alternative splicing of the ubiquitously expressed ABCC5 gene in addition to NMD is involved in retina-specific transcriptional regulation of the mRNA level of ABCC5. In contrast, additional experiments demonstrated that the levels of expression ofSV2 and SV3 isoforms do not appear to influence ABCC5 transcription. Several of the cloned genes were selected for additional genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in order to construct their SNP maps which are going to be used for future association studies of complex disease AMD. Thus, identification of novel retinal genes and their functional characterization will further our elucidation of retinal physiology in general and in the diseased state in particular, by providing candidate retinal disease genes.},
  subject      = {Netzhaut},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{FadlElMola2003,
  author    = {Fadl El Mola, Faisal Mohamed},
  title     = {Bioinformatic and molecular approaches for the analysis of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transcriptome},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-6877},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {There is substantial interest in the identification of genes underlying susceptibility to complex human diseases because of the potential utility of such genes in disease prediction and therapy. The complex age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent cause of legal blindness in industrialized countries and predominantly affects the elderly population over 75 years of age. Although vision loss in AMD results from photoreceptor cell death in the central retina, the initial pathogenesis likely involves processes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (Liang and Godley, 2003). The goal of the current study was to identify and characterize genes specifically or abundantly expressed in the RPE in order to determine more comprehensively the transcriptome of the RPE. In addition, our aim was to assess the role of these genes in AMD pathogenesis. Towards this end, a bovine cDNA library enriched for RPE transcripts was constructed in-house using a PCR-based suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique (Diatchenko et al., 1996, 1999), which normalizes for sequence abundance and achieves high enrichment for differentially expressed genes. CAP3 (Huang and Madan, 1999) was used to assemble the high quality sequences of all the 2379 ESTs into clusters or singletons. 1.2\% of the 2379 RPE-ESTs contains vector sequences and was excluded from further analysis. 5\% of the RPE-ESTs showed homology to multipe chromosomes and were not included in further assembly process. The rest of the ESTs (2245) were assembled into 175 contigs and 509 singletons, which revealed approximately 684 unique genes in the dataset. Out of the 684, 343 bovine RPE transcripts did not align to their human orthologues. A large fraction of clones were shown to include a considerable 3´untranslated regions of the gene that are not conserved between bovine and human. It is the coding regions that can be conserved between bovine and human and not the 3' UTR (Sharma et al., 2002). Therefore, more sequencing from the cDNA library with reclustering of those 343 ESTs together with continuous blasting might reveal their human orthologoues. To handle the large volume of data that the RPE cDNA library project has generated a highly efficient and user-friendly RDBMS was designed. Using RDBMS data storage can be managed efficiently and flexibly. The RDBMS allows displaying the results in query-based form and report format with additional annotations, links and search functions. Out of the 341 known and predicted genes identified in this study, 2 were further analyzed. The RPE or/and retina specificity of these two clones were further confirmed by RT-PCR analysis in adult human tissues. Construction of a single nucleotide polymphism (SNP) map was initiated as a first step in future case/control association studies. SNP genotyping was carried out for one of these two clones (RPE01-D2, now known as RDH12). 12 SNPs were identified from direct sequencing of the 23.4-kb region, of which 5 are of high frequency. In a next step, comparison of allele frequencies between AMD patients and healthy controls is required. Completion of the expression analysis for other predicted genes identified during this study is in progress using real time RT-PCR and will provide additional candidate genes for further analyses. This study is expected to contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of RPE function and to clarify the role of the RPE-expressed genes in the predisposition to AMD. It may also help reveal the mechanisms and pathways that are involved in the development of AMD or other retinal dystrophies.},
  subject      = {Senile Makuladegeneration},
  language  = {en}
}