@article{FortmannDirksGoedickeFritzetal.2022,
  author    = {Fortmann, Mats Ingmar and Dirks, Johannes and Goedicke-Fritz, Sybelle and Liese, Johannes and Zemlin, Michael and Morbach, Henner and H{\"a}rtel, Christoph},
  title     = {Immunization of preterm infants: current evidence and future strategies to individualized approaches},
  series = {Seminars in Immunopathology},
  volume    = {44},
  journal   = {Seminars in Immunopathology},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00281-022-00957-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324261},
  pages     = {767-784},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Preterm infants are at particularly high risk for infectious diseases. As this vulnerability extends beyond the neonatal period into childhood and adolescence, preterm infants benefit greatly from infection-preventive measures such as immunizations. However, there is an ongoing discussion about vaccine safety and efficacy due to preterm infants' distinct immunological features. A significant proportion of infants remains un- or under-immunized when discharged from primary hospital stay. Educating health care professionals and parents, promoting maternal immunization and evaluating the potential of new vaccination tools are important means to reduce the overall burden from infectious diseases in preterm infants. In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge about vaccinations in premature infants. We discuss the specificities of early life immunity and memory function, including the role of polyreactive B cells, restricted B cell receptor diversity and heterologous immunity mediated by a cross-reactive T cell repertoire. Recently, mechanistic studies indicated that tissue-resident memory (Trm) cell populations including T cells, B cells and macrophages are already established in the fetus. Their role in human early life immunity, however, is not yet understood. Tissue-resident memory T cells, for example, are diminished in airway tissues in neonates as compared to older children or adults. Hence, the ability to make specific recall responses after secondary infectious stimulus is hampered, a phenomenon that is transcriptionally regulated by enhanced expression of T-bet. Furthermore, the microbiome establishment is a dominant factor to shape resident immunity at mucosal surfaces, but it is often disturbed in the context of preterm birth. The proposed function of Trm T cells to remember benign interactions with the microbiome might therefore be reduced which would contribute to an increased risk for sustained inflammation. An improved understanding of Trm interactions may determine novel targets of vaccination, e.g., modulation of T-bet responses and facilitate more individualized approaches to protect preterm babies in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Prelog2012,
  author    = {Prelog, Martina},
  title     = {Differential Approaches for Vaccination from Childhood to Old Age},
  series = {Gerontology},
  volume    = {59},
  journal   = {Gerontology},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {0304-324X},
  doi       = {10.1159/000343475},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196602},
  pages     = {230-239},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Primary prevention strategies, such as vaccinations at the age extremes, in neonates and elderly individuals, demonstrate a challenge to health professionals and public health specialists. The aspects of the differentiation and maturation of the adaptive immune system, the functional implications of immunological immaturity or immunosenescence and its impact on vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy will be highlighted in this review. Several approaches have been undertaken to promote Th1 responses in neonates and to enhance immune functions in elderly, such as conjugation to carrier proteins, addition of adjuvants, concomitant vaccination with other vaccines, change in antigen concentrations or dose intervals or use of different administration routes. Also, early protection by maternal vaccination seems to be beneficial in neonates. However, it also appears necessary to think of other end points than antibody concentrations to assess vaccine efficacy in neonates or elderly, as also the cellular immune response may be impaired by the mechanisms of immaturity, underlying health conditions, immunosuppressive treatments or immunosenescence. Thus, lifespan vaccine programs should be implemented to all individuals on a population level not only to improve herd protection and to maintain protective antibody levels and immune memory, but also to cover all age groups, to protect unvaccinated elderly persons and to provide indirect protection for neonates and small infants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Loeff2021,
  author    = {Loeff, Rebekka Magdalena},
  title     = {Screening auf multiresistente Erreger, Erhebung von Tuberkulose- und Impfstatus sowie sonstiger meldepflichtiger Infektionskrankheiten bei Gefl{\"u}chteten am Universit{\"a}tsklinikum W{\"u}rzburg im Zeitraum vom 1.11.2015 bis 30.04.2016},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-23942},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239424},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Hintergrund: Gefl{\"u}chtete haben ein hohes Risiko, Multiresistente Erreger (MRE) zu tragen. Infektionen mit MRE (Multiresistente Gram-negative Bakterien [MRGN] und Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]) sind mit einer erh{\"o}hten Mortalit{\"a}t, Krankenhausaufenthaltsdauer und Krankenhauskosten assoziiert. Der Einfluss von pr{\"a}disponierenden Faktoren f{\"u}r eine Besiedlung mit MRE ist f{\"u}r Gefl{\"u}chtete noch unzureichend erforscht. Kenntnisse {\"u}ber pr{\"a}disponierende Faktoren k{\"o}nnen helfen, Infektionsschutzmaßnahmen f{\"u}r Gefl{\"u}chtete in Krankenh{\"a}usern anzupassen. Methodik: Von November 2015 bis April 2016 wurden 134 Gefl{\"u}chtete am Universit{\"a}tsklinikum W{\"u}rzburg auf MRE im Nasen-/Rachen- (MRSA), Rektal- (MDRGN-Enterobacteriaceae, MDRGN-Pseudomonas aeruginosa) und Haut-/Rachenabstrich (MDRGN-Acinetobacter baumannii) gescreent. Ergebnisse: 62,7\% von 134 gescreenten Fl{\"u}chtlingen waren m{\"a}nnlichen Geschlechts und das Durchschnittsalter lag bei 19 Jahren [IQR: 7-31]. 23,9\% (n=32) zeigten einen positiven MRE-Befund (MRSA: 3,4 \% von 118, 2MDRGN-Neop{\"a}d: 19,3 \% von 57, 3MDRGN: 13,6 \% von 125, 4MDRGN: 0 \% von 125). Es wurden 25 Escherichia coli (98,3\%), 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae (10,7\%) und keine positiven Befunde auf Pseudomonas aeruginosa oder Acinetobacter baumannii gefunden. 3 Gefl{\"u}chtete (9,6\%) zeigten eine Mehrfachbesiedlung und 2 Gefl{\"u}chtete (6,2\%) wiesen eine durch MRE bedingte Infektionserkrankung auf (submandibul{\"a}rer Abszess, Pyelonephritis). Bei 94 Gefl{\"u}chteten mit vollst{\"a}ndigem Screening waren Gefl{\"u}chtete mit positivem MRE-Befund im Vergleich zu Gefl{\"u}chteten mit negativem MRE-Befund j{\"u}ngeren Alters (Medianalter: 8 Jahre [IQR: 3-36] vs. 24 Jahre [IQR: 14-33]) und vermehrt weiblichen Geschlechts (61,1\%). Gefl{\"u}chtete mit positivem MRE-Befund wiesen zudem im Vergleich vermehrt pr{\"a}disponierende Faktoren auf, bspw. einen vorherigen Krankenhausaufenthalt (61,1 \% vs. 35,5\%), chronische Pflegebed{\"u}rftigkeit (16,7 \% vs. 1,3 \%) oder eine Fluchtanamnese ≤ 3 Monate (80,0 \% vs. 29,4 \%). Schlussfolgerung: Pr{\"a}disponierende Faktoren spielen eine große Rolle f{\"u}r eine Besiedlung mit MRE. Prospektive Studien sollten folgen, um pr{\"a}disponierende Faktoren f{\"u}r eine Besiedlung mit MRE bei Gefl{\"u}chteten besser charakterisieren zu k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Gefl{\"u}chtete},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HagemannStrengKraemeretal.2017,
  author    = {Hagemann, Christine and Streng, Andrea and Kraemer, Alexander and Liese, Johannes G.},
  title     = {Heterogeneity in coverage for measles and varicella vaccination in toddlers - analysis of factors influencing parental acceptance},
  series = {BMC Public Health},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {BMC Public Health},
  number    = {724},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12889-017-4725-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157827},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: In 2004, routine varicella vaccination was introduced in Germany for children aged 11-14 months. Routine measles vaccination had already been introduced in 1973 for the same age group, but coverage is still too low (<95\%) in some areas to eliminate measles. The present study assessed varicella and measles vaccination coverage and determinants of parental acceptance in two study regions, situated in Northern and Southern Bavaria (Germany). Methods: From 2009 to 2011, annual cross-sectional parent surveys were performed on random samples of 600 children aged 18-36 months in the Bavarian regions of both Munich and W{\"u}rzburg. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with varicella and measles vaccination. Results: In 2009, 2010 and 2011, vaccination coverage was lower in Munich than in W{\"u}rzburg, for both varicella (Munich 53\%, 67\%, 69\% vs. W{\"u}rzburg 72\%, 81\%, 83\%) and for measles (Munich 88\%, 89\%, 91\% vs. W{\"u}rzburg 92\%, 93\%, 95\%). Recommendation by the physician was the main independent factor associated with varicella vaccination in both regions (adjusted odd ratios (OR) with 95\% confidence interval (CI): Munich OR 19.7, CI 13.6-28.6; W{\"u}rzburg OR 34.7, CI 22.6-53.2). Attendance at a childcare unit was positively associated with a higher acceptance of varicella vaccination in Munich (OR 1.5, CI 1.1-2.2). Regarding measles vaccination, attendance at a childcare unit was positively associated in both regions (Munich OR 2.0; CI 1.3-3.0; W{\"u}rzburg OR 1.8; CI 1.1-3.1), and a higher level of parental school education was negatively associated in W{\"u}rzburg (OR 0.5, CI 0.3-0.9). Conclusions: Vaccination rates differed between regions, with rates constantly higher in W{\"u}rzburg. Within each region, vaccination rates were lower for varicella than for measles. Measles vaccination status was mainly dependent upon socio-demographic factors (attendance at a childcare unit, parental school education), whereas for the more recently introduced varicella vaccination recommendation by the physician had the strongest impact. Hence, different strategies are needed to further improve vaccination rates for both diseases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoseDammGreineretal.2014,
  author    = {Rose, Markus A. and Damm, Oliver and Greiner, Wolfgang and Knuf, Markus and Wutzler, Peter and Liese, Johannes G. and Kr{\"u}ger, Hagen and Wahn, Ulrich and Schaberg, Tom and Schwehm, Markus and Kochmann, Thomas F. and Eichner, Martin},
  title     = {The epidemiological impact of childhood influenza vaccination using live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in Germany: predictions of a simulation study},
  series = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
  number    = {40},
  issn      = {1471-2334},
  doi       = {10.1186/1471-2334-14-40},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117563},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Routine annual influenza vaccination is primarily recommended for all persons aged 60 and above and for people with underlying chronic conditions in Germany. Other countries have already adopted additional childhood influenza immunisation programmes. The objective of this study is to determine the potential epidemiological impact of implementing paediatric influenza vaccination using intranasally administered live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in Germany. Methods: A deterministic age-structured model is used to simulate the population-level impact of different vaccination strategies on the transmission dynamics of seasonal influenza in Germany. In our base-case analysis, we estimate the effects of adding a LAIV-based immunisation programme targeting children 2 to 17 years of age to the existing influenza vaccination policy. The data used in the model is based on published evidence complemented by expert opinion. Results: In our model, additional vaccination of children 2 to 17 years of age with LAIV leads to the prevention of 23.9 million influenza infections and nearly 16 million symptomatic influenza cases within 10 years. This reduction in burden of disease is not restricted to children. About one third of all adult cases can indirectly be prevented by LAIV immunisation of children. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that vaccinating children 2-17 years of age is likely associated with a significant reduction in the burden of paediatric influenza. Furthermore, annual routine childhood vaccination against seasonal influenza is expected to decrease the incidence of influenza among adults and older people due to indirect effects of herd protection. In summary, our model provides data supporting the introduction of a paediatric influenza immunisation programme in Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schubert2002,
  author    = {Schubert, Christoph},
  title     = {Die Masernepidemie in Ansbach 1992/93 : epidemiologische Untersuchungen und Berechnungen zur Impfwirksamkeit},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7901},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Ansbacher Masernepidemie der Jahre 1992/93 retrospektiv epidemiologisch ausgewertet und Berechnungen zur Impfwirksamkeit erstellt. Daten {\"u}ber Komplikationen, die Alters- und Geschlechtsverteilung sowie den Impfstatus von 530 an Masern erkrankten Personen wurden {\"u}ber ein Fragebogenverfahren oder durch direkte Befragung von 85 kontaktierten Allgemein- und Kinder{\"a}rzte anonym gewonnen. Es waren haupts{\"a}chlich Kinder und Jugendliche bis 17 Jahren erkrankt, mit einem kontinuierlichen Ansteigen der Inzidenz bis 14 Jahren. Die Epidemie war deutlich m{\"a}dchenwendig. 18,7\% der Patienten waren mit einem Masernlebendimpfstoff geimpft worden. In 16,7\% aller F{\"a}lle traten Komplikationen auf, am h{\"a}ufigsten waren Otitis media (10,3\%) und Pneumonie (5,0\%). Ein ungeimpfter 17j{\"a}hriger Patient verstarb an einer Masernenzephalitis. Sieben Patienten mussten hospitalisiert werden (1,4\%). Bis auf die Konstellation „geimpft+m{\"a}nnlich+Pneumonie", die signifikant h{\"a}ufiger auftrat, fanden sich keine Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen Alter, Geschlecht, Impfstatus und Komplikationen. Bei der Berechnung der Impfeffektivit{\"a}t zeigte sich, dass die Impfwirksamkeit bei {\"a}lteren Patienten deutlich geringer war als bei j{\"u}ngeren. {\"U}ber ein weiterentwickeltes mathematisches Modell wurde das Impfversagen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Zeit seit der Impfung analysiert. Daraus ergab sich ein prim{\"a}res Impfversagen von ca. 6\%. Außerdem ist anzunehmen, dass es bei einem Drittel der Geimpften innerhalb von 14 Jahren zu einem sekund{\"a}ren Impfversagen kam. Letztere Aussage ist jedoch nur zul{\"a}ssig, wenn man annimmt, dass das prim{\"a}re Impfversagen seit Impfbeginn konstant blieb. Die Ursachen f{\"u}r die Epidemie in Ansbach sind eindeutig die zu geringen Immuni-sierungsraten.},
  language  = {de}
}