@phdthesis{Halbig2019,
  author    = {Halbig, Benedikt},
  title     = {Surface Raman Spectroscopy on Ordered Metal Adsorbates on Semiconductor Substrates and Thin Intermetallic Films},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18138},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181385},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Surface systems attract great scientific attention due to novel and exotic properties. The atomically structured surfaces lead to a reduced dimensionality which alters electronic correlations, vibrational properties, and their impact on each other. The emerging physical phenomena are not observed for related bulk materials. In this thesis, ordered (sub)monolayers of metal atoms (Au and Sn) on semiconductor substrates (Si(111) and Ge(111)) and ultrathin intermetallic films (CePt5 and LaPt5) on metal substrate (Pt(111)) are investigated by polarized in situ surface Raman spectroscopy. The surface Raman spectra exhibit features of specific elementary excitations like surface phonons and electronic excitations, which are suitable to gain fundamental insights into the surface systems. The Au-induced surface reconstructions (5x2) and (r3xr3) constitute quasi-one- and two-dimensional Au structures on the Si(111) substrate, respectively. The new reconstruction-related Raman peaks are analyzed with respect to their polarization and temperature behavior. The Raman results are combined with firstprinciples calculations to decide between different proposed structural models. The Au-(5x2)/Si(111) reconstruction is best described by the model of Kwon and Kang, while for Au-(r3xr3)/Si(111) the conjugate honeycomb-chained-trimer model is favored. The Sn-induced reconstructions with 1/3 monolayer on Ge(111) and Si(111) are investigated to reveal their extraordinary temperature behavior. Specific surface phonon modes are identified that are predicted within the dynamical fluctuation model. Contrary to Sn/Si(111), the corresponding vibrational mode of Sn/Ge(111) exhibits a nearly harmonic character. The reversible structural phase transition of Sn/Ge(111) from (r3xr3) to (3x3) is observed, while no phase transition is apparent for Sn/Si(111). Moreover, Raman spectra of the closely related systems Sn-(2r3x2r3)/Si(111) and thin films of a-Sn as well as the clean semiconductor surfaces Si(111)-(7x7) and Ge(111)-c(2x8) are evaluated and compared. The CePt5/Pt(111) system hosts 4f electrons whose energy levels are modified by the crystal field and are relevant for a description of the observed Kondo physics. In contrast, isostructural LaPt5/Pt(111) has no 4f electrons. For CePt5/Pt(111), distinct Raman features due to electronic Raman scattering can be unambiguously related to transitions between the crystal-field states which are depth-dependent. This assignment is supported by comparison to LaPt5/Pt(111) and group theoretical considerations. Furthermore, the vibrational properties of CePt5 and LaPt5 reveal interesting similarities but also striking differences like an unusual temperature shift of a vibration mode of CePt5, which is related to the influence of 4f electrons.},
  subject      = {Raman-Spektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gabel2019,
  author    = {Gabel, Judith},
  title     = {Interface Engineering of Functional Oxides: A Photoemission Study},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19227},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192275},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Due to their complex chemical structure transition metal oxides display many fascinating properties which conventional semiconductors lack. For this reason transition metal oxides hold a lot of promise for novel electronic functionalities. Just as in conventional semiconductor heterostructures, the interfaces between different materials play a key role in oxide electronics. The textbook example is the (001) interface between the band insulators LaAlO\(_3\) and SrTiO\(_3\) at which a two-dimensional electron system (2DES) forms. In order to utilize such a 2DES in prospective electronic devices, it is vital that the electronic properties of the interface can be controlled and manipulated at will. Employing photoelectron spectroscopy as well as electronic transport measurements, this thesis examines how such interface engineering can be realized in the case of the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) heterostructure: By photoemission we manage to unambiguously distinguish the different mechanisms by which SrTiO\(_3\) can be doped with electrons. An electronic reconstruction is identified as the driving mechanism to render stoichiometric LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) interfaces metallic. The doping of the LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) heterointerface can furthermore be finely adjusted by changing the oxygen vacancy \(V_{\mathrm{O}}\) concentration in the heterostructure. Combining intense x-ray irradiation with oxygen dosing, we even achieve control over the \(V_{\mathrm{O}}\) concentration and, consequently, the doping in the photoemission experiment itself. Exploiting this method, we investigate how the band diagram of SrTiO\(_3\)-based heterostructures changes as a function of the \(V_{\mathrm{O}}\) concentration and temperature by hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. With the band bending in the SrTiO\(_3\) substrate changing as a function of the \(V_{\mathrm{O}}\) concentration, the interfacial band alignment is found to vary as well. The relative permittivity of the SrTiO\(_3\) substrate and, in particular, its dependence on temperature and electric field is identified as one of the essential parameters determining the electronic interface properties. That is also why the sample temperature affects the charge carrier distribution. The mobile charge carriers are shown to shift toward the SrTiO\(_3\) bulk when the sample temperature is lowered. This effect is, however, only pronounced if the total charge carrier concentration is small. At high charge carrier concentrations the charge carriers are always confined to the interface, independent of the sample temperature. The dependence of the electronic interface properties on the \(V_{\mathrm{O}}\) concentration is also investigated by a complementary method, viz. by electronic transport measurements. These experiments confirm that the mobile charge carrier concentration increases concomitantly to the \(V_{\mathrm{O}}\) concentration. The mobility of the charge carriers changes as well depending on the \(V_{\mathrm{O}}\) concentration. Comparing spectroscopy and transport results, we are able to draw conclusions about the processes limiting the mobility in electronic transport. We furthermore build a memristor device from our LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) heterostructures and demonstrate how interface engineering is used in practice in such novel electronic applications. This thesis furthermore investigates how the electronic structure of the 2DES is affected by the interface topology: We show that, akin to the (001) LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) heterointerface, an electronic reconstruction also renders the (111) interface between LaAlO\(_3\) and SrTiO\(_3\) metallic. The change in interface topology becomes evident in the Fermi surface of the buried 2DES which is probed by soft x-ray photoemission. Based on the asymmetry in the Fermi surface, we estimate the extension of the conductive layer in the (111)-oriented LaAlO\(_3\)/SrTiO\(_3\) heterostructure. The spectral function measured furthermore identifies the charge carriers at the interface as large polarons.},
  subject      = {{\"U}bergangsmetalloxide},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Knapp2019,
  author    = {Knapp, Alexander Gerhard},
  title     = {Resonant Spin Flip Raman-Spectroscopy of Electrons and Manganese-Ions in the n-doped Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor (Zn,Mn)Se:Cl},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18609},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186099},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Main focus of the present dissertation was to gain new insight about the interaction between magnetic ions and the conduction band of diluted magnetic semiconductors. This interaction in magnetic semiconductors with carrier concentrations near the metal-insulator transition (MIT) in an external magnetic field is barely researched. Hence, n-doped Zn1-xMnxSe:Cl samples were studied. Resonant Raman spectroscopy was employed at an external magnetic field between 1T and 7T and a temperature of 1.5K. The resulting magnetization of the material amplifies the splitting of states with opposite spins both in the valence and the conduction band. This is known as the "giant-Zeeman-effect". In this thesis, the resonance of the electron spin flip process, i.e. the enhancement of the signal depending on the excitation energy, was used as an indicator to determine the density of states of the charge carriers. The measured resonance profiles of each sample showed a structure, which consist of two partially overlapping Gaussian curves. The analysis of the Gaussian curves revealed that their respective maxima are separated independent of the magnetic field strenght by about 5 meV, which matches the binding energy of the donor bound exciton (D0, X). A widening of the full width at half maximum of the resonance profile was observed with increasing magnetic field. A detailed analysis of this behavior showed that the donor bound exciton spin flip resonance primarily accounts for the widening for all samples with doping concentrations below the metal insulator transition. A model was proposed for the interpretation of this observation. This is based on the fundamental assumptions of a spatially random distribution of the manganese ions on the group-II sublattice of the ZnSe crystal and the finite extension of the excitons. Thus, each exciton covers an individual quantity of manganese ions, which manifest as a local manganese concentration. This local manganese concentration is normally distributed for a set of excitons and hence, the evaluation of the distribution allows the determination of exciton radii Two trends were identified for the (D0, X) radii. The radius of the bound exciton decreases with increasing carrier concentration as well as with increasing manganese concentration. The determination of the (D0, X) radii by the use of resonant spin flip Raman spectroscopy and also the observation of the behavior of the (D0, X) radius depending on the carrier concentration, was achieved for the first time. For all samples with carrier concentrations below the metal-insulator transition, the obtained (X0) radii are up to a factor of 5.9 larger than the respective (D0, X) radii. This observation is explained by the unbound character of the (X0). For the first time, such an observation could be made by Raman spectroscopy.Beside the resonance studies, the shape of the Raman signal of the electron spin flip was analyzed. Thereby an obvious asymmetry of the signal, with a clear flank to lower Raman shifts, was observed. This asymmetry is most pronounced, when the spin flip process is excited near the (D0, X) resonance. To explain this observation, a theoretical model was introduced in this thesis. Based on the asymmetry of the resonantly excited spin flip signal, it was possible to estimate the (D0, X) radii, too. At external magnetic fields between 1.25T and 7T, the obtained radii lie between 2.38nm and 2.75nm. Additionally, the asymmetry of the electron spin flip signal was observed at different excitation energies. Here it is striking that the asymmetry vanishes with increasing excitation energy. At the highest excitation energy, where the electron spin flip was still detectable, the estimated radius of the exciton is 3.92nm. Beside the observations on the electron spin flip, the resonance behavior of the spin flip processes in the d-shell of the incorporated Mn ions was studied in this thesis. This was performed for the direct Mn spin flip process as well as for the sum process of the longitudinal optical phonon with the Mn spin flip. For the Stokes and anti-Stokes direct spin flip process and for the Stokes sum process, each the resonance curve is described by considering only one resonance mechanism. In contrast, resonance for the sum process in which an anti-Stokes Mn spin flip is involved, consists of two partially overlapping resonances due to different mechanisms. A detailed analysis of this resonance profile showed that for (Zn,Mn)Se at the chosen experimental parameters, an incoming and outgoing resonance can be achieved, separated by a few meV. Hereby, at a specific excitation energy range and a high excitation power, it was possible to achieve an inversion of the anti-Stokes to Stokes intensity, because only the anti-Stokes Mn spin flip process was enhanced resonantly.},
  subject      = {Raman-Spektroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{HuberPresWittmannetal.2019,
  author    = {Huber, Bernhard and Pres, Sebastian and Wittmann, Emanuel and Dietrich, Lysanne and L{\"u}ttig, Julian and Fersch, Daniel and Krauss, Enno and Friedrich, Daniel and Kern, Johannes and Lisinetskii, Victor and Hensen, Matthias and Hecht, Bert and Bratschitsch, Rudolf and Riedle, Eberhard and Brixner, Tobias},
  title     = {Space- and time-resolved UV-to-NIR surface spectroscopy and 2D nanoscopy at 1 MHz repetition rate},
  issn      = {0034-6748},
  doi       = {10.1063/1.5115322},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-191906},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We describe a setup for time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy (TRPEEM) with aberration correction enabling 3 nm spatial resolution and sub-20 fs temporal resolution. The latter is realized by our development of a widely tunable (215-970 nm) noncollinear optical parametric amplifier (NOPA) at 1 MHz repetition rate. We discuss several exemplary applications. Efficient photoemission from plasmonic Au nanoresonators is investigated with phase-coherent pulse pairs from an actively stabilized interferometer. More complex excitation fields are created with a liquid-crystal-based pulse shaper enabling amplitude and phase shaping of NOPA pulses with spectral components from 600 to 800 nm. With this system we demonstrate spectroscopy within a single plasmonic nanoslit resonator by spectral amplitude shaping and investigate the local field dynamics with coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy at the nanometer length scale ("2D nanoscopy"). We show that the local response varies across a distance as small as 33 nm in our sample. Further, we report two-color pump-probe experiments using two independent NOPA beamlines. We extract local variations of the excited-state dynamics of a monolayered 2D material (WSe2) that we correlate with low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and reflectivity (LEER) measurements. Finally, we demonstrate the in-situ sample preparation capabilities for organic thin films and their characterization via spatially resolved electron diffraction and dark-field LEEM.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Knebl2019,
  author    = {Knebl, Georg},
  title     = {Epitaktisches Wachstum und Transportuntersuchung topologisch isolierender Materialien: GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilme und Bi\(_2\)Se\(_3\) Nanostrukturen},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19147},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-191471},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Topologische Isolatoren geh{\"o}ren zu einer Klasse von Materialien, an deren Realisation im Rahmen der zweiten quantenmechanischen Revolution gearbeitet wird. Einerseits sind zahlreiche Fragestellungen zu diesen Materialen und deren Nutzbarmachung noch nicht beantwortet, andererseits treiben vielversprechende Anwendungen im Feld der Quantencomputer und Spintronik die L{\"o}sung dieser Fragen voran. Topologische Rand- bzw. Oberfl{\"a}chenzust{\"a}nde wurden f{\"u}r unterschiedlichste Materialien und Strukturen theoretisch vorhergesagt, so auch f{\"u}r GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilme und Bi2Se3. Trotz intensiver Forschungsarbeiten und großer Fortschritte bed{\"u}rfen viele Prozesse v. a. im Bereich der Probenherstellung und Verarbeitung noch der Optimierung. Die vorliegende Arbeit pr{\"a}sentiert Ergebnisse zur Molekularstahlepitaxie, zur Probenfertigung sowie zu elektro-optisch modulierter Transportuntersuchung von GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilmen und der epitaktischen Fertigung von Bi2Se3 Nanostrukturen. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden die Parameter zur Molekularstrahlepitaxie sowie die Anpassung der Probenfertigung von GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilmen an material- und untersuchungsbedingte Notwendigkeiten beschrieben. Dieser verbesserte Prozess erm{\"o}glicht die Fertigung quantitativ vergleichbarer Probenserien. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse f{\"u}r Strukturen mit variabler InAs Schichtdicke unter elektrostatischer Kontrolle mit einem Frontgate pr{\"a}sentiert. Auch mit verbessertem Prozess zeigten sich Leckstr{\"o}me zum Substrat. Diese erschweren eine elektrostatische Kontrolle {\"u}ber Backgates. Die erstmals durch optische Anregung pr{\"a}sentierte Manipulation der Ladungstr{\"a}gerart sowie des Phasenzustandes in GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilmen bietet eine Alternative zu problembehafteten elektrostatisch betriebenen Gates. Im zweiten Teil wird die epitaktische Herstellung von Bi2Se3 Nanostrukturen gezeigt. Mit dem Ziel, Vorteile aus dem erh{\"o}hten Oberfl{\"a}che-zu-Volumen Verh{\"a}ltnis zu ziehen, wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmals Bi2Se3 Nanodr{\"a}hte und -flocken mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie f{\"u}r die Verwendung als topologischer Isolator hergestellt. Ein Quantensprung - Kapitel 1 f{\"u}hrt {\"u}ber die umgangssprachliche Wortbedeutung des Quantensprungs und des damit verbundenen Modells der Quantenmechanik in das Thema. Die Anwendung dieses Modells auf Quanten-Ensembles und dessen technische Realisation wird heute als erste Quantenmechanische Revolution bezeichnet und ist aus unserem Alltag nicht mehr wegzudenken. Im Rahmen der zweiten Quantenmechanischen Revolution soll nun die Anwendung auf einzelne Zust{\"a}nde realisiert und technisch nutzbar gemacht werden. Hierbei sind topologische Isolatoren ein vielversprechender Baustein. Es werden das Konzept des topologischen Isolators sowie die Eigenschaften der beiden in dieser Arbeit betrachteten Systeme beschrieben: GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilme und Bi2Se3 Nanostrukturen. GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilme Kapitel 2 beschreibt die notwendigen physikalischen und technischen Grundlagen. Ausgehend von der Entdeckung des Hall-Effekts 1879 werden die Quanten-Hall-Effekte eingef{\"u}hrt. Quanten-Spin-Hall-Isolatoren oder allgemeiner topologische Isolatoren sind Materialien mit einem isolierenden Inneren, weisen an der Oberfl{\"a}che aber topologisch gesch{\"u}tzte Zust{\"a}nde auf. Doppelquantenfilme aus GaSb/InAs, die in AlSb gebettet werden, weisen - abh{\"a}ngig vom Aufbau der Heterostruktur - eine typische invertierte Bandstruktur auf und sind ein vielversprechender Kandidat f{\"u}r die Nutzbarmachung der topologischen Isolatoren. GaSb, InAs und AlSb geh{\"o}ren zur 6,1 {\AA}ngstr{\"o}m-Familie, welche f{\"u}r ihre opto-elektronischen Eigenschaften bekannt ist und h{\"a}ufig verwendet wird. Die Eigenschaften sowie die technologischen Grundlagen der epitaktischen Fertigung von Heterostrukturen aus den Materialien der 6,1 {\AA}ngstr{\"o}m-Familie mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie werden besprochen. Abschließend folgen die Charakterisierungs- und Messmethoden. Ein {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die Literatur zu GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilmen in Bezug auf topologische Isolatoren rundet dieses Kapitel ab. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit stellten Kurzschlusskan{\"a}le eine Herausforderung f{\"u}r die Detektion der topologischen Randkan{\"a}le dar. Kapitel 3 behandelt L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze hierf{\"u}r und beschreibt die Verbesserung der Herstellung von GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilm-Strukturen mit Blick auf die zuk{\"u}nftige Realisation topologischer Randkan{\"a}le. In Abschnitt 3.1 werden numerische Simulationen pr{\"a}sentiert, die sich mit der Inversion der elektronischen Niveaus in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der GaSb und InAs Schichtdicken dGaSb und dInAs besch{\"a}ftigen. Ein geeigneter Schichtaufbau f{\"u}r Strukturen mit invertierter Bandordnung liegt im Parameterraum von 8 nm ≾ dInAs ≾ 12 nm und 8 nm ≾ dGaSb ≾ 10 nm. Abschnitt 3.2 beschreibt die epitaktische Herstellung von GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilmen mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie. Die Fertigung eines GaSb Quasisubstrats auf ein GaAs Substrat wird pr{\"a}sentiert und anschließend der Wechsel auf native GaSb Substrate mit einer reduzierten Defektdichte sowie reproduzierbar hoher Probenqualit{\"a}t begr{\"u}ndet. Ein Wechseln von bin{\"a}rem AlSb auf gitterangepasstes AlAsSb erlaubt die Verwendung dickerer Barrieren. Versuche, eine hinl{\"a}ngliche Isolation des Backgates durch das Einbringen einer dickeren unteren Barriere zu erreichen, werden in diesem Abschnitt diskutiert. In Abschnitt 3.3 wird die Optimierung der Probenprozessierung gezeigt. Die Kombination zweier angepasster {\"A}tzprozesse - eines trockenchemischen und eines sukzessive folgenden nasschemischen Schrittes - liefert zusammen mit der Entfernung von Oberfl{\"a}chenoxiden reproduzierbar gute Ergebnisse. Ein materialselektiver {\"A}tzprozess mit darauffolgender direkter Kontaktierung des InAs Quantenfilmes liefert gute Kontaktwiderst{\"a}nde, ohne Kurzschlusskan{\"a}le zu erzeugen. Abschnitt 3.4 gibt einen kompakten {\"U}berblick, {\"u}ber den im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit verwendeten „best practice" Prozess. Mit diesem verbesserten Prozess wurden Proben mit variabler InAs Schichtdicke gefertigt und bei 4,2 K auf ihre Transporteigenschaften hin untersucht. Dies ist in Kapitel 4 pr{\"a}sentiert und diskutiert. Abschnitt 4.1 beschreibt die Serie aus drei Proben mit GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilm in AlSb Matrix mit einer variablen InAs Schichtdicke. Die InAs Schichtdicke wurde {\"u}ber numerische Simulationen so gew{\"a}hlt, dass je eine Probe im trivialen Regime, eine im invertierten Regime und eine am {\"U}bergang liegt. Gezeigt werden in Kapitel 4.2 Magnetotransportmessungen f{\"u}r konstante Frontgatespannungen sowie Messungen mit konstantem Magnetfeld gegen die Frontgatespannung. Die Messungen best{\"a}tigen eine Fertigung quantitativ vergleichbarer Proben, zeigen aber auch, dass keine der Proben im topologischen Regime liegt. Hierf{\"u}r kommen mehrere Ursachen in Betracht: Eine {\"U}bersch{\"a}tzung der Hybridisierung durch die numerische Simulation, zu geringe InAs Schichtdicken in der Fertigung oder ein asymmetrisches Verschieben mit nur einem Gate (Kapitel 4.3). Zur Reduktion der Volumenleitf{\"a}higkeit wurden Al-haltigen Schichten am GaSb/InAs {\"U}bergang eingebracht. Die erwartete Widerstandssteigerung konnte in ersten Versuchen nicht gezeigt werde. Die in Kapitel 5 gezeigte optische Manipulation des dominanten Ladungstr{\"a}gertyps der InAs/GaSb-Doppelquantent{\"o}pfe gibt eine zus{\"a}tzliche Kontrollm{\"o}glichkeit im Phasendiagramm. Optische Anregung erm{\"o}glicht den Wechsel der Majorit{\"a}tsladungstr{\"a}ger von Elektronen zu L{\"o}chern. Dabei wird ein Regime durchlaufen, in dem beide Ladungstr{\"a}ger koexistieren. Dies weist stark auf eine Elektron-Loch-Hybridisierung mit nichttrivialer topologischer Phase hin. Dabei spielen zwei unterschiedliche physikalische Prozesse eine Rolle, die analog eines Frontgates bzw. eines Backgates wirken. Der Frontgate Effekt beruht auf der negativ persistenten Photoleitf{\"a}higkeit, der Backgate Effekt fußt auf der Akkumulation von Elektronen auf der Substratseite. Das hier gezeigte optisch kontrollierte Verschieben der Zust{\"a}nde belegt die Realisation von opto-elektronischem Schalten zwischen unterschiedlichen topologischen Phasen. Dies zeigt die M{\"o}glichkeit einer optischen Kontrolle des Phasendiagramms der topologischen Zust{\"a}nde in GaSb/InAs Doppelquantenfilmen. In Abschnitt 5.1 wird die optische Verstimmung von GaSb/InAs Quantenfilmen gezeigt und erkl{\"a}rt. Sie wird in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von der Temperatur, der Anregungswellenl{\"a}nge sowie der Anregungsintensit{\"a}t untersucht. Kontrollversuche an Proben mit einem unterschiedlichen Strukturaufbau zeigen, dass das Vorhandensein eines {\"U}bergitters auf der Substratseite der Quantenfilmstruktur essentiell f{\"u}r die Entstehung der Backgate-Wirkung ist (Abschnitt 5.2). Abschließend werden in Abschnitt 5.3 die Erkenntnisse zur optischen Kontrolle zusammengefasst und deren M{\"o}glichkeiten, wie optisch definierte topologischen Phasen-Grenzfl{\"a}chen, diskutiert. Bi2Se3 Nanostrukturen Mit Blick auf die Vorteile eines erh{\"o}hten Oberfl{\"a}che-zu-Volumen Verh{\"a}ltnisses ist die Verwendung von Nanostrukturen f{\"u}r das Anwendungsgebiet der dreidimensionalen topologischen Isolatoren effizient. Mit dem Ziel, diesen Effekt f{\"u}r die Realisation des topologischen Isolators in Bi2Se3 auszunutzen, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmalig das Wachstum von Bi2Se3 Nanodr{\"a}hten und -flocken mit Molekularstrahlepitaxie realisiert. In Kapitel 6 werden technische und physikalische Grundlagen hierzu erl{\"a}utert (Abschnitt 6.1). Ausgehend von einer Einf{\"u}hrung in dreidimensionale topologische Isolatoren werden die Eigenschaften des topologischen Zustandes in Bi2Se3 gezeigt. Darauf folgen die Kristalleigenschaften von Bi2Se3 sowie die Erkl{\"a}rung des epitaktischen Wachstums von Nanostrukturen mit Molekularstrahlepitaxie. In Abschnitt 6.2 schließt sich die Beschreibung der epitaktischen Herstellung an. Die Kristallstruktur wurde mittels hochaufl{\"o}sender R{\"o}ntgendiffraktometrie und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie als Bi2Se3 identifiziert. Rasterelektronenmikroskopie-Aufnahmen zeigen Nanodr{\"a}hte und Nanoflocken auf mit Gold vorbehandelten bzw. nicht mit Gold vorbehandelten Proben. Der Wachstumsmechanismus f{\"u}r Nanodr{\"a}hte kann nicht zweifelsfrei definiert werden. Das Fehlen von Goldtr{\"o}pfchen an der Drahtspitze legt einen wurzelbasierten Wachstumsmechanismus nahe (Abschnitt 6.3).},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Zapf2019,
  author    = {Zapf, Michael},
  title     = {Oxidische Perovskite mit Hoher Massenzahl Z: D{\"u}nnfilmdeposition und Spektroskopische Untersuchungen},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18537},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-185370},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Perovskite oxides are a very versatile material class with a large variety of outstanding physical properties. A subgroup of these compounds particularly tempting to investigate are oxides involving high-\(Z\) elements, where spin-orbit coupling is expected to give rise to new intriguing phases and potential application-relevant functionalities. This thesis deals with the preparation and characterization of two representatives of high-\(Z\) oxide sample systems based on KTaO\(_3\) and BaBiO\(_3\). KTaO\(_3\) is a band insulator with an electronic valence configuration of Ta 5\(d\)\(^0\) . It is shown that by pulsed laser deposition of a disordered LaAlO\(_3\) film on the KTaO\(_3\)(001) surface, through the creation of oxygen vacancies, a Ta 5\(d\)\(^{0+\(\delta\)}\) state is obtained in the upmost crystal layers of the substrate. In consequence a quasi two dimensional electron system (q2DES) with large spin-orbit coupling emerges at the heterointerface. Measurements of the Hall effect establish sheet carrier densities in the range of 0.1-1.2 10\(^{14}\) cm\(^2\), which can be controlled by the applied oxygen background pressure during deposition and the LaAlO\(_3\) film thickness. When compared to the prototypical oxide q2DESs based on SrTiO\(_3\) crystals, the investigated system exhibits exceptionally large carrier mobilities of up to 30 cm\(^2\)/Vs (7000 cm\(^2\)/Vs) at room temperature (below 10 K). Through a depth profiling by photoemission spectra of the Ta 4\(f\) core level it is shown that the majority of the Ta 5\(d\)\(^0\) charge carriers, consisting of mobile and localized electrons, is situated within 4 nm from the interface at low temperatures. Furthermore, the momentum-resolved electronic structure of the q2DES \(buried\) underneath the LaAlO\(_3\) film is probed by means of hard X-ray angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. It is inferred that, due to a strong confinement potential of the electrons, the band structure of the system is altered compared to \(n\)-doped bulk KTO. Despite the constraint of the electron movement along one direction, the Fermi surface exhibits a clear three dimensional momentum dependence, which is related to a depth extension of the conduction channels of at least 1 nm. The second material, BaBiO\(_3\), is a charge-ordered insulator, which has recently been predicted to emerge as a large-gap topological insulator upon \(n\)-doping. This study reports on the thin film growth of pristine BaBiO\(_3\) on Nb:SrTiO\(_3\)(001) substrates by means of pulsed laser deposition. The mechanism is identified that facilitates the development of epitaxial order in the heterostructure despite the presence of an extraordinary large lattice mismatch of 12 \%. At the heterointerface, a structurally modified layer of about 1.7 nm thickness is formed that gradually relieves the in-plane strain and serves as the foundation of a relaxed BBO film. The thereupon formed lattice orders laterally in registry with the substrate with the orientation BaBiO\(_3\)(001)||SrTiO\(_3\)(001) by so-called domain matching, where 8 to 9 BaBiO\(_3\) unit cells align with 9 to 10 unit cells of the substrate. Through the optimization of the deposition conditions in regard to the cation stoichiometry and the structural lattice quality, BaBiO\(_3\) thin films with bulk-like electronic properties are obtained, as is inferred from a comparison of valence band spectra with density functional theory calculations. Finally, a spectroscopic survey of BaBiO\(_3\) samples of various thicknesses resolves that a recently discovered film thickness-controlled phase transition in BaBiO\(_3\) thin films can be traced back to the structural and concurrent stoichiometric modifications occuring in the initially formed lattice on top of the SrTiO\(_3\) substrate rather than being purely driven by the smaller spatial extent of the BBO lattice.},
  subject      = {Perowskit},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lykowsky2019,
  author    = {Lykowsky, Gunthard},
  title     = {Hardware- und Methodenentwicklung f{\"u}r die 23Na- und 19F-Magnetresonanztomographie},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18871},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-188710},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Neben dem Wasserstoffkern 1H k{\"o}nnen auch andere Kerne f{\"u}r die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) genutzt werden. Diese sogenannten X-Kerne k{\"o}nnen komplement{\"a}re Informationen zur klassischen 1H-MRT liefern und so das Anwendungsspektrum der MRT erweitern. Die Herausforderung bei der X-Kern-Bildgebung liegt zum großen Teil in dem intrinsisch niedrigen Signal-zu-Rauschen-Verh{\"a}ltnis (SNR), aber auch in den spezifischen Kerneigenschaften. Um X-Kern-Bildgebung optimal betreiben zu k{\"o}nnen, m{\"u}ssen daher Sende-/Empfangsspulen, Messsequenzen und -methoden auf den jeweiligen Kern angepasst werden. Im Fokus dieser Dissertation standen die beiden Kerne Natrium (23Na) und Fluor (19F), f{\"u}r die optimierte Hardware und Methoden entwickelt wurden. 23Na spielte in dieser Arbeit vor allem wegen seiner Funktion als Biomarker f{\"u}r Arthrose, einer degenerativen Gelenkserkrankung, eine Rolle. Hierbei ist insbesondere die quantitative Natriumbildgebung von Bedeutung, da sich mit ihr der Knorpelzustand auch im Zeitverlauf charakterisieren l{\"a}sst. F{\"u}r die quantitative Messung mittels MRT ist die Kenntnis des B1-Feldes der eingesetzten MR-Spule entscheidend, denn dieses kann die relative Signalintensit{\"a}t stark beeinflussen und so zu Fehlern in der Quantifizierung f{\"u}hren. Daher wurde eine Methode zur Bestimmung des B1-Feldes untersucht und entwickelt. Dies stellte aufgrund des niedrigen SNR und der kurzen sowie biexponentiellen T2-Relaxationszeit von 23Na eine Herausforderung dar. Mit einer retrospektiven Korrekturmethode konnte eine genaue und zugleich schnelle Korrekturmethode gefunden werden. F{\"u}r die 1H- und 23Na-Bildgebung am menschlichen Knieknorpel wurden zwei praxistaugliche, doppelresonante Quadratur-Birdcage-Resonatoren entwickelt, gebaut und charakterisiert. Der Vergleich der beiden Spulen bez{\"u}glich Sensitivit{\"a}t und Feldhomogenit{\"a}t zeigte, dass der Vier-Ring-Birdcage dem Alternating-Rungs-Birdcage f{\"u}r den vorliegenden Anwendungsfall {\"u}berlegen ist. Die in vivo erzielte Aufl{\"o}sung und das SNR der 23Na-Bilder waren bei beiden Spulen f{\"u}r die Quantifizierung der Natriumkonzentration im Knieknorpel ausreichend. Hochaufl{\"o}sende anatomische 1H-Bilder konnten ohne Mittelungen aufgenommen werden. In einer umfangreichen Multiparameter-MR-Tierstudie an Ziegen wurde der Verlauf einer chirurgisch induzierten Arthrose mittels 23Na- und 1H-Bildgebungsmethoden untersucht. Hierbei kamen dGEMRIC, T1ρ-Messung und quantitative Natrium-MRT zum Einsatz. Trotz des im Vergleich zum Menschen d{\"u}nneren Ziegenknorpels, der niedrigen Feldst{\"a}rke von 1,5 T und den auftretenden {\"O}demen konnten erstmals diese MR-Parameter {\"u}ber den Studienverlauf hinweg an den gleichen Versuchstieren und zu den gleichen Zeitpunkten ermittelt werden. Die Ergebnisse wurden verglichen und die ermittelten Korrelationen entsprechen den zugrundeliegenden biochemischen Mechanismen. Die im Rahmen dieser Studie entwickelten Methoden, Bildgebungsprotokolle und Auswertungen lassen sich auf zuk{\"u}nftige Humanstudien {\"u}bertragen. Die mit klinischen Bildgebungssequenzen nicht zug{\"a}ngliche kurze Komponente der biexponentiellen T2*-Relaxationszeit von 23Na konnte mittels einer radialen Ultra-Short-Echo-Time-Sequenz bestimmt werden. Hierzu wurde eine Multi-Echo-Sequenz mit einem quasizuf{\"a}lligen Abtastschema kombiniert. Hierdurch gelang es, die kurze und lange T2*-Komponente des patellaren Knorpels in vivo zu bestimmen. 19F wird in der MRT wegen seiner hohen relativen Sensitivit{\"a}t und seines minimalen, k{\"o}rpereigenen Hintergrundsignals als Marker eingesetzt. Zur Detektion der niedrigen in-vivo-Konzentrationen der Markersubstanzen werden hochsensitive Messspulen ben{\"o}tigt. F{\"u}r die 19F-Bildgebung an M{\"a}usen wurde eine Birdcage-Volumenspule entwickelt, die sowohl f{\"u}r 19F als auch 1H in Quadratur betrieben werden kann, ohne Kompromisse in Sensitivit{\"a}t oder Feldhomogenit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber einer monoresonanten Spule eingehen zu m{\"u}ssen. Dies gelang durch eine verschiebbare Hochfrequenzabschirmung, mit der die Resonanzfrequenz des Birdcage ver{\"a}ndert werden kann. Es konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass die Feldverteilungen bei 1H und 19F im Rahmen der Messgenauigkeit identisch sind und so der 1H-Kanal f{\"u}r die Pulskalibrierung und die Erstellung von B1-Karten f{\"u}r die 19F-Bildgebung genutzt werden kann. Hierdurch kann die Messzeit deutlich reduziert werden. Ein grunds{\"a}tzliches Problemfeld stellt die Korrelation unterschiedlicher Bildgebungsmodalit{\"a}ten dar. In der MRT betrifft das h{\"a}ufig die Korrelation von in-/ex-vivo-MR-Daten und den dazugeh{\"o}rigen Lichtbildaufnahmen an histologischen Schnitten. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals erfolgreich eine 1H- und 19F-MR-Messung an einem histologischen Schnitt vorgenommen. Durch die Verwendung einer optimierten 1H/19F-Oberfl{\"a}chenspule konnte die 19F-Signalverteilung in einer d{\"u}nnen Tumorscheibe in akzeptabler Messzeit aufgenommen werden. Da der gleiche Schnitt sowohl mit Fluoreszenzmikroskopie als auch mit MRT gemessen wurde, konnten Histologie und MR-Ergebnisse exakt korreliert werden. Zusammenfassend konnten in dieser Arbeit durch Hardware- und Methodenentwicklung zahlreiche neue Aspekte der 19F- und 23Na-MRT beleuchtet werden und so zuk{\"u}nftige Anwendungsfelder erschlossen werden.},
  subject      = {Kernspintomografie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Weber2019,
  author    = {Weber, Manuel},
  title     = {Action-based quantum Monte Carlo approach to fermion-boson models},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157643},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This work deals with the development and application of novel quantum Monte Carlo methods to simulate fermion-boson models. Our developments are based on the path-integral formalism, where the bosonic degrees of freedom are integrated out exactly to obtain a retarded fermionic interaction. We give an overview of three methods that can be used to simulate retarded interactions. In particular, we develop a novel quantum Monte Carlo method with global directed-loop updates that solves the autocorrelation problem of previous approaches and scales linearly with system size. We demonstrate its efficiency for the Peierls transition in the Holstein model and discuss extensions to other fermion-boson models as well as spin-boson models. Furthermore, we show how with the help of generating functionals bosonic observables can be recovered directly from the Monte Carlo configurations. This includes estimators for the boson propagator, the fidelity susceptibility, and the specific heat of the Holstein model. The algorithmic developments of this work allow us to study the specific heat of the spinless Holstein model covering its entire parameter range. Its key features are explained from the single-particle spectral functions of electrons and phonons. In the adiabatic limit, the spectral properties are calculated exactly as a function of temperature using a classical Monte Carlo method and compared to results for the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model.},
  subject      = {Monte-Carlo-Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kirilmaz2019,
  author    = {Kirilmaz, Ozan Seyitali},
  title     = {Thin Film Growth and Characterization of the Transition Metal Oxides Magnetite and Layered Perovskite Iridates},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17891},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178917},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This thesis describes the growth and characterization of both the all-oxide heterostructure Fe3O4/ZnO and the spin-orbit coupling driven layered perovskite iridates. As for Fe3O4/ZnO, the 100\% spin-polarized Fe3O4 is a promising spin electrode candidate for spintronic devices. However, the single crystalline ZnO substrates exhibit different polar surface termination which, together with substrate preparation method, can drastically affect the physical properties of Fe3O4/ZnO heterostructures. In this thesis two different methods of substrate preparation were investigated: a previously used in situ method involving sputtering and annealing treatments and a recent ex situ method containing only the annealing procedure. For the latter, the annealing treatment was performed in dry and humid O2 gas flow for the O- and Zn-terminated substrates, respectively, to produce atomically at surfaces as verified by atomic force microscopy(AFM). With these methods, four different ZnO substrates were fabricated and used further for Fe3O4 film growth. Fe3O4 films of 20 nm thickness were successfully grown by reactive molecular beam epitaxy. AFM measurements reveal a higher film surface roughness for the samples with in situ prepared substrates. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicate significant Zn substitution within the Fe3O4 film for these samples, whereas the samples with ex situ prepared substrates show stoichiometric Fe3O4 films. X-ray diffraction measurements confirm the observations from XPS, revealing additional peaks due to Zn substitution in Fe3O4 films grown on in situ prepared ZnO substrates. Conductivity, as well as magnetometry, measurements show the presence of Zn-doped ferrites in films grown on in situ prepared substrates. Such unintentionally intercalated Zn-doped ferrites dramatically change the electrical and magnetic properties of the films and, therefore, are not preferred in a high-quality heterostructure. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements show for the film grown on ex situ prepared Zn-terminated substrate a variation of film density close to the interface which is also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using polarized neutron reflectometry, magnetic depth profiles of the films grown on ex situ prepared substrates clearly indicate Fe3O4 layers with reduced magnetization at the interfaces. This result is consistent with earlier observations made by resonant magnetic X-ray reflectometry (RMXR), but in contrast to the findings from XRR and TEM of this thesis. A detailed TEM study of all four samples shows that the sample with ex situ prepared O-terminated substrate has the sharpest interface, whereas those with ex situ prepared Zn-terminated as well as in situ prepared substrates indicate rougher interfaces. STEM-EELS composition profiles of the samples reveal the Zn substitution in the films with in situ prepared substrates and therefore confirm the presence of Zn-doped ferrites. Moreover, a change of the Fe oxidation state of the first Fe layer at the interface which was observed in previous studies done by RMXR, was not verified for the samples with in situ prepared substrates thus leaving the question of a possible presence of the magnetically dead layer open. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations were performed to determine the termination dependent layer sequences which are ...-Zn-O-(interface)-[Fe(octa)-O-Fe(tetra)-Fe(octa)-Fe(tetra)-O]-[...]-... and ...-O-Zn-(interface)-[O-Fe(octa)-O-Fe(tetra)-Fe(octa)-Fe(tetra)]-[...]-... for the samples with O- and Zn-terminated substrates, respectively. Spin density calculations show that in case of O-termination the topmost substrate layers imitate the spin polarization of film layers close to the interface. Here, the first O layer is affected much stronger than the first Zn layer. Due to the strong decrease of this effect toward deeper substrate layers, the substrate surface is supposed to be sensitive to the contiguous spin polarization of the film. Thus, the topmost O layer of the O-terminated substrate could play the most essential role for effective spin injection into ZnO. The 5d transition metal oxides Ba2IrO4 (BIO) and Sr2IrO4 (SIO) are associated with the Ruddlesden-Popper iridate series with phase type "214" (RP{214), and due to the strong spin-orbit coupling belong to the class of Mott insulators. Moreover, they show many similarities of the isostructural high Tc-cuprate superconductors, e.g. crystal structure, magnetism and electronic band structure. Therefore, it is of great interest to activate a potential superconducting phase in (RP{214) iridates. However, only a small number of publications on PLD grown (RP{214) iridates in the literature exists. Furthermore, published data of soft X-ray angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SX-ARPES) experiments mainly originate from measurements which were performed on single crystals or MBE grown films of SIO and BIO. In this thesis La-doped SIO films (La0:2Sr1:8IrO4, further referred as LSIO) were used to pursue a potential superconducting phase. A set of characterization methods was used to analyze the quality of the PLD grown BIO, SIO and LSIO films. AFM measurements demonstrate that thick PLD grown(RP{214) iridate films have rougher surfaces, indicating a transition from a 2D layer-bylayer growth (which is demonstrated by RHEED oscillations) to a 3D island-like growth mode. In addition, chemical depth profiling XPS measurements indicate an increase of the O and Ir relative concentrations in the topmost film layers. Constant energy k-space maps and energy distribution curves (EDCs) measured by SX-ARPES show for every grown film only weak energy band dispersions, which are in strong contrast to the results obtained on the MBE grown films and single crystals from the literature. In this thesis, a subsequent TEM study reveals missing SrO layers within the grown films which occur mainly in the topmost layers, confirming the results and suggestions from XPS and SX-ARPES data: the PLD grown films have defects and, therefore, incoherently scatter photoelectrons. Nevertheless, the LSIO film shows small additional spectral weight between the highsymmetry M points close to the Fermi level which can be attributed to quasiparticle states which, in turn, indicates the formation of a Fermi-arc. However, neither conductivity measurements nor valence band analysis via XPS confirm an activation of a superconducting phase or presence of spectral weight of quasiparticle states at the Fermi level in this LSIO film. It is possible that these discovered difficulties in growth are responsible for the low number of SX-ARPES publications on PLD grown (RP{214) iridate films. For further investigations of (RP{214) iridate films by SX-ARPES, their PLD growth recipes have to be improved to create high quality single crystalline films without imperfections.},
  subject      = {Magnetit},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Elsaesser2019,
  author    = {Els{\"a}sser, Sebastian},
  title     = {Lattice dynamics and spin-phonon coupling in the multiferroic oxides Eu(1-x)Ho(x)MnO3 and ACrO2},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17971},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-179719},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The focus of this thesis is the investigation of the lattice dynamics and the coupling of magnetism and phonons in two different multiferroic model systems. The first system, which constitutes the main part in this work is the system of multiferroic manganites RMnO\$_{3}\$, in particular Eu\$_{1-x}\$Ho\$_{x}\$MnO\$_{3}\$ with \$0 \le x \le 0.5\$. Its cycloidal spin arrangement leads to the emergence of the ferroelectric polarization via the inverse Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. This system is special among RMnO\$_{3}\$ as with increasing Ho content \$x\$, Eu\$_{1-x}\$Ho\$_{x}\$MnO\$_{3}\$ does not only become multiferroic, but due to the exchange interaction with the magnetic Ho-ion, the spin cycloid (and with it the electric polarization) is also flipped for higher Ho contents. This makes it one of the first compounds, where the cycloidal reorientation happens spontaneously, rather than with the application of external fields. On the other hand, there is the delafossite ACrO\$_{2}\$ system. Here, due to symmetry reasons, the spin-spiral pattern can not induce the polarization according to the inverse Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction mechanism. Instead, it is thought that another way of magnetoelectric coupling is involved, which affects the charge distribution in the \$d-p\$ hybridized orbitals of the bonds. The lattice vibrations as well as the quasi-particle of the multiferroic phase, the electromagnon, are studied by Raman spectroscopy. Lattice vibrations like the B\$_{3g}\$(1) mode, which involves vibrations of the Mn-O-Mn bonds modulate the exchange interaction and serve as a powerful tool for the investigation of magnetic correlations effects with high frequency accuracy. Raman spectroscopy acts as a local probe as even local magnetic correlations directly affect the phonon vibration frequency, revealing coupling effects onto the lattice dynamics even in the absence of global magnetic order. By varying the temperature, the coupling is investigated and unveils a renormalization of the phonon frequency as the magnetic order develops. For Eu\$_{1-x}\$Ho\$_{x}\$MnO\$_{3}\$, the analysis of this spin-induced phonon frequency renormalization enables the quantitative determination of the in-plane spin-phonon coupling strengths. This formalism, introduced by Granado et al., is extended here to evaluate the out-of-plane coupling strengths, which is enabled by the identification of a previously elusive feature as a vibrational mode. The complete picture is obtained by studying the lattice- and electromagnon dynamics in the magnetic field. Further emphasis is put towards the development of the cycloidal spin structure and correlations with temperature. A new model of describing the temperature-dependent behavior of said spin correlations is proposed and can consistently explain ordering phenomena which were until now unaddressed. The results are underscored with Monte Carlo based simulations of the spin dynamics with varying temperature. Furthermore, a novel effect of a tentative violation of the Raman selection rules in Eu\$_{1-x}\$Ho\$_{x}\$MnO\$_{3}\$ was discovered. While the phonon modes can be separated and identified by their symmetry by choosing appropriate polarization configurations, in a very narrow temperature range, Eu\$_{1-x}\$Ho\$_{x}\$MnO\$_{3}\$ shows an increase of phonon intensities in polarization configurations where they should be forbidden. This is interpreted as a sign of local disorder, caused by 90° domain walls and could be explained within the model framework. This course of action is followed with the material system of delafossites ACrO\$_{2}\$. Being a relatively new class of multiferroic materials, the investigations on ACrO\$_{2}\$ are also of characterizing nature. For this, shell model calculations are performed as a reference to compare the vibrational frequencies obtained by the Raman experiments to. A renormalization of the vibrational frequencies is observed in this system as well and systematically analyzed across the sample series of \textit{A}=Cu, Pd and Ag. Eventually, the effect of applying an external magnetic field is studied. A particularly interesting feature specific for CuCrO\$_{2}\$ is a satellite peak which appears at lower temperatures. It is presumably related to a deformation of the lattice and therefore going to be discussed in further detail.},
  subject      = {Festk{\"o}rperphysik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Klaas2019,
  author    = {Klaas, Martin},
  title     = {Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an elektrisch und optisch erzeugten Exziton-Polariton-Kondensaten},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17689},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176897},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Eine technologisch besonders vielversprechende Art von Mikrokavit{\"a}ten besteht aus einem optisch aktiven Material zwischen zwei Spiegeln, wobei das Licht auf Gr{\"o}ße seiner Wellenl{\"a}nge eingesperrt wird. Mit diesem einfachen Konzept Licht auf Chipgr{\"o}ße einzufangen entstand die M{\"o}glichkeit neue Ph{\"a}nomene der Licht-Materie Wechselwirkung zu studieren. Der Oberfl{\"a}chenemitter (VCSEL), welcher sich das ver{\"a}nderte Strahlungsverhalten aufgrund der schwachen Kopplung und stimulierten Emission zu Nutze macht, ist bereits l{\"a}nger kommerziell sehr erfolgreich. Er umfasst ein erwartetes Marktvolumen von ca. 5.000 Millionen Euro bis 2024, welches sich auf verschiedenste Anwendungen im Bereich von Sensorik und Kommunikationstechnologie bezieht. Dauerhaft hohe Wachstumsraten von 15-20\% pro Jahr lassen auf weiteres langfristiges Potential von Mikrokavit{\"a}ten in der technologischen Gesellschaft der n{\"a}chsten Generation hoffen. Mit fortschreitender Entwicklung der Epitaxie-Verfahren gelang es Kavit{\"a}ten solcher Qualit{\"a}t herzustellen, dass zum ersten Mal das Regime der starken Kopplung erreicht wurde. Starke Kopplung bedeutet in diesem Fall die Bildung eines neuen Quasiteilchens zwischen Photon und Exziton, dem Exziton-Polariton (Polariton). Dieses Quasiteilchen zeigt eine Reihe interessanter Eigenschaften, welche sowohl aus der Perspektive der Technologie, als auch aus der Sicht von Grundlagenforschung interessant sind. Bei systemabh{\"a}ngigen Teilchendichten erlaubt das Polariton ebenfalls die Erzeugung von koh{\"a}rentem Licht {\"u}ber den Exziton-Polariton-Kondensatszustand (Kondensat), den Polariton-Laser. Die Eigenschaften des emittierten Lichtes {\"a}hneln denen eines VCSELs, allerdings bei einigen Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen geringerem Energieverbrauch, bzw. niedrigerer Laserschwelle, bei Wahl geeigneter Verstimmung von Exziton und Photon. Diese innovative Entwicklung kann daher unter anderem neue M{\"o}glichkeiten f{\"u}r besonders energiesparende Anwendungen in der Photonik er{\"o}ffnen. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit soll zur Erweiterung des Forschungsstandes in diesem Gebiet zwischen Photonik und Festk{\"o}rperphysik beitragen und untersucht zum einen den anwendungsorientierten Teil des Feldes mit Studien zur elektrischen Injektion, beleuchtet aber auch den interessanten Phasen{\"u}bergang des Systems {\"u}ber seine Koh{\"a}renz- und Spineigenschaften. Es folgt eine knappe {\"u}berblicksartige Darstellung der Ergebnisse, die in dieser Arbeit genauer ausgearbeitet werden. Rauschanalyse und die optische Manipulation eines bistabilen elektrischen Polariton-Bauelements Aufbauend auf der Realisierung eines elektrischen Polariton-Lasers wurde in dieser Arbeit ein optisches Potential in das elektrisch betriebene Kondensat mit einem externen Laser induziert. Dieses optische Potential erm{\"o}glicht die Manipulation der makroskopischen Besetzung der Grundzustandswellenfunktion, welches sich als ver{\"a}ndertes Emissionsbild im Realraum darstellt. Der polaritonische Effekt wird {\"u}ber Verschiebung der Emissionslinie zu h{\"o}heren Energien durch Wechselwirkung des Exzitonanteils nachgewiesen. Diese experimentellen Beobachtungen konnten mit Hilfe eines Gross-Pitaevskii-Differentialgleichungsansatzes erl{\"a}utert und theoretisch nachgebildet werden. Weiterhin zeigt der elektrische Polariton-Laser eine Bistabilit{\"a}t in seiner Emissionskennlinie an der polaritonischen Kondensationsschwelle. Die Hysterese hat ihren physikalischen Ursprung in der Lebenszeitabh{\"a}ngigkeit der Ladungstr{\"a}ger von der Dichte des Ladungstr{\"a}gerreservoirs durch die progressive Abschirmung des inneren elektrischen Feldes. In dieser Arbeit wird zum tieferen Verst{\"a}ndnis der Hysterese ein elektrisches Rauschen {\"u}ber den Anregungsstrom gelegt. Dieses elektrische Rauschen befindet sich auf der Mikrosekunden-Zeitskala und beeinflusst die Emissionscharakteristik, welche durch die Lebensdauer der Polaritonen im ps-Bereich bestimmt wird. Mit steigendem Rauschen wird ein Zusammenfall der Hysterese beobachtet, bis die Emissionscharakteristik monostabil erscheint. Diese experimentellen Befunde werden mit einem gekoppelten Ratengleichungssystem sowie mit Hilfe einer Gauss-verteilten Zufallsvariable in der Anregung modelliert und erkl{\"a}rt. Die Hysterese erm{\"o}glicht außerdem den Nachweis eines optischen Schalteffekts {\"u}ber eine zus{\"a}tzliche Ladungstr{\"a}gerinjektion mit einem Laser weit {\"u}ber der Bandkante des Systems, um den positiven R{\"u}ckkopplungseffekt zu erzeugen. Im Bereich der Hysterese wird das System auf den unteren Zustand elektrisch angeregt und dann mit Hilfe eines nicht-resonanten Laserpulses in den Kondensatszustand gehoben. Polaritonfluss geleitet durch Kontrolle der lithographisch definierten Energielandschaft Polaritonen k{\"o}nnen durch den photonischen Anteil weiterhin in Wellenleiterstrukturen eingesperrt werden, worin sie bei der Kondensation gerichtet entlang des Kanals mit nahe Lichtgeschwindigkeit fließen. Dies geschieht mit der Besonderheit {\"u}ber ihren Exzitonanteil stark wechselwirken zu k{\"o}nnen. Die M{\"o}glichkeit durch Lithographie solche eindimensionalen Kan{\"a}le zu definieren, wurde bereits in verschiedenen Prototypen f{\"u}r Polaritonen benutzt und untersucht. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei verschiedene, neue Ans{\"a}tze zur Lenkung von gerichtetem Polaritonfluss vorgestellt: zum einen {\"u}ber die sogenannte Josephson-Kopplung zwischen zwei Wellenleitern, realisiert {\"u}ber halbge{\"a}tzte Spiegel und zum anderen {\"u}ber eine Mikroscheibe gekoppelt an zwei Wellenleiter. Der Begriff der Josephson-Kopplung ist hier angelehnt an den bekannten Effekt in Supraleitern, welcher ph{\"a}nomenologische {\"A}hnlichkeiten aufweist. Die Verwendung in der Polaritonik ist historisch gewachsen. Die Josephson-Kopplung erm{\"o}glicht die Beobachung von Oszillationen des Polariton-Kondensats zwischen den Wellenleitern, in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der verbleibenden Anzahl Spiegelpaare zwischen den Strukturen, wodurch eine definierte Selektion des Auskopplungsarms erm{\"o}glicht wird. Die Mikroscheibe funktioniert {\"a}hnlich einer Resonanztunneldiode. Sie erm{\"o}glicht eine Energieselektion der transmittierten Moden durch die Diskretisierung der Zust{\"a}nde in den niederdimensionalen Strukturen. Es ergibt sich die Bedingung, dass nur energetisch gleiche Niveaus zwischen Struktur{\"u}berg{\"a}ngen koppeln k{\"o}nnen. Gleichzeitig erlaubt die Mikroscheibenanordnung eine Umkehrung der Flussrichtung. Koh{\"a}renzeigenschaften und die Photonenstatistik von Polariton-Kondensaten unter photonischen Einschlusspotentialen Die Koh{\"a}renzeigenschaften der Emission von Polariton-Kondensaten ist seit l{\"a}ngerem ein aktives Forschungsfeld. Die noch ausstehenden Fragen betreffen die Beobachtung hoher Abweichungen von traditionellen, auf Inversion basierenden Lasersystemen (z.B. VCSELs). Diese haben selbst bei schwellenlosen Lasern einen Wert der Autokorrelationsfunktion zweiter Ordnung von Eins. Polariton-Kondensate jedoch zeigen erh{\"o}hte Werte in der Autokorrelationsfunktion, welches auf einen Mischzustand zwischen koh{\"a}rentem und thermischem Licht hinweist. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein systematischer Weg untersucht, die Koh{\"a}renzeigenschaften des Polariton-Kondensats denen eines traditionellen Lasers anzun{\"a}hern. Dies geschieht {\"u}ber den lateralen photonischen Einschluss der Kondensate mittels lithographisch definierter Mikrot{\"u}rmchen mit verschiedenen Durchmessern. In Koh{\"a}renzmessungen wird der Einfluss dieser Ver{\"a}nderung der Energielandschaft der Polariton-Kondensate auf die Autokorrelationseigenschaften zweiter Ordnung untersucht. Es wird ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen großem Einschlusspotential und guten Korrelationseigenschaften nachgewiesen. Der Effekt wird theoretisch {\"u}ber den ver{\"a}nderten Einfluss der Phononen auf das Polariton-Relaxationsverhalten erkl{\"a}rt. Durch die st{\"a}rkere Lokalisierung der Polaritonwellenfunktion in kleineren Mikrot{\"u}rmchen wird die Streuwahrscheinlichkeit erh{\"o}ht, was eine effizientere Relaxation in den Grundzustand erm{\"o}glicht. Dies verhindert zu starke Besetzungsfluktuationen der Grundmode in der Polariton-Lebenszeit, was bisher als Grund f{\"u}r die erh{\"o}hte Autokorrelation postuliert wurde. Weiterhin wird eine direkte Messung der Photonenstatistik eines Polaritonkondensats entlang steigender Polaritondichte im Schwellbereich vorgestellt. Die Photonenstatistik eines thermischen Emitters zeigt einen exponentiellen Verlauf, w{\"a}hrend ein reiner Laser Poisson-verteilt emittiert. Der Zwischenbereich, der f{\"u}r einen Laser am {\"U}bergang zwischen thermischer und koh{\"a}renter Lichtquelle vorhergesagt wird, kann durch eine {\"U}berlagerung der beiden Zust{\"a}nde beschrieben werden. {\"U}ber eine Anpassungsfunktion der gemessenen Verteilungsfunktionen kann der Phasen{\"u}bergang des Kondensats mit Hilfe dem Anteil der koh{\"a}renten Partikel im System verfolgt werden. Dadurch, dass der gemessene {\"U}bergang dem Paradigma der thermisch-koh{\"a}renten Zust{\"a}nde folgt, wurde nachgewiesen, dass bei r{\"o}tlicher Verstimmung die Interaktionen keinen signifikanten Anteil an der Ausbildung von Koh{\"a}renz im Polaritonsystem spielen. Polarisationskontrolle von Polariton-Kondensaten Die Polarisationseigenschaften des durch Polaritonenzerfall emittierten Lichts korrespondieren zum Spinzustand der Quasiteilchen. Unterhalb der Kondensationsschwelle ist diese Emission durch Spin-Relaxation der Ladungstr{\"a}ger unpolarisiert und oberhalb der Schwelle bildet sich unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen lineare Polarisation als Ordnungsparameter des Phasen{\"u}bergangs aus. Der Prozess der stimulierten Streuung kann die (zirkulare) Polarisation des Lasers auch bei Anregung auf h{\"o}heren Energien auf dem unteren Polaritonast erhalten. Dies resultiert aus sehr schneller Einnahme des Grundzustands, welche eine Spin-Relaxation verhindert. Bisher wurde, nach unserem Kenntnisstand, nur teilweise Erhaltung zirkularer Polarisation unter nicht-resonanter Anregung beobachtet. In dieser Arbeit wird vollst{\"a}ndige zirkulare Polarisationserhaltung, energetisch 130 meV vom Kondensatszustand entfernt angeregt, nachgewiesen. Diese Polarisationserhaltung setzt an der Kondensationsschwelle ein, was auf den Erhalt durch stimulierte Streuung hinweist. Unter dieser Voraussetzung der Spinerhaltung erzeugt die linear polarisierte Anregung (als {\"U}berlagerung zirkularem Lichts beider Orientierungen) elliptisch polarisiertes Licht. Dies geschieht, weil eine linear polarisierte Anregung durch Fokussierung eines Objektivs leicht elliptisch wird. Der Grad der Elliptizit{\"a}t wird sowohl durch die Verstimmung zwischen Photon und Exziton Mode beeinflusst, als auch durch die Dichte im System. Dies kann erkl{\"a}rt werden {\"u}ber das spezielle Verhalten der Relaxationsprozesse auf dem unteren Polaritonast, welche von der transversal-elektrischen und transversal-magnetischen (TE-TM) energetischen Aufspaltung abh{\"a}ngen. Weiterhin werden elliptische Mikrot{\"u}rmchen untersucht, um den Einfluss dieses asymmetrischen photonischen Einschlusses auf die Kondensatseigenschaften herauszuarbeiten. Die Ellipse zwingt das Kondensat zu einer linearen Polarisation, welche sich entlang der langen Achse des T{\"u}rmchens ausrichtet. In asymmetrischen Mikrot{\"u}rmchen ist die Grundmode aufgespalten in zwei linear polarisierte Moden entlang der beiden orthogonal zueinander liegenden Hauptachsen, wobei die l{\"a}ngere Achse das linear polarisierte Energieminimum des Systems bildet. Der Grad der linearen Polarisation nimmt mit geringerem Mikrot{\"u}rmchendurchmesser und gr{\"o}ßerer Ellipzit{\"a}t zu. Dies geschieht durch erh{\"o}hten energetischen Abstand der beiden Moden. Bei Ellipsen mit einem langen Hauptachsendurchmesser von 2 Mikrometer und einem Achsenverh{\"a}ltnis von 3:2 kann ein nahezu vollst{\"a}ndig linear polarisierter Zustand eines Polariton-Kondensats nachgewiesen werden. Damit wurde erforscht, dass auch unter nicht-resonanter Anregung Exziton-Polariton-Kondensate experimentell und theoretisch jeglichen Spinzustand unter entsprechenden Anregungsbedingungen annehmen k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Exziton-Polariton},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Trabel2019,
  author    = {Trabel, Mirko},
  title     = {Growth and Characterization of Epitaxial Manganese Silicide Thin Films},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18472},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-184720},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This thesis describes the growth and characterization of epitaxial MnSi thin films on Si substrates. The interest in this material system stems from the rich magnetic phase diagram resulting from the noncentrosymmetric B20 crystal structure. Here neighboring spins prefer a tilted relative arrangement in contrast to ferro- and antiferromagnets, which leads to a helical ground state where crystal and spin helix chirality are linked [IEM+85]. This link makes the characterization and control of the crystal chirality the main goal of this thesis. After a brief description of the material properties and applied methods, the thesis itself is divided into four main parts. In the first part the advancement of the MBE growth process of MnSi on Si\((111)\) substrate as well as the fundamental structural characterization are described. Here the improvement of the substrate interface by an adjusted substrate preparation process is demonstrated, which is the basis for well ordered flat MnSi layers. On this foundation the influence of Mn/Si flux ratio and substrate temperature on the MnSi layer growth is investigated via XRD and clear boundaries to identify the optimal growth conditions are determined. The nonstoichiometric phases outside of this optimal growth window are identified as HMS and Mn\(_5\)Si\(_3\). Additionally, a regime at high substrate temperatures and low Mn flux is discovered, where MnSi islands are growing incorporated in a Si layer, which could be interesting for further investigations as a size confinement can change the magnetic phase diagram [DBS+18]. XRD measurements demonstrate the homogeneity of the grown MnSi layers over most of the 3 inch wafer diameter and a small \(\omega\)-FWHM of about 0.02° demonstrates the high quality of the layers. XRD and TEM measurements also show that relaxation of the layers happens via misfit dislocations at the interface to the substrate. The second part of the thesis is concerned with the crystal chirality. Here azimuthal \(\phi\)-scans of asymmetric XRD reflections reveal twin domains with a \(\pm\)30° rotation to the substrate. These twin domains seem to consist of left and right-handed MnSi, which are connected by a mirror operation at the \((\bar{1}10)\) plane. For some of the asymmetric XRD reflections this results in different intensities for the different twin domains, which reveals that one of the domains is rotated +30° and the other is rotated -30°. From XRD and TEM measurements an equal volume fraction of both domains is deduced. Different mechanisms to suppress these twin domains are investigated and successfully achieved with the growth on chiral Si surfaces, namely Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\). Azimuthal \(\phi\)-scans of asymmetric XRD reflections demonstrate a suppression of up to 92\%. The successful twin suppression is an important step in the use of MnSi for the proposed spintronics applications with skyrmions as information carriers, as discussed in the introduction. Because of this achievement, the third part of the thesis on the magnetic properties of the MnSi thin films is not only concerned with the principal behavior, but also with the difference between twinned and twin suppressed layers. Magnetometry measurements are used to demonstrate, that the MnSi layers behave principally as expected from the literature. The analysis of saturation and residual magnetization hints to the twin suppression on Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\) substrates and further investigations with more samples can complete this picture. For comparable layers on Si\((111)\), Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\) the Curie-Weiss temperature is identical within 1 K and the critical field within 0.1 T. Temperature dependent magnetoresistivity measurements also demonstrate the expected \(T^2\) behavior not only on Si\((111)\) but also on Si\((321)\) substrates. This demonstrates the successful growth of MnSi on Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\) substrates. The latter measurements also reveal a residual resistivity of less then half for MnSi on Si\((321)\) in comparison to Si\((111)\). This can be explained with the reduced number of domain boundaries demonstrating the successful suppression of one of the twin domains. The homogeneity of the residual resistivity as well as the charge carrier density over a wide area of the Si\((111)\) wafer is also demonstrated with these measurements as well as Hall effect measurements. The fourth part shows the AMR and PHE of MnSi depending on the angle between in plane current and magnetic field direction with respect to the crystal direction. This was proposed as a tool to identify skyrmions [YKT+15]. The influence of the higher C\(_{3\mathrm{v}}\) symmetry of the twinned system instead of the C\(_3\) symmetry of a B20 single crystal is demonstrated. The difference could serve as a useful additional tool to prove the twin suppression on the chiral substrates. But this is only possible for rotations with specific symmetry surfaces and not for the studied unsymmetrical Si\((321)\) surface. Measurements for MnSi layers on Si\((111)\) above the critical magnetic field demonstrate the attenuation of AMR and PHE parameters for increasing resistivity, as expected from literature [WC67]. Even if a direct comparison to the parameters on Si\((321)\) is not possible, the higher values of the parameters on Si\((321)\) can be explained considering the reduced charge carrier scattering from domain boundaries. Below the critical magnetic field, which would be the region where a skyrmion lattice could be expected, magnetic hysteresis complicates the analysis. Only one phase transition at the critical magnetic field can be clearly observed, which leaves the existence of a skyrmion lattice in thin epitaxial MnSi layers open. The best method to solve this question seems to be a more direct approach in the form of Lorentz-TEM, which was also successfully used to visualize the skyrmion lattice for thin plates of bulk MnSi [TYY+12]. For the detection of in plane skyrmions, lamellas would have to be prepared for a side view, which seems in principle possible. The demonstrated successful twin suppression for MnSi on Si\((321)\) and Si\((531)\) substrates may also be applied to other material systems. Suppressing the twinning in FeGe on Si\((111)\) would lead to a single chirality skyrmion lattice near room temperature [HC12]. This could bring the application of skyrmions as information carriers in spintronics within reach. Glossary: MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy XRD X-Ray Diffraction HMS Higher Manganese Silicide FWHM Full Width Half Maximum TEM Tunneling Electron Microscopy AMR Anisotropic MagnetoResistance PHE Planar Hall Effect Bibliography: [IEM+85] M. Ishida, Y. Endoh, S. Mitsuda, Y. Ishikawa, and M. Tanaka. Crystal Chirality and Helicity of the Helical Spin Density Wave in MnSi. II. Polarized Neutron Diffraction. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 54(8):2975, 1985. [DBS+18] B. Das, B. Balasubramanian, R. Skomski, P. Mukherjee, S. R. Valloppilly, G. C. Hadjipanayis, and D. J. Sellmyer. Effect of size confinement on skyrmionic properties of MnSi nanomagnets. Nanoscale, 10(20):9504, 2018. [YKT+15] T. Yokouchi, N. Kanazawa, A. Tsukazaki, Y. Kozuka, A. Kikkawa, Y. Taguchi, M. Kawasaki, M. Ichikawa, F. Kagawa, and Y. Tokura. Formation of In-plane Skyrmions in Epitaxial MnSi Thin Films as Revealed by Planar Hall Effect. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 84(10):104708, 2015. [WC67] R. H. Walden and R. F. Cotellessa. Magnetoresistance of Nickel-Copper Single-Crystal Thin Films. Journal of Applied Physics, 38(3):1335, 1967. [TYY+12] A. Tonomura, X. Yu, K. Yanagisawa, T. Matsuda, Y. Onose, N. Kanazawa, H. S. Park, and Y. Tokura. Real-Space Observation of Skyrmion Lattice in Helimagnet MnSi Thin Samples. Nano Letters, 12(3):1673, 2012. [HC12] S. X. Huang and C. L. Chien. Extended Skyrmion Phase in Epitaxial FeGe(111) Thin Films. Physical Review Letters, 108(26):267201, 2012.},
  subject      = {Molekularstrahlepitaxie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gutjahr2019,
  author    = {Gutjahr, Fabian Tobias},
  title     = {Neue Methoden der physiologischen Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie: Modellbasierte T1-Messungen und Darstellung von chemischem Austausch mit positivem Kontrast},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-16106},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161061},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, neue quantitative Messmethoden am Kleintier, insbesondere die Perfusionsmessung am M{\"a}useherz, zu etablieren. Hierf{\"u}r wurde eine retrospektiv getriggerte T1-Messmethode entwickelt. Da bei retrospektiven Methoden keine vollst{\"a}ndige Abtastung garantiert werden kann, wurde ein Verfahren gefunden, das mit Hilfe von Vorwissen {\"u}ber das gemessene Modell sehr effizient die fehlenden Daten interpolieren kann. Mit Hilfe dieser Technik werden dynamische T1-Messungen mit hoher r{\"a}umlicher und zeitlicher Aufl{\"o}sung m{\"o}glich. Dank der hohen Genauigkeit der T1-Messmethode l{\"a}sst sich diese f{\"u}r die nichtinvasive Perfusionsmessung am M{\"a}useherz mittels der FAIR-ASL-Technik nutzen. Da auf Grund der retrospektiven Triggerung Daten an allen Positionen im Herzzyklus akquiriert werden, konnten T1- und Perfusionskarten nach der Messung zu beliebigen Punkten im Herzzyklus rekonstruiert werden. Es bietet sich an, Techniken, die f{\"u}r die myokardiale Perfusion angewandt werden, auch f{\"u}r die Nierenperfusionsmessung zu verwenden, da die Niere in ihrer Rinde (Cortex) eine {\"a}hnlich hohe Perfusion aufweist wie das Myokard. Gleichzeitig f{\"u}hren Nierenerkrankungen oftmals zu schlechter Kontrastmittelvertr{\"a}glichkeit, da diese bei Niereninsuffizienz u.U. zu lange im K{\"o}rper verweilen und die Niere weiter sch{\"a}digen. Auch deshalb sind die kontrastmittelfreien Spin-Labeling-Methoden hier interessant. Die FAIR-ASL-Technik ist jedoch an M{\"a}usen in koronaler Ansicht f{\"u}r die Niere schlecht geeignet auf Grund des geringen Unterschieds zwischen dem markierten und dem Vergleichsexperiment. Als L{\"o}sung f{\"u}r dieses Problem wurde vorgeschlagen, die Markierungsschicht senkrecht zur Messschicht zu orientieren. Hiermit konnte die Sensitivit{\"a}t gesteigert und gleichzeitig die Variabilit{\"a}t der Methode deutlich verringert werden. Mit Hilfe von kontrastmittelgest{\"u}tzten Messungen konnten auch das regionale Blutvolumen und das Extrazellularvolumen bestimmt werden. In den letzten Jahren hat das Interesse an Extrazellularvolumenmessungen zugenommen, da das Extrazellularvolumen stellvertretend f{\"u}r diffuse Fibrose gemessen werden kann, die bis dahin nichtinvasiven Methoden nicht zug{\"a}nglich war. Die bisher in der Literatur verwendeten Quantifizierungsmethoden missachten den Einfluss, den das H{\"a}matokrit auf den ECV-Wert hat. Es wurde eine neue Korrektur vorgeschlagen, die allerdings zus{\"a}tzlich zur ECV-Messung auch eine RBV-Messung ben{\"o}tigt. Durch gleichzeitige Messung beider Volumenanteile konnte auch erstmals das Extrazellulare-Extravaskul{\"a}re-Volumen bestimmt werden. Eine g{\"a}nzlich andere kontrastmittelbasierte Methode in der MRT ist die Messung des chemischen Austauschs. Hierbei wirkt das Kontrastmittel nicht direkt beschleunigend auf die Relaxation, sondern der Effekt des Kontrastmittels wird gezielt durch HF-Pulse an- und ausgeschaltet. Durch den chemischen Austausch kann die Auswirkung der HF-Pulse akkumuliert werden. Bislang wurde bei solchen Messungen ein negativer Kontrast erzeugt, der ohne zus{\"a}tzliche Vergleichsmessungen schwer detektierbar war. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit konnte eine neue Methode zur Messung des chemischen Austauschs gezeigt werden, die entgegen der aus der Literatur bekannten Methoden nicht S{\"a}ttigung, sondern Anregung {\"u}bertr{\"a}gt. Diese {\"A}nderung erlaubt es, einen echten positiven chemischen Austausch-Kontrast zu erzeugen, der nicht zwingend ein Vergleichsbild ben{\"o}tigt. Gleichzeitig erm{\"o}glicht die Technik, dadurch dass Anregung {\"u}bertragen wird, die Phase der Anregung zu kontrollieren und nutzen. Eine m{\"o}gliche Anwendung ist die Unterscheidung verschiedener Substanzen in einer Messung. In der Summe wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit verschiedene robuste Methoden eta- bliert, die die M{\"o}glichkeiten der quantitativen physiologischen MRT erweitern.},
  subject      = {Kernspintomografie},
  language  = {de}
}
@unpublished{StennettBissingerGriesbecketal.2019,
  author    = {Stennett, Tom E. and Bissinger, Philipp and Griesbeck, Stefanie and Ullrich, Stefan and Krummenacher, Ivo and Auth, Michael and Sperlich, Andreas and Stolte, Matthias and Radacki, Krzysztof and Yao, Chang-Jiang and W{\"u}rthner, Frank and Steffen, Andreas and Marder, Todd B. and Braunschweig, Holger},
  title     = {Near-Infrared Quadrupolar Chromophores Combining Three-Coordinate Boron-Based Superdonor and Superacceptor Units},
  series = {Angewandte Chemie, International Edition},
  journal   = {Angewandte Chemie, International Edition},
  doi       = {10.1002/anie.201900889},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180391},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In this work, two new quadrupolar A-π-D-π-A chromophores have been prepared featuring a strongly electron- donating diborene core and strongly electron-accepting dimesitylboryl F(BMes2) and bis(2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boryl (BMes2) end groups. Analysis of the compounds by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis-NIR absorption and emission spectroscopy indicated that the compounds possess extended conjugated π-systems spanning their B4C8 cores. The combination of exceptionally potent π-donor (diborene) and π- acceptor (diarylboryl) groups, both based on trigonal boron, leads to very small HOMO-LUMO gaps, resulting in strong absorption in the near-IR region with maxima in THF at 840 and 1092 nm, respectively, and very high extinction coefficients of ca. 120,000 M-1cm-1. Both molecules also display weak near-IR fluorescence with small Stokes shifts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Scheiderer2019,
  author    = {Scheiderer, Philipp},
  title     = {Spectroscopy of Prototypical Thin Film Mott Materials},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18635},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186358},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The rich phase diagram of transition metal oxides essentially roots in the many body physics arising from strong Coulomb interactions within the underlying electron system. Understanding such electronic correlation effects remains challenging for modern solid state physics, therefore experimental data is required for further progress in the field. For this reason, spectroscopic investigations of prototypical correlated materials are the scope of this thesis. The experimental methods focus on photoelectron spectroscopy, and the test materials are the correlated metal SrVO\(_3\) and the Mott insulator LaTiO\(_3\), both of which are fabricated as high quality thin films. In SrVO\(_3\) thin films, a reduction of the film thickness induces a dimensional crossover from the metallic into the Mott insulating phase. In this thesis, an extrinsic chemical contribution from a surface over-oxidation is revealed that emerges additionally to the intrinsic change of the effective bandwidth usually identified to drive the transition. The two contributions are successfully disentangled by applying a capping layer that prevents the oxidation, allowing for a clean view on the dimensional crossover in fully stoichiometric samples. Indeed, these stoichiometric layers exhibit a higher critical thickness for the onset of the metallic phase than the bare and therefore over-oxidized thin films. For LaTiO\(_3\) thin films, the tendency to over-oxidize is even stronger. An uncontrolled oxygen diffusion from the substrate into the film is found to corrupt the electronic properties of LaTiO\(_3\) layers grown on SrTiO\(_3\). The Mott insulating phase is only detected in stoichiometric films fabricated on more suitable DyScO\(_3\) substrates. In turn, it is demonstrated that a \(controlled\) incorporation of excess oxygen ions by increasing the oxygen growth pressure is an effective way of \(p\) doping the material which is used to drive the band filling induced Mott transition. Gaining control of the oxygen stoichiometry in both materials allows for a systematic investigation of correlation effects in general and of the Mott transition in particular. The investigations are realized by various photoelectron spectroscopy techniques that provide a deep insight into the electronic structure. Resonant photoemission not only gives access to the titanium and vanadium related partial density of states of the valence band features, but also shows how the corresponding signal is enhanced by tuning the photon energy to the \(L\) absorption threshold. The enhanced intensity turns out to be very helpful for probing the Fermi surface topology and band dispersions by means of angular-resolved photoemission. The resulting momentum resolved electronic structure verifies central points of the theoretical description of the Mott transition, viz. the renormalization of the band width and a constant Luttinger volume in a correlated metal as the Mott phase is approached.},
  subject      = {{\"U}bergangsmetalloxide},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchlottmannSchickeKruegeretal.2019,
  author    = {Schlottmann, Elisabeth and Schicke, David and Kr{\"u}ger, Felix and Lingnau, Benjamin and Schneider, Christian and H{\"o}fling, Sven and L{\"u}dge, Kathy and Porte, Xavier and Reitzenstein, Stephan},
  title     = {Stochastic polarization switching induced by optical injection in bimodal quantum-dot micropillar lasers},
  series = {Optics Express},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Optics Express},
  number    = {20},
  doi       = {10.1364/OE.27.028816},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228603},
  pages     = {28816-28831},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Mutual coupling and injection locking of semiconductor lasers is of great interest in non-linear dynamics and its applications for instance in secure data communication and photonic reservoir computing. Despite its importance, it has hardly been studied in microlasers operating at mu W light levels. In this context, vertically emitting quantum dot micropillar lasers are of high interest. Usually, their light emission is bimodal, and the gain competition of the associated linearly polarized fundamental emission modes results in complex switching dynamics. We report on selective optical injection into either one of the two fundamental mode components of a bimodal micropillar laser. Both modes can lock to the master laser and influence the non-injected mode by reducing the available gain. We demonstrate that the switching dynamics can be tailored externally via optical injection in very good agreement with our theory based on semi-classical rate equations. (C) 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AkshatAaboudAadetal.2019,
  author    = {Akshat, Puri and Aaboud, M. and Aad, G. and Abbott, B. and Abdinov, O. and Abeloos, B. and Abhayasinghe, D. K. and Abidi, S. H. and Abou Zeid, O. S. and Abraham, N. L. and Abramowicz, H. and Abreu, H. and Abulaiti, Y. and Acharya, B. S. and Adachi, S. and Adam, L. and Adamczyk, L. and Adelman, J. and Adersberger, M. and Adiguzel, A. and Adye, T. and Affolder, A. A. and Afik, Y. and Agheorghiesei, C. and Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A. and Ahmadov, F. and Aiellil, G. and Akatsuka, S. and Akesson, T. P. A. and Akilli, E. and Akimov, A. V. and Alberghi, G. L. and Albert, J. and Albicocco, P. and Alconada Verzini, M. J. and Alderweireld, S. and Aleksa, M. and Aleksandrov, I. N. and Alexa, C. and Alexopoulos, T. and Alhroob, M. and Ali, B. and Alimonti, G. and Alison, J. and Andre, S. P. and Allaire, C. and Allbrooke, B. M. M. and Allen, B. W. and Allport, P. P. and Aloisio, A. and Alonso, A. and Alonso, F. and Alpigiani, C. and Alshehri, A. A. and Alstaty, M. I. and Alvarez, Gonzalez B. and Alvarez Piqueras, D. and Alviggi, M. G. and Amadio, B. T. and Amaral, Coutinho, Y. and Ambler, A. and Ambroz, L. and Amelung, C. and Amidei, D. and Amor Dos Santos, S. P. and Amoroso, S. and Amrouche, C. S. and Anastopoulos, C. and Ancu, L. S. and Andari, N. and Andeen, T. and Anders, C. F. and Anders, J. K. and Anderson, K. J. and Andreazza, A. and Andrei, V. and et al,},
  title     = {Measurement of angular and momentum distributions of charged particles within and around jets in Pb plus Pb and pp collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV with ATLAS at the LHC : XXVIIth International Conference on Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2018)},
  series = {Nuclear Physics A},
  volume    = {982},
  journal   = {Nuclear Physics A},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2018.09.021},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224703},
  pages     = {177-179},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Studies of the fragmentation of jets into charged particles in heavy-ion collisions can help in understanding the mechanism of jet quenching by the hot and dense QCD matter created in such collisions, the quark-gluon plasma. These proceedings present a measurement of the angular distribution of charged particles around the jet axis in root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb and pp collisions, done using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurement is performed inside jets reconstructed with the anti-k(t) algorithm with radius parameter R = 0.4, and is extended to regions outside the jet cone. Results are presented as a function of Pb+Pb collision centrality, and both jet and charged-particle transverse momenta.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-31955,
  title     = {Search for light resonances decaying to boosted quark pairs and produced in association with a photon or a jet in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector},
  series = {Physics Letters B},
  volume    = {788},
  journal   = {Physics Letters B},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.physletb.2018.09.062},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319552},
  pages     = {316-335},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This Letter presents a search for new light resonances decaying to pairs of quarks and produced in association with a high-p(T) photon or jet. The dataset consists of proton-proton collisions with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Resonance candidates are identified as massive large-radius jets with substructure consistent with a particle decaying into a quark pair. The mass spectrum of the candidates is examined for local excesses above background. No evidence of a new resonance is observed in the data, which are used to exclude the production of a lepto-phobic axial-vector Z' boson. (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RadchukRajivPotokinaetal.2019,
  author    = {Radchuk, Volodymyr and Rajiv, Sharma and Potokina, Elena and Radchuk, Ruslana and Weier, Diana and Munz, Eberhard and Schreiber, Miriam and Mascher, Martin and Stein, Nils and Wicker, Thomas and Kilian, Benjamin and Borisjuk, Ljudmilla},
  title     = {The highly divergent \(Jekyll\) genes, required for sexual reproduction, are lineage specific for the related grass tribes Triticeae and Bromeae},
  series = {Plant Journal},
  volume    = {98},
  journal   = {Plant Journal},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1111/tpj.14363},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224769},
  pages     = {961-974},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Phylogenetically related groups of species contain lineage-specific genes that exhibit no sequence similarity to any genes outside the lineage. We describe here that the Jekyll gene, required for sexual reproduction, exists in two much diverged allelic variants, Jek1 and Jek3. Despite low similarity, the Jek1 and Jek3 proteins share identical signal peptides, conserved cysteine positions and direct repeats. The Jek1/Jek3 sequences are located at the same chromosomal locus and inherited in a monogenic Mendelian fashion. Jek3 has a similar expression as Jek1 and complements the Jek1 function in Jek1-deficient plants. Jek1 and Jek3 allelic variants were almost equally distributed in a collection of 485 wild and domesticated barley accessions. All domesticated barleys harboring the Jek1 allele belong to single haplotype J1-H1 indicating a genetic bottleneck during domestication. Domesticated barleys harboring the Jek3 allele consisted of three haplotypes. Jekyll-like sequences were found only in species of the closely related tribes Bromeae and Triticeae but not in other Poaceae. Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging revealed intrinsic grain structure in Triticeae and Bromeae, associated with the Jekyll function. The emergence of Jekyll suggests its role in the separation of the Bromeae and Triticeae lineages within the Poaceae and identifies the Jekyll genes as lineage-specific.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pfister2019,
  author    = {Pfister, Julian},
  title     = {Beschleunigte Magnetresonanz-Relaxographie},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18157},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181578},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die quantitative MRT in den Fokus zu r{\"u}cken. In den letzten Jahren hat sich auf diesem Forschungsgebiet viel weiterentwickelt und es wurden verschiedenste Sequenzen und Methoden vorgestellt, um insbesondere Relaxationszeitparameter quantitativ in kurzer Zeit zu messen. Steady-State-Sequenzen eignen sich besonders f{\"u}r diese Thematik, da sie kurze Messzeiten ben{\"o}tigen und dar{\"u}ber hinaus ein relativ hohes SNR besitzen. Speziell die IR TrueFISP-Sequenz bietet f{\"u}r die Parameterquantifizierung viel Potential. Urspr{\"u}nglich wurde diese Sequenz an der Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg zur simultanen Messung von T1- und T2-Relaxationszeiten vorgestellt und hinsichtlich der Zeiteffizienz weiterentwickelt. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein neuartiger iterativer Rekonstruktionsansatz f{\"u}r die IR TrueFISP-Sequenz entwickelt, der auf einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) basiert und sich die glatten Signalverl{\"a}ufe zu Nutze macht. Aufgrund der hohen Zeitaufl{\"o}sung dieser Rekonstruktionstechnik werden dabei auch Gewebekomponenten mit kurzen Relaxationszeiten detektierbar. Weiterhin bewahrt der Rekonstruktionsansatz Informationen mehrerer Gewebekomponenten innerhalb eines Voxels und erm{\"o}glicht damit eine relaxographische Untersuchung. Insbesondere beim Menschen f{\"u}hren der Partialvolumeneffekt und die Mikrostruktur des Gewebes zu Signalverl{\"a}ufen, die ein multi-exponentielles Signal liefern. Die MR-Relaxographie, also die Darstellung von Relaxationszeitverteilungen innerhalb eines Voxels, stellt eine M{\"o}glichkeit dar, um die beteiligten Gewebekomponenten aus dem {\"u}berlagerten Signalverlauf zu extrahieren. Insgesamt bilden die optimierte Relaxometrie mit der M{\"o}glichkeit der analytischen Korrektur von Magnetfeldinhomogenit{\"a}ten und die beschleunigte Relaxographie die Hauptteile dieser Dissertation. Die Hauptkapitel werden im Folgenden noch einmal gesondert zusammengefasst. Die simultane Aufnahme der quantitativen T1- und T2-Parameter-Karten kann mit einem Goldenen-Winkel-basiertem radialen IR TrueFISP-Readout in ungef{\"a}hr 7 Sekunden pro Schicht erreicht werden. Die bisherige Rekonstruktionstechnik mit dem KWIC-Filter ist durch dessen breite Filter-Bandbreite und somit in der zeitlichen Aufl{\"o}sung limitiert. Besonders bei hohen r{\"a}umlichen Frequenzen wird eine sehr große Anzahl an Projektionen zusammengefasst um ein Bild zu generieren. Dies sorgt daf{\"u}r, dass Gewebekomponenten mit kurzer T1*-Relaxationszeit (z.B. Fett oder Myelin) nicht akkurat aufgel{\"o}st werden k{\"o}nnen. Um dieses Problem zu umgehen, wurde die T1* shuffling-Rekonstruktion entwickelt, die auf dem T2 Shuffling-Ansatz basiert. Diese Rekonstruktionstechnik macht sich die glatten Signalverl{\"a}ufe der IR TrueFISP-Sequenz zu Nutze und erm{\"o}glicht die Anwendung einer PCA. Die iterative Rekonstruktion sorgt daf{\"u}r, dass mit nur acht kombinierten Projektionen pro generiertem Bild eine merklich verbesserte tempor{\"a}re Aufl{\"o}sung erzielt werden kann. Ein Nachteil ist jedoch das st{\"a}rkere Rauschen in den ersten Bildern der Zeitserie bedingt durch die angewandte PCA. Dieses verst{\"a}rkte Rauschen {\"a}ußert sich in den leicht erh{\"o}hten Standardabweichungen in den berechneten Parameter-Karten. Jedoch ist der Mittelwert n{\"a}her an den Referenzwerten im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen mit dem KWIC-Filter. Letztendlich kann man sagen, dass die Ergebnisse leicht verrauschter, aber exakter sind. Mittels zus{\"a}tzlichen Regularisierungstechniken oder Vorwissen bez{\"u}glich des Rauschlevels w{\"a}re es zudem noch m{\"o}glich, das SNR der ersten Bilder zu verbessern, um dadurch den beschriebenen Effekt zu verringern. Grunds{\"a}tzlich h{\"a}ngt die Genauigkeit von IR TrueFISP vom T1/T2-Verh{\"a}ltnis des betreffenden Gewebes und dem gew{\"a}hlten Flipwinkel ab. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Flipwinkel besonders f{\"u}r weiße und graue Masse im menschlichen Gehirn optimiert. Mit den verwendeten 35° wurde er außerdem etwas kleiner gew{\"a}hlt, um zudem Magnetisierungstransfereffekte zu minimieren. Mit diesen Einstellungen ist die Pr{\"a}zision vor allem f{\"u}r hohe T1- und niedrige T2-Werte sehr gut, wird jedoch insbesondere f{\"u}r h{\"o}here T2-Werte schlechter. Dies ist aber ein generelles Problem der IR TrueFISP-Sequenz und h{\"a}ngt nicht mit der entwickelten Rekonstruktionsmethode zusammen. Außerdem wurde im f{\"u}nften Kapitel eine Akquisitionstechnik vorgestellt, die eine 3D-Abdeckung der quantitativen Messungen des Gehirns in klinisch akzeptabler Zeit von unter 10 Minuten erzielt. Dies wird durch Einsatz der parallelen Bildgebung erreicht, da eine Kombination aus radialer Abtastung in der Schicht und kartesischer Aufnahme in Schichtrichtung (Stack-of-Stars) vorliegt. Ein großes Problem in der Steady-State-Sequenz (und somit auch bei IR TrueFISP) sind Magnetfeldinhomogenit{\"a}ten, die durch Suszeptibilit{\"a}tsunterschiede verschiedener Gewebe und/oder Inhomogenit{\"a}ten des Hauptmagnetfeldes hervorgerufen werden. Diese f{\"u}hren zu Signalausl{\"o}schungen und damit verbunden zu den beschriebenen Banding-Artefakten. Mithilfe der analytisch ermittelten Korrekturformeln ist es nun m{\"o}glich, die berechneten (T1,T2)-Wertepaare unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der tats{\"a}chlich auftretenden Off- Resonanzfrequenz f{\"u}r einen großen Bereich zu korrigieren. An den kritischen Stellen, an denen die Bandings auftreten, liefert jedoch auch diese Korrektur keine brauchbaren Ergebnisse. Grunds{\"a}tzlich ist es f{\"u}r die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse stets zu empfehlen, die Flipwinkel- und B0-Karte zus{\"a}tzlich mit aufzunehmen, um diese Parameter f{\"u}r die quantitative Auswertung exakt zu kennen. Mit den beschriebenen Methoden aus Kapitel 6 k{\"o}nnte es prinzipiell auch m{\"o}glich sein, die Off-Resonanzfrequenz aus dem Signalverlauf zu ermitteln und auf die zus{\"a}tzliche Messung der B0-Karte zu verzichten. B0-{\"A}nderungen w{\"a}hrend der Messung, die von der Erw{\"a}rmung der passiven Shim-Elemente im MR-System hervorgerufen werden, sind kaum zu korrigieren. Ein stabiler Scanner ohne B0-Drift ist deshalb f{\"u}r quantitative Auswertungen erforderlich. Die erw{\"a}hnte Messzeit von 7 Sekunden pro Schicht garantiert, dass auch Gewebe mit l{\"a}ngeren Relaxationskomponenten ann{\"a}hernd im Steady-State sind, was wiederum f{\"u}r das Umkehren des Signals in den abklingenden Verlauf gegen Null und die anschließende Multikomponentenanalyse (vgl. Kapitel 7) notwendig ist. Mit der inversen Laplace- Transformation ist es innerhalb eines Voxels m{\"o}glich, Signalverl{\"a}ufe auf mehrere Komponenten hin zu untersuchen. Der urspr{\"u}nglich angenommene mono-exponentielle Verlauf wird durch ein multi-exponentielles Verhalten abgel{\"o}st, was vor allem in biologischem Gewebe eher der Wahrheit entspricht. Gewebe mit kurzen Relaxationskomponenten (T1* < 200 ms) sind klinisch relevant und mit T1* shuffling detektierbar. Vor allem Myelin innerhalb des Gehirns ist bei neurologischen Fragestellungen ein Indikator zur Diagnose im Fr{\"u}hstadium (z.B. f{\"u}r neurodegenerative Erkrankungen) und deshalb von besonderem Interesse. Die Integration {\"u}ber verschiedene T1*-Zeitbereiche im T1*-Spektrum erm{\"o}glicht dazu die Erstellung von Gewebekomponenten-Karten, mithilfe derer klinische Auswertungen sinnvoll w{\"a}ren. Die Erstellung dieser Karten ist prinzipiell m{\"o}glich und funktioniert f{\"u}r mittlere und lange Gewebekomponenten recht gut. Die klinisch relevanten kurzen Gewebekomponenten sind dagegen bei der radialen Aufnahme mit nur einem Schuss noch nicht befriedigend. Deshalb wurde die Aufnahmetechnik in eine quasi-zuf{\"a}llige kartesische Akquisition mit mehreren Sch{\"u}ssen weiterentwickelt. Die Ergebnisse wurden in Kapitel 7 vorgestellt und sind vielversprechend. Einzig die Messzeit sollte mit zus{\"a}tzlichen Beschleunigungen noch weiter verk{\"u}rzt und auf eine kartesische 3D-Akquisition erweitert werden. Die Beschr{\"a}nkung auf T1*-Spektren bei der Multikomponentenanalyse und die Tatsache, dass deren Amplitude von einer Kombination von S0 und Sstst abh{\"a}ngen, f{\"u}hren dazu, dass es nicht ohne Weiteres m{\"o}glich ist f{\"u}r einen einzelnen Gewebetyp an die T1- und T2-Information zu gelangen. In Kapitel 8 wurde gezeigt, dass dies mit einer zus{\"a}tzlichen Messung gelingen kann. Das finale Ergebnis dieser Messungen ohne und mit Inversion sind zweidimensionale Spektren, bei der f{\"u}r jede Gewebekomponente innerhalb eines Voxels der T1- und T2-Wert abgelesen werden kann. Wichtig hierbei ist die Tatsache, dass der verwendete Ansatz kein Vorwissen {\"u}ber die Anzahl der zu erwartenden Gewebekomponenten (Peaks) im Voxel voraussetzt. Auch bei dieser Methodik ist die Kenntnis {\"u}ber den tats{\"a}chlichen Flipwinkel von Bedeutung, da dieser in den Formeln zur Berechnung von T1 und T2 verwendet wird. Die Stabilit{\"a}t des B0-Feldes ist hier ebenso von enormer Bedeutung, da {\"A}nderungen zwischen den beiden Messungen zu einem unterschiedlichen Steady-State und somit zu Abweichungen bei den nachfolgenden Berechnungen f{\"u}hren, die auf den selben Steady-State-Wert ausgelegt sind. Zusammenfassend l{\"a}sst sich sagen, dass mit dieser Arbeit die Grundlagen f{\"u}r genauere und robustere quantitative Messungen mittels Steady-State-Sequenzen gelegt wurden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sich Relaxationszeitspektren f{\"u}r jedes einzelne Voxel generieren lassen. Dadurch ist eine verbesserte Auswertung m{\"o}glich, um genauere Aussagen {\"u}ber die Zusammensetzung einer Probe (vor allem beim menschlichen Gewebe) treffen zu k{\"o}nnen. Zudem wurde die Theorie f{\"u}r ultraschnelle 2D-Relaxographie-Messungen vorgestellt. Erste"Proof of Principle"-Experimente zeigen, dass es m{\"o}glich ist, 2D-Relaxationszeitspektren in sehr kurzer Zeit zu messen und graphisch darzustellen. Diese Aufnahme- und Datenverarbeitungstechnik ist in dieser Form einmalig und in der Literatur kann bis dato keine schnellere Methode gefunden werden.},
  subject      = {Kernspintomographie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Herget2019,
  author    = {Herget, Verena},
  title     = {A novel approach for the calibration of the hadronic recoil for the measurement of the mass of the W boson with the ATLAS Experiment},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17782},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177828},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The measurement of the mass of the \$W\$ boson is currently one of the most promising precision analyses of the Standard Model, that could ultimately reveal a hint for new physics. The mass of the \$W\$ boson is determined by comparing the \$W\$ boson, which cannot be reconstructed directly, to the \$Z\$ boson, where the full decay signature is available. With the help of Monte Carlo simulations one can extrapolate from the \$Z\$ boson to the \$W\$ boson. Technically speaking, the measurement of the \$W\$ boson mass is performed by comparing data taken by the ATLAS experiment to a set of calibrated Monte Carlo simulations, which reflect different mass hypotheses.\ A dedicated calibration of the reconstructed objects in the simulations is crucial for a high precision of the measured value. The comparison of simulated \$Z\$ boson events to reconstructed \$Z\$ boson candidates in data allows to derive event weights and scale factors for the calibration. This thesis presents a new approach to reweight the hadronic recoil in the simulations. The focus of the calibration is on the average hadronic activity visible in the mean of the scalar sum of the hadronic recoil \$\Sigma E_T\$ as a function of pileup. In contrast to the standard method, which directly reweights the scalar sum, the dependency to the transverse boson momentum is less strongly affected here. The \$\Sigma E_T\$ distribution is modeled first by means of its pileup dependency. Then, the remaining differences in the resolution of the vector sum of the hadronic recoil are scaled. This is done separately for the parallel and the pterpendicular component of the hadronic recoil with respect to the reconstructed boson. This calibration was developed for the dataset taken by the ATLAS experiment at a center of mass energy of \$8\,\textrm{TeV}\$ in 2012. In addition, the same reweighting procedure is applied to the recent dataset with a low pileup contribution, the \textit{lowMu} runs at \$5\,\textrm{TeV}\$ and at \$13\,\textrm{TeV}\$, taken by ATLAS in November 2017. The dedicated aspects of the reweighting procedure are presented in this thesis. It can be shown that this reweighting approach improves the agreement between data and the simulations effectively for all datasets. The uncertainties of this reweighting approach as well as the statistical errors are evaluated for a \$W\$ mass measurement by a template fit to pseudodata for the \textit{lowMu} dataset. A first estimate of these uncertainties is given here. For the pfoEM algorithm a statistical uncertainty of \$17\,\text{MeV}\$ for the \$5\,\textrm{TeV}\$ dataset and of \$18\,\text{MeV}\$ for the \$13\,\textrm{TeV}\$ are found for the \$W \rightarrow \mu \nu\$ analysis. The systematic uncertainty introduced by the resolution scaling has the largest effect, a value of \$15\,\text{MeV}\$ is estimated for the \$13\,\textrm{TeV}\$ dataset in the muon channel.},
  subject      = {Standardmodell <Elementarteilchenphysik>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wilfert2019,
  author    = {Wilfert, Stefan},
  title     = {Rastertunnelmikroskopische und -spektroskopische Untersuchung von Supraleitern und topologischen Supraleitern},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18059},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180597},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Quantencomputer k{\"o}nnen manche Probleme deutlich effizienter l{\"o}sen als klassische Rechner. Bisherige Umsetzungen leiden jedoch an einer zu geringen Dekoh{\"a}renzzeit, weshalb die Lebenszeit der Quantenzust{\"a}nde einen limitierenden Faktor darstellt. Topologisch gesch{\"u}tzte Anregungen, wie Majorana-Fermionen, k{\"o}nnten hingegen dieses Hindernis {\"u}berwinden. Diese lassen sich beispielsweise in topologischen Supraleitern realisieren. Bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt existieren nur wenige Materialien, die dieses Ph{\"a}nomen aufweisen. Daher ist das Verst{\"a}ndnis der elektronischen Eigenschaften f{\"u}r solche Verbindungen von großer Bedeutung. In dieser Dissertation wird die Koexistenz von Supraleitung an der Probenoberfl{\"a}che und topologischem Oberfl{\"a}chenzustand (engl. topological surface state, TSS) auf potentiellen topologischen Supraleitern {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Diese beiden Bedingungen sind essentiell zur Ausbildung von topologischer Supraleitung in zeitumkehrgesch{\"u}tzten Systemen. Hierzu wird mittels Landaulevelspektroskopie und Quasiteilcheninterferenz das Vorhandensein des TSS am Ferminiveau auf Tl\$_{x}\$Bi\$_{2}\$Te\$_{3}\$ und Nb\$_{x}\$Bi\$_{2}\$Se\$_{3}\$ verifiziert, die mittels Transportmessungen als supraleitend identifiziert wurden. Anschließend folgen hochaufgel{\"o}ste Spektroskopien an der Fermienergie, um die supraleitenden Eigenschaften zu analysieren. Zur Interpretation der analysierten Eigenschaften wird zu Beginn der Ni-haltige Schwere-Fermion-Supraleiter TlNi\$_{2}\$Se\$_{2}\$ untersucht, der eine vergleichbare {\"U}bergangstemperatur besitzt. Anhand diesem werden die g{\"a}ngigen Messmethoden der Rastertunnelmikroskopie und -spektroskopie f{\"u}r supraleitende Proben vorgestellt und die Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit der Messapparatur demonstriert. Im Einklang mit der Literatur zeigt sich ein \$s\$-Wellencharakter des Paarungsmechanismus sowie die Formation eines f{\"u}r Typ~II-Supraleiter typischen Abrikosov-Gitters in schwachen externen Magnetfeldern. Im folgenden Teil werden die potentiellen topologischen Supraleiter Tl\$_{x}\$Bi\$_{2}\$Te\$_{3}\$ und Nb\$_{x}\$Bi\$_{2}\$Se\$_{3}\$ begutachtet, f{\"u}r die eindeutig ein TSS best{\"a}tigt wird. Allerdings weisen beide Materialien keine Oberfl{\"a}chensupraleitung auf, was vermutlich durch eine Entkopplung der Oberfl{\"a}che vom Volumen durch Bandverbiegung zu erkl{\"a}ren ist. Unbeabsichtigte Kollisionen der Spitze mit der Probe f{\"u}hren jedoch zu supraleitenden Spitzen, die wesentlich erh{\"o}hte Werte f{\"u}r die kritische Temperatur und das kritische Feld zeigen. Der letzte Abschnitt widmet sich dem supraleitenden Substrat Nb(110), f{\"u}r den der Reinigungsprozess erl{\"a}utert wird. Hierbei sind kurze Heizschritte bis nahe des Schmelzpunktes n{\"o}tig, um die bei Umgebungsbedingungen entstehende Sauerstoffrekonstruktion effektiv zu entfernen. Des Weiteren werden die elektronischen Eigenschaften untersucht, die eine Oberfl{\"a}chenresonanz zum Vorschein bringen. Hochaufgel{\"o}ste Messungen lassen eine durch die BCS-Theorie gut repr{\"a}sentierte Struktur der supraleitenden Energiel{\"u}cke erkennen. Magnetfeldabh{\"a}ngige Experimente offenbaren zudem eine mit der Kristallstruktur vereinbare Anisotropie des Paarungspotentials. Mit diesen Erkenntnissen kann Nb(110) zuk{\"u}nftig als Ausgang f{\"u}r das Wachstum von topologischen Supraleitern herangezogen werden.},
  subject      = {Supraleitung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Gross2019,
  author    = {Groß, Heiko},
  title     = {Controlling Light-Matter Interaction between Localized Surface Plasmons and Quantum Emitters},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19209},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192097},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Metal nanostructures have been known for a long time to exhibit optical resonances via localized surface plasmons. The high electric fields in close proximity to the metal surface have prospects to dramatically change the dynamics of electronic transitions, such as an enhanced spontaneous decay rate of a single emitter. However, there have been two major issues which impede advances in the experimental realization of enhanced light-matter interaction. (i) The fabrication of high-quality resonant structures requires state-of-the-art patterning techniques in combination with superior materials. (ii) The tiny extension of the optical near-field requires precise control of the single emitter with respect to the nanostructure. This work demonstrates a solution to these problems by combining scanning probe and optical confocal microscopy. Here, a novel type of scanning probe is introduced which features a tip composed of the edge of a single crystalline gold sheet. The patterning via focused ion beam milling makes it possible to introduce a plasmonic nanoresonator directly at the apex of the tip. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the optical properties of this kind of scanning probe are ideal to analyze light-matter interaction. Detailed experimental studies investigate the coupling mechanism between a localized plasmon and single colloidal quantum dots by dynamically changing coupling strength via their spatial separation. The results have shown that weak interaction affects the shape of the fluorescence spectrum as well as the polarization. For the best probes it has been found that it is possible to reach the strong coupling regime at the single emitter level at room temperature. The resulting analysis of the experimental data and the proposed theoretical models has revealed the differences between the established far-field coupling and near-field coupling. It has been found that the broad bandwidth of plasmonic resonances are able to establish coherent coupling to multiple transitions simultaneously giving rise to an enhanced effective coupling strength. It has also been found that the current model to numerically calculate the effective mode volume is inaccurate in case of mesoscopic emitters and strong coupling. Finally, light-matter interaction is investigated by the means of a quantum-dot-decorated microtubule which is traversing a localized nearfield by gliding on kinesin proteins. This biological transport mechanism allows the parallel probing of a meta-surface with nm-precision. The results that have been put forward throughout this work have shed new light on the understanding of plasmonic light-matter interaction and might trigger ideas on how to more efficiently combine the power of localized electric fields and novel excitonic materials.},
  subject      = {Plasmon},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Elsholz2019,
  author    = {Elsholz, Markus},
  title     = {Das akademische Selbstkonzept angehender Physiklehrkr{\"a}fte als Teil ihrer professionellen Identit{\"a}t - Dimensionalit{\"a}t und Ver{\"a}nderung w{\"a}hrend einer zentralen Praxisphase},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17215},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172153},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Struktur und die Ver{\"a}nderung des akademischen Selbstkonzepts angehender Physiklehrkr{\"a}fte. Als selbstbezogene Kognition wird es als eine Grundlage der professionellen Identit{\"a}t von Lehrkr{\"a}ften verstanden. Selbstkonzepte bilden sich aus der Kategorisierung selbstrelevanter Informationen, die eine Person in verschiedenen Kontexten sammelt, bewertet und interpretiert. F{\"u}r angehende Lehrkr{\"a}fte wird der professionelle Kontext durch die Struktur und die Inhalte des Lehramtsstudiums gebildet. Daraus folgt die erste zentrale Hypothese der Arbeit: Im akademischen Selbstkonzept angehender Physiklehrkr{\"a}fte lassen sich drei Facetten empirisch trennen, die den inhaltlichen Dom{\"a}nen des Lehramtsstudiums entsprechen. Demnach strukturieren Studierende ihre F{\"a}higkeitszuschreibungen in Bezug auf (1) die Fachwissenschaft Physik, (2) die Fachdidaktik Physik sowie (3) die Erziehungswissenschaften. Konkrete Erfahrungen bilden als Quelle selbstrelevanter Informationen die Basis f{\"u}r den Aufbau bzw. die Ver{\"a}nderung von dom{\"a}nenspezifischen Selbstkonzeptfacetten. Sie stabilisieren das Selbstkonzept, falls sie im Einklang mit dem bisherigen Bild der Person von sich selbst stehen bzw. k{\"o}nnen eine Ver{\"a}nderung des Selbstkonzepts initiieren, wenn sie sich nicht konsistent in dieses Bild einf{\"u}gen lassen. Vor diesem Hintergrund folgt die zweite zentrale Hypothese der vorliegenden Arbeit: W{\"a}hrend der Praxisphasen des Studiums ver{\"a}ndert sich das akademische Selbstkonzept der Studierenden. Die Hypothesen werden mit Ans{\"a}tzen der latenten Modellierung untersucht. Mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse wird die empirische Trennbarkeit der drei angenommenen Facetten best{\"a}tigt. In einer querschnittlichen Betrachtung zeigt sich ein deutlicher Einfluss des Geschlechts der Studierenden auf den Zusammenhang zwischen ihrem fachdidaktischen Selbstkonzept und ihrer bisherigen Praxiserfahrung. Die l{\"a}ngsschnittliche Analyse der Ver{\"a}nderung des Selbstkonzepts w{\"a}hrend einer zentralen fachdidaktischen Lehrveranstaltung mit ausgepr{\"a}gten Praxisphasen (Lehr-Lern-Labor-Seminar) wird mit einem latenten Wachstumskurvenmodell untersucht. Das auf die Fachdidaktik Physik bezogene Selbstkonzept steigt w{\"a}hrend des Seminars leicht an, wenn die Studierenden zum Seminarbeginn bereits {\"u}ber Praxiserfahrung verf{\"u}gten. Fehlt diese, so ist ein leichter R{\"u}ckgang in der Auspr{\"a}gung des Selbstkonzepts feststellbar, der f{\"u}r weibliche Studierende st{\"a}rker ausf{\"a}llt als f{\"u}r ihre m{\"a}nnlichen Kommilitonen. Mit den Befunden zu Struktur und Ver{\"a}nderung des akademischen Selbstkonzepts angehender Physiklehrkr{\"a}fte tr{\"a}gt die vorliegende Arbeit dazu bei, die {\"u}berwiegend qualitativen Analysen von Identit{\"a}tsprozessen bei Studierenden durch den Einsatz eines theoretisch fundierten und klar umrissenen Konstrukts um eine quantitative Perspektive zu erg{\"a}nzen.},
  subject      = {Selbstbild},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kudriashova2019,
  author    = {Kudriashova, Liudmila},
  title     = {Photoluminescence Reveals Charge Carrier Recombination in Organic and Hybrid Semiconductors},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19343},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193437},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In this work, we elucidated recombination kinetics in organic and hybrid semiconductors by steady-state and time-resolved PL spectroscopy. Using these simple and very flexible experimental techniques, we probed the infrared emission from recombining free charge carriers in metal-halide perovskites, as well as the deep blue luminescence from intramolecular charge-transfer states in novel OLED emitters. We showed that similar state diagrams and kinetic models accurately describe the dynamics of excited species in these very different material systems. In Chapters 4 and 5, we focused on lead iodide perovskites (MAPI and FAPI), whose comparatively developed deposition techniques suited the systematic material research. In MAPI, we harnessed the anomalous dependence of transient PL on the laser repetition rate in order to investigate the role of interfaces with the commonly used charge-selective layers: PC60BM, spiro-MeOTAD, and P3HT. The film was deposited on a large precut substrate and separated into several parts, which were then covered with the charge-selective layers. Thereby, the same bulk perovskite structure was maintained for all samples. Consequently, we were able to isolate interface-affected and bulk carrier recombination. The first one dominated the fast component of PL decay up to 300 ns, whereas the last was assigned to the remaining slow component. The laser repetition rate significantly prolonged PL decay in MAPI with additional interfaces while shortening the charge carrier lifetime in the pristine film. We qualitatively explained this effect by a kinetic model that included radiative electron-hole recombination and nonradiative trap-assisted recombination. All in all, we showed that the apparent PL lifetime in MAPI is to large extend defined by the laser repetition rate and by the adjacent interfaces. Further, we studied photon recycling in MAPI and FAPI. We monitored how the microscopic PL transforms while propagating through the thin perovskite film. The emission was recorded within 5orders of magnitude in intensity up to 70μm away from the excitation spot. The Beer-Lambert law previously failed to describe the complex interplay of the intrinsic PL spectrum and the additional red-shifted peak. Therefore, we developed a general numerical model that accounts for self-absorption and diffusion of the secondary charge carriers. A simulation based on this model showed excellent agreement with the experimental spatially resolved PL maps. The proposed model can be applied to any perovskite film, because it uses easily measurable intrinsic PL spectrum and macroscopic absorption coefficient as seeding parameters. In Chapter 6, we conducted an extensive photophysical study of a novel compact deep blue OLED emitter, SBABz4, containing spiro-biacridine and benzonitrile units. We also considered its single-donor monomer counterpart, DMABz4, in order to highlight the structure-property relationships. Both compounds exhibited thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), which was independently proven by oxygen quenching and temperature-dependent transient PL measurements. The spiro-linkage in the double-donor core of SBABz4 rendered its luminescence pure blue compared to the blue-green emission from the single-donor DMABz4. Thus, the core-donor provided desirable color tuning in the deep blue region, as opposed to the common TADF molecular design with core-acceptor. Using PL lifetimes and efficiencies, we predicted EQEmax = 7.1\% for SBABz4-based OLED, whereas a real test device showed EQEmax = 6.8\%. Transient PL was recorded from the solutions and solid films in the unprecedentedly broad dynamic range covering up to 6orders of magnitude in time and 8orders of magnitude in intensity. The stretched exponent was shown to fit the transient PL in the films very well, whereas PL decay in dilute solution was found purely exponential. When the emitter was embedded in the host matrix that prevented aggregation, its TADF properties were superior in comparison with the pure SBABz4 film. Finally, using temperature-dependent transient PL data, we calculated the TADF activation energy of 70 meV. To sum up, this Thesis contributes to the two fascinating topics of the last decade's material research: perovskite absorbers for photovoltaics and TADF emitters for OLEDs. We were lucky to work with the emerging systems and tailor for them new models out of the well-known physical concepts. This was both exciting and challenging. In the end, science of novel materials is always a mess. We hope that we brought there a bit of clarity and light.},
  subject      = {Time-resolved photoluminescence},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VogelMarkertRueckertetal.2019,
  author    = {Vogel, Patrick and Markert, Jonathan and R{\"u}ckert, Martin A. and Herz, Stefan and Keßler, Benedikt and Dremel, Kilian and Althoff, Daniel and Weber, Matthias and Buzug, Thorsten M. and Bley, Thorsten A. and Kullmann, Walter H. and Hanke, Randolf and Zabler, Simon and Behr, Volker C.},
  title     = {Magnetic Particle Imaging meets computed tomography: first simultaneous imaging},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-019-48960-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202501},
  pages     = {12627},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a promising new tomographic modality for fast as well as three-dimensional visualization of magnetic material. For anatomical or structural information an additional imaging modality such as computed tomography (CT) is required. In this paper, the first hybrid MPI-CT scanner for multimodal imaging providing simultaneous data acquisition is presented.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Schmidt‐MendeOlthofDyakonov2019,
  author    = {Schmidt-Mende, Lukas and Olthof, Selina and Dyakonov, Vladimir},
  title     = {Eine Halbleiter-Tinte f{\"u}r die Zukunft},
  series = {Physik in unserer Zeit},
  volume    = {50},
  journal   = {Physik in unserer Zeit},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1002/piuz.201901550},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213562},
  pages     = {298 -- 304},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Das Forschungsgebiet der Perowskit-Halbleiter entwickelt sich rasant. Ein Vorteil besteht darin, dass sich damit Solarzellen und optoelektronische Bauelemente von der Fotodiode bis zum Laser einfach aus einer L{\"o}sung herstellen lassen. Damit ist zum Beispiel die Herstellung durch Drucken einer „Solarzellentinte" m{\"o}glich. Der geringe Energiebedarf durch niedrige Prozesstemperaturen verk{\"u}rzt zudem die Energier{\"u}ckgewinnungszeit drastisch im Vergleich zu konventionellen Solarzellen. Obwohl noch eine junge Technologie, erreichen Perowskit-Solarzellen bereits heute Wirkungsgrade bis etwa 25 \% und sind damit auf Augenh{\"o}he mit konventionellen D{\"u}nnschichttechnologien. Ein weiterer Vorteil besteht darin, dass sich die Bandl{\"u}cke durch chemische Modifikation einfach an Anwendungen anpassen l{\"a}sst. Zu den Herausforderungen der Forschung z{\"a}hlen noch die geringe Lebensdauer und chemische Langzeitstabilit{\"a}t sowie die Suche nach ungiftigen Ersatzstoffen f{\"u}r das Blei. Kommerzielle Anwendungen sind bereits absehbar.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HattoriMichailSchmiedeletal.2019,
  author    = {Hattori, Yohei and Michail, Evripidis and Schmiedel, Alexander and Moos, Michael and Holzapfel, Marco and Krummenacher, Ivo and Braunschweig, Holger and M{\"u}ller, Ulrich and Pflaum, Jens and Lambert, Christoph},
  title     = {Luminescent Mono-, Di-, and Tri-radicals: Bridging Polychlorinated Triarylmethyl Radicals by Triarylamines and Triarylboranes},
  series = {Chemistry - A European Journal},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Chemistry - A European Journal},
  number    = {68},
  doi       = {10.1002/chem.201903007},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208162},
  pages     = {15463-15471},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Up to three polychlorinated pyridyldiphenylmethyl radicals bridged by a triphenylamine carrying electron withdrawing (CN), neutral (Me), or donating (OMe) groups were synthesized and analogous radicals bridged by tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl)borane were prepared for comparison. All compounds were as stable as common closed-shell organic compounds and showed significant fluorescence upon excitation. Electronic, magnetic, absorption, and emission properties were examined in detail, and experimental results were interpreted using DFT calculations. Oxidation potentials, absorption and emission energies could be tuned depending on the electron density of the bridges. The triphenylamine bridges mediated intramolecular weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the radical spins, and the energy difference between the high spin and low spin states was determined by temperature dependent ESR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The fluorescent properties of all radicals were examined in detail and revealed no difference for high and low spin states which facilitates application of these dyes in two-photon absorption spectroscopy and OLED devices.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WinterAndelovicKampfetal.2019,
  author    = {Winter, Patrick and Andelovic, Kristina and Kampf, Thomas and Gutjahr, Fabian Tobias and Heidenreich, Julius and Zernecke, Alma and Bauer, Wolfgang Rudolf and Jakob, Peter Michael and Herold, Volker},
  title     = {Fast self-navigated wall shear stress measurements in the murine aortic archusing radial 4D-phase contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 17.6 T},
  series = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12968-019-0566-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201120},
  pages     = {64},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Purpose 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and the assessment of wall shear stress (WSS) are non-invasive tools to study cardiovascular risks in vivo. Major limitations of conventional triggered methods are the long measurement times needed for high-resolution data sets and the necessity of stable electrocardiographic (ECG) triggering. In this work an ECG-free retrospectively synchronized method is presented that enables accelerated high-resolution measurements of 4D flow and WSS in the aortic arch of mice. Methods 4D flow and WSS were measured in the aortic arch of 12-week-old wildtype C57BL/6 J mice (n = 7) with a radial 4D-phase-contrast (PC)-CMR sequence, which was validated in a flow phantom. Cardiac and respiratory motion signals were extracted from the radial CMR signal and were used for the reconstruction of 4D-flow data. Rigid motion correction and a first order B0 correction was used to improve the robustness of magnitude and velocity data. The aortic lumen was segmented semi-automatically. Temporally averaged and time-resolved WSS and oscillatory shear index (OSI) were calculated from the spatial velocity gradients at the lumen surface at 14 locations along the aortic arch. Reproducibility was tested in 3 animals and the influence of subsampling was investigated. Results Volume flow, cross-sectional areas, WSS and the OSI were determined in a measurement time of only 32 min. Longitudinal and circumferential WSS and radial stress were assessed at 14 analysis planes along the aortic arch. The average longitudinal, circumferential and radial stress values were 1.52 ± 0.29 N/m2, 0.28 ± 0.24 N/m2 and - 0.21 ± 0.19 N/m2, respectively. Good reproducibility of WSS values was observed. Conclusion This work presents a robust measurement of 4D flow and WSS in mice without the need of ECG trigger signals. The retrospective approach provides fast flow quantification within 35 min and a flexible reconstruction framework.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeroldKampfJakob2019,
  author    = {Herold, Volker and Kampf, Thomas and Jakob, Peter Michael},
  title     = {Dynamic magnetic resonance scattering},
  series = {Communications Physics},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Communications Physics},
  doi       = {10.1038/s42005-019-0136-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201091},
  pages     = {46},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Dynamic light scattering is a popular technique to determine the size distribution of small particles in the sub micrometer region. It operates in reciprocal space, by analyzing the signal fluctuations with the photon auto correlation function. Equally, pulsed field gradient magnetic resonance is a technique generating data in the reciprocal space of the density distribution of an object. Here we show the feasibility of employing a magnetic resonance imaging system as a dynamic scattering device similar to dynamic light scattering appliances. By acquiring a time series of single data points from reciprocal space, analogue to dynamic light scattering, we demonstrate the examination of motion patterns of microscopic particles. This method allows the examination of particle dynamics significantly below the spatial resolution of magnetic resonance imaging. It is not limited by relaxation times and covers a wide field of applications for particle or cell motion in opaque media.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-31736,
  title     = {Search for heavy particles decaying into a top-quark pair in the fully hadronic final state in \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector},
  series = {Physical Review D},
  volume    = {99},
  journal   = {Physical Review D},
  number    = {9},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1103/PhysRevD.99.092004},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317362},
  pages     = {1-38},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A search for new particles decaying into a pair of top quarks is performed using proton-proton collision data recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a center-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1). Events consistent with top-quark pair production and the fully hadronic decay mode of the top quarks are selected by requiring multiple high transverse momentum jets including those containing b-hadrons. Two analysis techniques, exploiting dedicated top-quark pair reconstruction in different kinematic regimes, are used to optimize the search sensitivity to new hypothetical particles over a wide mass range. The invariant mass distribution of the two reconstructed top-quark candidates is examined for resonant production of new particles with various spins and decay widths. No significant deviation from the Standard Model prediction is observed and limits are set on the production cross-section times branching fraction for new hypothetical Z' bosons, dark-matter mediators, Kaluza-Klein gravitons and Kaluza-Klein gluons. By comparing with the predicted production cross sections, the Z' boson in the topcolor-assisted-technicolor model is excluded for masses up to 3.1-3.6 TeV, the dark-matter mediators in a simplified framework are excluded in the mass ranges from 0.8 to 0.9 TeV and from 2.0 to 2.2 TeV, and the Kaluza-Klein gluon is excluded for masses up to 3.4 TeV, depending on the decay widths of the particles.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22686,
  title     = {Resolution of the ATLAS muon spectrometer monitored drift tubes in LHC Run 2},
  series = {Journal of Instrumentation},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Journal of Instrumentation},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1088/1748-0221/14/09/P09011},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226869},
  pages     = {1-34},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The momentum measurement capability of the ATLAS muon spectrometer relies fundamentally on the intrinsic single-hit spatial resolution of the monitored drift tube precision tracking chambers. Optimal resolution is achieved with a dedicated calibration program that addresses the specific operating conditions of the 354 000 high-pressure drift tubes in the spectrometer. The calibrations consist of a set of timing offsets and drift time to drift distance transfer relations, and result in chamber resolution functions. This paper describes novel algorithms to obtain precision calibrations from data collected by ATLAS in LHC Run 2 and from a gas monitoring chamber, deployed in a dedicated gas facility. The algorithm output consists of a pair of correction constants per chamber which are applied to baseline calibrations, and determined to be valid for the entire ATLAS Run 2. The final single-hit spatial resolution, averaged over 1172 monitored drift tube chambers, is 81.7 +/- 2.2 mu m.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22684,
  title     = {Search for high-mass dilepton resonances using 139 fb\(^{-1}\) of \(pp\) collision data collected at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector},
  series = {Physics Letters B},
  volume    = {796},
  journal   = {Physics Letters B},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.physletb.2019.07.016},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226844},
  pages     = {68-87},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A search for high-mass dielectron and dimuon resonances in the mass range of 250 GeV to 6TeV is presented. The data were recorded by the ATLAS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-ofmass energy of root s = 13 TeV during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb(-1). A functional form is fitted to the dilepton invariant-mass distribution to model the contribution from background processes, and a generic signal shape is used to determine the significance of observed deviations from this background estimate. No significant deviation is observed and upper limits are placed at the 95\% confidence level on the fiducial cross-section times branching ratio for various resonance width hypotheses. The derived limits are shown to be applicable to spin-0, spin-1 and spin-2 signal hypotheses. For a set of benchmark models, the limits are converted into lower limits on the resonance mass and reach 4.5 TeV for the E-6-motivated Z(psi)' boson. Also presented are limits on Heavy Vector Triplet model couplings. (C) 2019 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22687,
  title     = {Search for electroweak diboson production in association with a high-mass dijet system in semileptonic final states in \(pp\) collisions at √\(s\) =13 TeV with the ATLAS detector},
  series = {Physical Review D},
  volume    = {100},
  journal   = {Physical Review D},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1103/PhysRevD.100.032007},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226877},
  pages     = {36},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper reports on a search for electroweak diboson (WW/WZ/ZZ) production in association with a high-mass dijet system, using data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of N root s = 13 TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.5 fb(-1), were recorded with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016 at the Large Hadron Collider. The search is performed in final states in which one boson decays leptonically, and the other boson decays hadronically. The hadronically decaying W/Z boson is reconstructed as either two small-radius jets or one large-radius jet using jet substructure techniques. The electroweak production of WW/WZ/ZZ in association with two jets is measured with an observed (expected) significance of 2.7 (2.5) standard deviations, and the fiducial cross section is measured to be 45.1 +/- 8.6(stat.)(-14.6)(+15.9)(syst.) fb.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22683,
  title     = {Search for a heavy charged boson in events with a charged lepton and missing transverse momentum from \(pp\) collisions at √\(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector},
  series = {Physical Review D},
  volume    = {100},
  journal   = {Physical Review D},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1103/PhysRevD.100.052013},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226835},
  pages     = {1-29},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A search for a heavy charged-boson resonance decaying into a charged lepton (electron or muon) and a neutrino is reported. A data sample of 139 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC during 2015-2018 is used in the search. The observed transverse mass distribution computed from the lepton and missing transverse momenta is consistent with the distribution expected from the Standard Model, and upper limits on the cross section for pp -> W'-> lv are extracted (l = e or mu). These vary between 1.3 pb and 0.05 tb depending on the resonance mass in the range between 0.15 and 7.0 TeV at 95\% confidence level for the electron and muon channels combined. Gauge bosons with a mass below 6.0 and 5.1 TeV are excluded in the electron and muon channels, respectively, in a model with a resonance that has couplings to fermions identical to those of the Standard Model W boson. Cross-section limits are also provided for resonances with several fixed Gamma/m values in the range between 1\% and 15\%. Model-independent limits are derived in single-bin signal regions defined by a varying minimum transverse mass threshold. The resulting visible cross-section upper limits range between 4.6 (15) ph and 22 (22) ab as the threshold increases from 130 (110) GeV to 5.1 (5.1) TeV in the electron (muon) channel.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22688,
  title     = {Measurement of distributions sensitive to the underlying event in inclusive Z boson production in \(pp\) collisions at √\(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector},
  series = {European Physical Journal C},
  volume    = {79},
  journal   = {European Physical Journal C},
  number    = {666},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7162-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226883},
  pages     = {1-31},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper presents measurements of charged-particle distributions sensitive to the properties of the underlying event in events containing a Z boson decaying into a muon pair. The data were obtained using the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1). Distributions of the charged-particle multiplicity and of the charged-particle transverse momentum are measured in regions of the azimuth defined relative to the Z boson direction. The measured distributions are compared with the predictions of various Monte Carlo generators which implement different underyling event models. The Monte Carlo model predictions qualitatively describe the data well, but with some significant discrepancies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22685,
  title     = {Measurement of the cross-section and charge asymmetry of W bosons produced in proton-proton collisions at √\(s\)=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector},
  series = {European Physical Journal C},
  volume    = {79},
  journal   = {European Physical Journal C},
  number    = {760},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7199-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226850},
  pages     = {1-25},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper presents measurements of the W+->mu+nu and W-->mu-nu cross-sections and the associated charge asymmetry as a function of the absolute pseudorapidity of the decay muon. The data were collected in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 20.2fb(-1). The precision of the cross-section measurements varies between 0.8 and 1.5\% as a function of the pseudorapidity, excluding the 1.9\% uncertainty on the integrated luminosity. The charge asymmetry is measured with an uncertainty between 0.002 and 0.003. The results are compared with predictions based on next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations with various parton distribution functions and have the sensitivity to discriminate between them.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22689,
  title     = {Observation of Light-by-Light Scattering in Ultraperipheral Pb + Pb Collisions with the ATLAS Detector},
  series = {Physical Review Letters},
  volume    = {123},
  journal   = {Physical Review Letters},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.052001},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226892},
  pages     = {1-21},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This Letter describes the observation of the light-by-light scattering process, gamma gamma -> gamma gamma, in Pb + Pb collisions at root S-NN = 5.02 TeV. The analysis is conducted using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.73 nb(-1), collected in November 2018 by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Light-by-light scattering candidates are selected in events with two photons produced exclusively, each with transverse energy E-T(gamma) > 3 GeV and pseudorapidity vertical bar eta(gamma)vertical bar < 2.4, diphoton invariant mass above 6 GeV, and small diphoton transverse momentum and acoplanarity. After applying all selection criteria, 59 candidate events are observed for a background expectation of 12 +/- 3 events. The observed excess of events over the expected background has a significance of 8.2 standard deviations. The measured fiducial cross section is 78 +/- 13(stat) +/- 7(syst) +/- 3(lumi) nb.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22681,
  title     = {Identification of boosted Higgs bosons decaying into \(b\)-quark pairs with the ATLAS detector at 13 TeV},
  series = {European Physical Journal C},
  volume    = {79},
  journal   = {European Physical Journal C},
  number    = {836},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7335-x},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226812},
  pages     = {1-38},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This paper describes a study of techniques for identifying Higgs bosons at high transverse momenta decaying into bottom-quark pairs, H -> b (b) over bar, for proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV. These decays are reconstructed from calorimeter jets found with the anti-k(t) R = 1.0 jet algorithm. To tag Higgs bosons, a combination of requirements is used: b-tagging of R = 0.2 track-jets matched to the large-R calorimeter jet, and requirements on the jet mass and other jet substructure variables. The Higgs boson tagging efficiency and corresponding multijet and hadronic top-quark background rejections are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Several benchmark tagging selections are defined for different signal efficiency targets. The modelling of the relevant input distributions used to tag Higgs bosons is studied in 36 fb(-1) of data collected in 2015 and 2016 using g -> b (b) over bar and Z(-> b (b) over bar)gamma event selections in data. Both processes are found to be well modelled within the statistical and systematic uncertainties.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22682,
  title     = {Measurement of the inclusive cross-section for the production of jets in association with a \(Z\) boson in proton-proton collisions at 8 TeV using the ATLAS detector},
  series = {European Physical Journal C},
  volume    = {79},
  journal   = {European Physical Journal C},
  number    = {847},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7321-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226821},
  pages     = {1-47},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The inclusive cross-section for jet production in association with a Z boson decaying into an electronpositron pair is measured as a function of the transverse momentum and the absolute rapidity of jets using 19.9 fb(-1) of root s = 8 TeV proton-proton collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measured Z + jets cross-section is unfolded to the particle level. The cross-section is compared with state-of-the-art Standard Model calculations, including the next-to-leading-order and next-to-next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations, corrected for non-perturbative and QED radiation effects. The results of the measurements cover final-state jets with transverse momenta up to 1 TeV, and show good agreement with fixed-order calculations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22690,
  title     = {Search for diboson resonances in hadronic final states in 139 fb\(^{-1}\) of \(pp\) collisions at √\(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector},
  series = {Journal of High Energy Physics},
  volume    = {09},
  journal   = {Journal of High Energy Physics},
  number    = {91},
  organization    = {The ATLAS Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1007/JHEP09(2019)091},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226905},
  pages     = {1-42},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Narrow resonances decaying into WW, WZ or ZZ boson pairs are searched for in 139 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider from 2015 to 2018. The diboson system is reconstructed using pairs of high transverse momentum, large-radius jets. These jets are built from a combination of calorimeter- and tracker-inputs compatible with the hadronic decay of a boosted W or Z boson, using jet mass and substructure properties. The search is performed for diboson resonances with masses greater than 1.3TeV. No significant deviations from the background expectations are observed. Exclusion limits at the 95\% confidence level are set on the production cross-section times branching ratio into dibosons for resonances in a range of theories beyond the Standard Model, with the highest excluded mass of a new gauge boson at 3.8TeV in the context of mass-degenerate resonances that couple predominantly to gauge bosons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22691,
  title     = {FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 3},
  series = {European Physical Journal - Special Topics},
  volume    = {228},
  journal   = {European Physical Journal - Special Topics},
  organization    = {The FCC Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1140/epjst/e2019-900087-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226917},
  pages     = {755-1107},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100TeV. Its unprecedented centre of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22692,
  title     = {HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider : Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4},
  series = {European Physical Journal - Special Topics},
  volume    = {228},
  journal   = {European Physical Journal - Special Topics},
  number    = {5},
  organization    = {The FCC Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1140/epjst/e2019-900088-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226928},
  pages     = {1109-1382},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22693,
  title     = {FCC Physics Opportunities: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 1},
  series = {European Physical Journal C},
  volume    = {79},
  journal   = {European Physical Journal C},
  number    = {474},
  organization    = {The FCC Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6904-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226938},
  pages     = {1-161},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We review the physics opportunities of the Future Circular Collider, covering its e(+)e(-), pp, ep and heavy ion programmes. We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the synergy and complementarity of the different colliders, which will contribute to a uniquely coherent and ambitious research programme, providing an unmatchable combination of precision and sensitivity to new physics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-22694,
  title     = {FCC-ee: The Lepton Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 2},
  series = {European Physical Journal - Special Topics},
  volume    = {228},
  journal   = {European Physical Journal - Special Topics},
  number    = {2},
  organization    = {The FCC Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.1140/epjst/e2019-900045-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226947},
  pages     = {261-623},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in the same 100 km tunnel. The scientific capabilities of the integrated FCC programme would serve the worldwide community throughout the 21st century. The FCC study also investigates an LHC energy upgrade, using FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the second volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the electron-positron collider FCC-ee. After summarizing the physics discovery opportunities, it presents the accelerator design, performance reach, a staged operation scenario, the underlying technologies, civil engineering, technical infrastructure, and an implementation plan. FCC-ee can be built with today's technology. Most of the FCC-ee infrastructure could be reused for FCC-hh. Combining concepts from past and present lepton colliders and adding a few novel elements, the FCC-ee design promises outstandingly high luminosity. This will make the FCC-ee a unique precision instrument to study the heaviest known particles (Z, W and H bosons and the top quark), offering great direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OPUS4-36018,
  title     = {Search for Multimessenger Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos with Advanced LIGO during Its First Observing Run, ANTARES, and IceCube},
  series = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  volume    = {870},
  journal   = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {The American Astronomical Society},
  organization    = {The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration},
  doi       = {10.3847/1538-4357/aaf21d},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-360189},
  pages     = {1-16},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Astrophysical sources of gravitational waves, such as binary neutron star and black hole mergers or core-collapse supernovae, can drive relativistic outflows, giving rise to non-thermal high-energy emission. High-energy neutrinos are signatures of such outflows. The detection of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos from common sources could help establish the connection between the dynamics of the progenitor and the properties of the outflow. We searched for associated emission of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos from astrophysical transients with minimal assumptions using data from Advanced LIGO from its first observing run O1, and data from the Antares and IceCube neutrino observatories from the same time period. We focused on candidate events whose astrophysical origins could not be determined from a single messenger. We found no significant coincident candidate, which we used to constrain the rate density of astrophysical sources dependent on their gravitational-wave and neutrino emission processes.},
  language  = {en}
}