@article{TobiasVoelkerGuneschetal.2012, author = {Tobias, Kaufmann and V{\"o}lker, Stefan and Gunesch, Laura and K{\"u}bler, Andrea}, title = {Spelling is just a click away - a user-centered brain-computer interface including auto-calibration and predictive text entry}, doi = {10.3389/fnins.2012.00072}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75739}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) based on event-related potentials (ERP) allow for selection of characters from a visually presented character-matrix and thus provide a communica- tion channel for users with neurodegenerative disease. Although they have been topic of research for more than 20 years and were multiply proven to be a reliable communication method, BCIs are almost exclusively used in experimental settings, handled by qualified experts. This study investigates if ERP-BCIs can be handled independently by laymen without expert support, which is inevitable for establishing BCIs in end-user's daily life situations. Furthermore we compared the classic character-by-character text entry against a predictive text entry (PTE) that directly incorporates predictive text into the character- matrix. N = 19 BCI novices handled a user-centered ERP-BCI application on their own without expert support. The software individually adjusted classifier weights and control parameters in the background, invisible to the user (auto-calibration). All participants were able to operate the software on their own and to twice correctly spell a sentence with the auto-calibrated classifier (once with PTE, once without). Our PTE increased spelling speed and, importantly, did not reduce accuracy. In sum, this study demonstrates feasi- bility of auto-calibrating ERP-BCI use, independently by laymen and the strong benefit of integrating predictive text directly into the character-matrix.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{LikowskiMuehlbergerGerdesetal.2012, author = {Likowski, Katja U. and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas and Gerdes, Antje B. M. and Wieser, Mattias J. and Pauli, Paul and Weyers, Peter}, title = {Facial mimicry and the mirror neuron system: simultaneous acquisition of facial electromyography and functional magnetic resonance imaging}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75813}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Numerous studies have shown that humans automatically react with congruent facial reactions, i.e., facial mimicry, when seeing a vis-{\´a}-vis' facial expressions. The current experiment is the first investigating the neuronal structures responsible for differences in the occurrence of such facial mimicry reactions by simultaneously measuring BOLD and facial EMG in an MRI scanner. Therefore, 20 female students viewed emotional facial expressions (happy, sad, and angry) of male and female avatar characters. During picture presentation, the BOLD signal as well as M. zygomaticus major and M. corrugator supercilii activity were recorded simultaneously. Results show prototypical patterns of facial mimicry after correction for MR-related artifacts: enhanced M. zygomaticus major activity in response to happy and enhanced M. corrugator supercilii activity in response to sad and angry expressions. Regression analyses show that these congruent facial reactions correlate significantly with activations in the IFG, SMA, and cerebellum. Stronger zygomaticus reactions to happy faces were further associated to increased activities in the caudate, MTG, and PCC. Corrugator reactions to angry expressions were further correlated with the hippocampus, insula, and STS. Results are discussed in relation to core and extended models of the mirror neuron system (MNS).}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{HerbortButz2012, author = {Herbort, Oliver and Butz, Martin V.}, title = {Too good to be true? Ideomotor theory from a computational perspective}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76383}, year = {2012}, abstract = {In recent years, Ideomotor Theory has regained widespread attention and sparked the development of a number of theories on goal-directed behavior and learning. However, there are two issues with previous studies' use of Ideomotor Theory. Although Ideomotor Theory is seen as very general, it is often studied in settings that are considerably more simplistic than most natural situations. Moreover, Ideomotor Theory's claim that effect anticipations directly trigger actions and that action-effect learning is based on the formation of direct action-effect associations is hard to address empirically. We address these points from a computational perspective. A simple computational model of Ideomotor Theory was tested in tasks with different degrees of complexity.The model evaluation showed that Ideomotor Theory is a computationally feasible approach for understanding efficient action-effect learning for goal-directed behavior if the following preconditions are met: (1) The range of potential actions and effects has to be restricted. (2) Effects have to follow actions within a short time window. (3) Actions have to be simple and may not require sequencing. The first two preconditions also limit human performance and thus support Ideomotor Theory. The last precondition can be circumvented by extending the model with more complex, indirect action generation processes. In conclusion, we suggest that IdeomotorTheory offers a comprehensive framework to understand action-effect learning. However, we also suggest that additional processes may mediate the conversion of effect anticipations into actions in many situations.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{RoeserEichholzSchwerdtleetal.2012, author = {Roeser, Karolin and Eichholz, Ruth and Schwerdtle, Barbara and Schlarb, Angelika A. and K{\"u}bler, Andrea}, title = {Relationship of sleep quality and health-related quality of life in adolescents according to self- and proxy ratings: a questionnaire survey}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75953}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Introduction: Sleep disturbances are common in adolescents and adversely affect performance, social contact, and susceptibility to stress. We investigated the hypothesis of a relationship between sleep and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and applied self- and proxy ratings. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 92 adolescents aged 11-17 years. All participants and their parents completed a HRQoL measure and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC ). Children with SDSC T -scores above the normal range (above 60) were classified as poor sleepers. Results: According to self- and proxy ratings, good sleepers reported significantly higher HRQoL than poor sleep- ers. Sleep disturbances were significantly higher and HRQoL significantly lower in self- as compared to parental ratings. Parent-child agreement was higher for subscales measuring observable aspects. Girls experienced significantly stronger sleep disturbances and lower self-rated HRQoL than boys. Discussion: Our findings support the positive relationship of sleep and HRQoL. Furthermore, parents significantly underestimate sleep disturbances and overestimate HRQoL in their children.}, subject = {Psychiatrie}, language = {en} } @article{GlotzbachMuehlbergerGschwendtneretal.2011, author = {Glotzbach, Evelyn and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas and Gschwendtner, Kathrin and Fallgatter, Andreas J and Pauli, Paul and Herrmann, Martin J}, title = {Prefrontal Brain Activation During Emotional Processing: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study (fNIRS)}, series = {The Open Neuroimaging Journal}, volume = {5}, journal = {The Open Neuroimaging Journal}, doi = {10.2174/1874440001105010033}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-141714}, pages = {33-39}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The limbic system and especially the amygdala have been identified as key structures in emotion induction and regulation. Recently research has additionally focused on the influence of prefrontal areas on emotion processing in the limbic system and the amygdala. Results from fMRI studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved not only in emotion induction but also in emotion regulation. However, studies using fNIRS only report prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction. So far it lacks the attempt to compare emotion induction and emotion regulation with regard to prefrontal activation measured with fNIRS, to exclude the possibility that the reported prefrontal brain activation in fNIRS studies are mainly caused by automatic emotion regulation processes. Therefore this work tried to distinguish emotion induction from regulation via fNIRS of the prefrontal cortex. 20 healthy women viewed neutral pictures as a baseline condition, fearful pictures as induction condition and reappraised fearful pictures as regulation condition in randomized order. As predicted, the view-fearful condition led to higher arousal ratings than the view-neutral condition with the reappraise-fearful condition in between. For the fNIRS results the induction condition showed an activation of the bilateral PFC compared to the baseline condition (viewing neutral). The regulation condition showed an activation only of the left PFC compared to the baseline condition, although the direct comparison between induction and regulation condition revealed no significant difference in brain activation. Therefore our study underscores the results of previous fNIRS studies showing prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction and rejects the hypothesis that this prefrontal brain activation might only be a result of automatic emotion regulation processes.}, language = {en} } @article{ReussPohlKieseletal.2011, author = {Reuss, Heiko and Pohl, Carsten and Kiesel, Andrea and Kunde, Wilfried}, title = {Follow the sign! Top-down contingent attentional capture of masked arrow cues}, series = {Advances in Cognitive Psychology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Psychology}, doi = {10.2478/v10053-008-0091-3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140030}, pages = {82-91}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Arrow cues and other overlearned spatial symbols automatically orient attention according to their spatial meaning. This renders them similar to exogenous cues that occur at stimulus location. Exogenous cues trigger shifts of attention even when they are presented subliminally. Here, we investigate to what extent the mechanisms underlying the orienting of attention by exogenous cues and by arrow cues are comparable by analyzing the effects of visible and masked arrow cues on attention. In Experiment 1, we presented arrow cues with overall 50\% validity. Visible cues, but not masked cues, lead to shifts of attention. In Experiment 2, the arrow cues had an overall validity of 80\%. Now both visible and masked arrows lead to shifts of attention. This is in line with findings that subliminal exogenous cues capture attention only in a top-down contingent manner, that is, when the cues fit the observer's intentions.}, language = {en} } @article{BilalicKieselPohletal.2011, author = {Bilalic, Merim and Kiesel, Andrea and Pohl, Carsten and Erb, Michael and Grodd, Wolfgang}, title = {It Takes Two-Skilled Recognition of Objects Engages Lateral Areas in Both Hemispheres}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0016202}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176935}, pages = {e16202}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Our object recognition abilities, a direct product of our experience with objects, are fine-tuned to perfection. Left temporal and lateral areas along the dorsal, action related stream, as well as left infero-temporal areas along the ventral, object related stream are engaged in object recognition. Here we show that expertise modulates the activity of dorsal areas in the recognition of man-made objects with clearly specified functions. Expert chess players were faster than chess novices in identifying chess objects and their functional relations. Experts' advantage was domain-specific as there were no differences between groups in a control task featuring geometrical shapes. The pattern of eye movements supported the notion that experts' extensive knowledge about domain objects and their functions enabled superior recognition even when experts were not directly fixating the objects of interest. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) related exclusively the areas along the dorsal stream to chess specific object recognition. Besides the commonly involved left temporal and parietal lateral brain areas, we found that only in experts homologous areas on the right hemisphere were also engaged in chess specific object recognition. Based on these results, we discuss whether skilled object recognition does not only involve a more efficient version of the processes found in non-skilled recognition, but also qualitatively different cognitive processes which engage additional brain areas}, language = {en} } @article{Pfister2011, author = {Pfister, Roland}, title = {Wardrobe Malfunctions and the Measurement of Internet Behaviour}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69067}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The wardrobe malfunction—an unanticipated exposure of bodily parts in the public—has become a prevailing issue in concerts, shows and other celebrity events that is reliably reported by the media. The internet as the fastest source for celebrity gossip allows measuring the impact of such wardrobe malfunctions on the public in-terest in a celebrity. This measurement in turn allows conclusions about intention, motivation, and internet be-haviour of a wide variety of internet users. The present study exemplifies the use of an innovative non-reactive measure of active interest—the Search Volume Index—to assess the impact of a variety of internet-related phe-nomena, including wardrobe malfunctions. Results indicate that interest in a celebrity increases immediately af-ter such an event and stays at a high level for about three weeks (the wardrobe plateau). This special form of ce-lebrity gossip thus meets a constant interest of a substantial proportion of internet users.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{HerbertKuebler2011, author = {Herbert, Cornelia and K{\"u}bler, Andrea}, title = {Dogs Cannot Bark: Event-Related Brain Responses to True and False Negated Statements as Indicators of Higher-Order Conscious Processing}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74907}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The present study investigated event-related brain potentials elicited by true and false negated statements to evaluate if discrimination of the truth value of negated information relies on conscious processing and requires higher-order cognitive processing in healthy subjects across different levels of stimulus complexity. The stimulus material consisted of true and false negated sentences (sentence level) and prime-target expressions (word level). Stimuli were presented acoustically and no overt behavioral response of the participants was required. Event-related brain potentials to target words preceded by true and false negated expressions were analyzed both within group and at the single subject level. Across the different processing conditions (word pairs and sentences), target words elicited a frontal negativity and a late positivity in the time window from 600-1000 msec post target word onset. Amplitudes of both brain potentials varied as a function of the truth value of the negated expressions. Results were confirmed at the single-subject level. In sum, our results support recent suggestions according to which evaluation of the truth value of a negated expression is a time- and cognitively demanding process that cannot be solved automatically, and thus requires conscious processing. Our paradigm provides insight into higher-order processing related to language comprehension and reasoning in healthy subjects. Future studies are needed to evaluate if our paradigm also proves sensitive for the detection of consciousness in non-responsive patients.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{CrutzenGoeritz2011, author = {Crutzen, Rik and G{\"o}ritz, Anja S.}, title = {Does social desirability compromise self-reports of physical activity in web-based research?}, series = {International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity}, volume = {8}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity}, number = {31}, doi = {10.1186/1479-5868-8-31}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135156}, pages = {1-4}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: This study investigated the relation between social desirability and self-reported physical activity in web-based research. Findings: A longitudinal study (N = 5,495, 54\% women) was conducted on a representative sample of the Dutch population using the Marlowe-Crowne Scale as social desirability measure and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Social desirability was not associated with self-reported physical activity (in MET-minutes/week), nor with its sub-behaviors (i.e., walking, moderate-intensity activity, vigorous-intensity activity, and sedentary behavior). Socio-demographics (i.e., age, sex, income, and education) did not moderate the effect of social desirability on self-reported physical activity and its sub-behaviors. Conclusions: This study does not throw doubt on the usefulness of the Internet as a medium to collect self-reports on physical activity.}, language = {en} } @article{HerbertKuebler2011, author = {Herbert, Cornelia and K{\"u}bler, Andrea}, title = {Dogs Cannot Bark: Event-Related Brain Responses to True and False Negated Statements as Indicators of Higher-Order Conscious Processing}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {10}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0025574}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135165}, pages = {e25574}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The present study investigated event-related brain potentials elicited by true and false negated statements to evaluate if discrimination of the truth value of negated information relies on conscious processing and requires higher-order cognitive processing in healthy subjects across different levels of stimulus complexity. The stimulus material consisted of true and false negated sentences (sentence level) and prime-target expressions (word level). Stimuli were presented acoustically and no overt behavioral response of the participants was required. Event-related brain potentials to target words preceded by true and false negated expressions were analyzed both within group and at the single subject level. Across the different processing conditions (word pairs and sentences), target words elicited a frontal negativity and a late positivity in the time window from 600-1000 msec post target word onset. Amplitudes of both brain potentials varied as a function of the truth value of the negated expressions. Results were confirmed at the single-subject level. In sum, our results support recent suggestions according to which evaluation of the truth value of a negated expression is a time-and cognitively demanding process that cannot be solved automatically, and thus requires conscious processing. Our paradigm provides insight into higher-order processing related to language comprehension and reasoning in healthy subjects. Future studies are needed to evaluate if our paradigm also proves sensitive for the detection of consciousness in non-responsive patients.}, language = {en} } @article{HerrmannGlotzbachMuehlbergeretal.2011, author = {Herrmann, Martin J. and Glotzbach, Evelyn and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas and Gschwendtner, Kathrin and Fallgatter, Andreas J. and Pauli, Paul}, title = {Prefrontal Brain Activation During Emotional Processing: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study (fNIRS)}, series = {The Open Neuroimaging Journal}, journal = {The Open Neuroimaging Journal}, doi = {10.2174/1874440001105010033}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97437}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The limbic system and especially the amygdala have been identified as key structures in emotion induction and regulation. Recently research has additionally focused on the influence of prefrontal areas on emotion processing in the limbic system and the amygdala. Results from fMRI studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved not only in emotion induction but also in emotion regulation. However, studies using fNIRS only report prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction. So far it lacks the attempt to compare emotion induction and emotion regulation with regard to prefrontal activation measured with fNIRS, to exclude the possibility that the reported prefrontal brain activation in fNIRS studies are mainly caused by automatic emotion regulation processes. Therefore this work tried to distinguish emotion induction from regulation via fNIRS of the prefrontal cortex. 20 healthy women viewed neutral pictures as a baseline condition, fearful pictures as induction condition and reappraised fearful pictures as regulation condition in randomized order. As predicted, the view-fearful condition led to higher arousal ratings than the view-neutral condition with the reappraise-fearful condition in between. For the fNIRS results the induction condition showed an activation of the bilateral PFC compared to the baseline condition (viewing neutral). The regulation condition showed an activation only of the left PFC compared to the baseline condition, although the direct comparison between induction and regulation condition revealed no significant difference in brain activation. Therefore our study underscores the results of previous fNIRS studies showing prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction and rejects the hypothesis that this prefrontal brain activation might only be a result of automatic emotion regulation processes.}, language = {en} } @article{GerdesWieserMuehlbergeretal.2010, author = {Gerdes, Antje B. M. and Wieser, Matthias J. and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas and Weyers, Peter and Alpers, Georg W. and Plichta, Michael M. and Breuer, Felix and Pauli, Paul}, title = {Brain activations to emotional pictures are differentially associated with valence and arousal ratings}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68153}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Several studies have investigated the neural responses triggered by emotional pictures, but the specificity of the involved structures such as the amygdala or the ventral striatum is still under debate. Furthermore, only few studies examined the association of stimuli's valence and arousal and the underlying brain responses. Therefore, we investigated brain responses with functional magnetic resonance imaging of 17 healthy participants to pleasant and unpleasant affective pictures and afterwards assessed ratings of valence and arousal. As expected, unpleasant pictures strongly activated the right and left amygdala, the right hippocampus, and the medial occipital lobe, whereas pleasant pictures elicited significant activations in left occipital regions, and in parts of the medial temporal lobe. The direct comparison of unpleasant and pleasant pictures, which were comparable in arousal clearly indicated stronger amygdala activation in response to the unpleasant pictures. Most important, correlational analyses revealed on the one hand that the arousal of unpleasant pictures was significantly associated with activations in the right amygdala and the left caudate body. On the other hand, valence of pleasant pictures was significantly correlated with activations in the right caudate head, extending to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings support the notion that the amygdala is primarily involved in processing of unpleasant stimuli, particularly to more arousing unpleasant stimuli. Reward-related structures like the caudate and NAcc primarily respond to pleasant stimuli, the stronger the more positive the valence of these stimuli is.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{MuenssingerHalderKleihetal.2010, author = {M{\"u}nßinger, Jana I. and Halder, Sebastian and Kleih, Sonja C. and Furdea, Adrian and Raco, Valerio and H{\"o}sle, Adi and K{\"u}bler, Andrea}, title = {Brain Painting: first evaluation of a new brain-computer interface application with ALS-patients and healthy volunteers}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68168}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable paralyzed patients to communicate; however, up to date, no creative expression was possible. The current study investigated the accuracy and user-friendliness of P300-Brain Painting, a new BCI application developed to paint pictures using brain activity only. Two different versions of the P300-Brain Painting application were tested: A colored matrix tested by a group of ALS-patients (n = 3) and healthy participants (n = 10), and a black and white matrix tested by healthy participants (n = 10). The three ALS-patients achieved high accuracies; two of them reaching above 89\% accuracy. In healthy subjects, a comparison between the P300-Brain Painting application (colored matrix) and the P300-Spelling application revealed significantly lower accuracy and P300 amplitudes for the P300-Brain Painting application. This drop in accuracy and P300 amplitudes was not found when comparing the P300-Spelling application to an adapted, black and white matrix of the P300-Brain Painting application. By employing a black and white matrix, the accuracy of the P300-Brain Painting application was significantly enhanced and reached the accuracy of the P300-Spelling application. ALS-patients greatly enjoyed P300-Brain Painting and were able to use the application with the same accuracy as healthy subjects. P300-Brain Painting enables paralyzed patients to express themselves creatively and to participate in the prolific society through exhibitions.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{HommersLee2010, author = {Hommers, Wilfried and Lee, Wha-Yong}, title = {Unifying Kohlberg with Information Integration: The Moral Algebra of Recompense and of Kohlbergian Moral Informers}, series = {Psicol{\´o}gica}, journal = {Psicol{\´o}gica}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85875}, year = {2010}, abstract = {In order to unify two major theories of moral judgment, a novel task is employed which combines elements of Kohlberg´s stage theory and of the theory of information integration. In contrast to the format of Kohlberg´s moral judgment interview, a nonverbal and quantitative response which makes low demands on verbal facility was used . Moral informers differing in value, i.e. high and low, are presented. The differences in effect of those two pieces of information should be substantial for a person at that specific moral stage, but small for a person at a different stage. Hence, these differences may diagnose the person's moral stage in the simplest possible way as the two levels of each of the thoughts were about typical content of the four Kohlbergian preconventional and conventional stages. The novel task allowed additionally to measure the influence of another moral concept which was about the non-Kohlbergian moral concept of recompense. After a training phase, pairs of those thoughts were presented to allow for the study of integration and individual differences. German and Korean children, 8, 10, and 12 years in age, judged deserved punishment. The patterns of means, correlations and factor loadings showed that elements of both theories can be unified, but produced unexpected results also. Additive integration of each of the two pairs of moral informers appeared, either with two Kohlbergian moral informers or with another Kohlbergian moral informer in combination with information about recompense. Also cultural independence as well as dependence, developmental changes between 8 and 10 years, and an outstanding moral impact of recompense in size and distinctiveness were observed.}, language = {en} } @article{StrackDeutsch2004, author = {Strack, Fritz and Deutsch, Roland}, title = {Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40447}, year = {2004}, abstract = {This article describes a 2-systems model that explains social behavior as a joint function of reflective and impulsive processes. In particular, it is assumed that social behavior is controlled by 2 interacting systems that follow different operating principles. The reflective system generates behavioral decisions that are based on knowledge about facts and values, whereas the impulsive system elicits behavior through associative links and motivational orientations. The proposed model describes how the 2 systems interact at various stages of processing, and how their outputs may determine behavior in a synergistic or antagonistic fashion. It extends previous models by integrating motivational components that allow more precise predictions of behavior. The implications of this reflective-impulsive model are applied to various phenomena from social psychology and beyond. Extending previous dual-process accounts, this model is not limited to specific domains of mental functioning and attempts to integrate cognitive, motivational, and behavioral mechanisms.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{RabinowitzOrnsteinFoldsBennettetal.1994, author = {Rabinowitz, Mitchell and Ornstein, Peter A. and Folds-Bennett, Trisha H. and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Age-related differences in speed of processing: Unconfounding age and experience}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62223}, year = {1994}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{BjorklundSchneiderCasseletal.1994, author = {Bjorklund, David F. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Cassel, William S. and Ashley, Elizabeth}, title = {Training and Extension of a Memory Strategy: Evidence for Utilization Deficiencies in the Acquisition of an Organizational Strategy in High- and Low-IQ Children}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62234}, year = {1994}, abstract = {143 9- and 10-year-oId children were classified into high- and Jow-IQ groups and given 4 different sort/recall lists (baseline, training, near [immediate] extension, far [l-week] extension) to assess training and extension of an organizational memory strategy. All children received categorized items of moderate typicality for Phases 1, 3, and 4. For Phase 2, children were assigned to either a training or control group, with half of the children in each group receiving category typical items and the others category atypical items. Levels of recall, sorting, and clustering were greater in Phase 2 for high-IQ children, for the typical lists, and for trained children. Both the high- and low-IQ children trained with typical items continued to show high levels of recall on the near extension phase. No group of subjects maintained high levels of recall after 1 week, although levels of sorting and/or clustering on the extension trials remained high for all groups of subjects except the low-IQ control children. This latter pattern (elevated sorting/clustering with low levels of recall) is an indication of a utilization deficiency, a phase in strategy development when children use a strategy but gain little or no benefit n performance. The results provide evidence for IQ, training, and material effects in the demonstration of a utilization deficiency.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{KurtzCostesSchneider1994, author = {Kurtz-Costes, Beth E. and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Self-concept, attributional beliefs, and school achievement: A longitudinal analysis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62245}, year = {1994}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{Hoffmann1994, author = {Hoffmann, Joachim}, title = {Der implizite Erwerb von Handlungswissen}, series = {Psychologie und Sport : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sportpsychologie}, volume = {8}, journal = {Psychologie und Sport : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Sportpsychologie}, number = {2}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127709}, pages = {56-66}, year = {1994}, abstract = {Der Beitrag besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit {\"U}berlegungen zum Aufbau verhaltenssteuernder Strukturen. Er geht von dem Konzept de simpliziten Lernens aus, nach dem sich die Steuerung des Verhaltens, wenigstens unter bestimmten Bedingungen, unbewusst, aufmerksamkeitsunabhaengig und unwillk{\"u}rlich an strukturelle Eigenschaften der Umgebung anpasst. Eine kritische Analyse einschl{\"a}giger Untersuchungen f{\"u}hrt zu einer hypothetischen Lernstruktur, die es gestattet zu lernen, unter welchen Bedingungen welche Verhaltensakte zu welchen Konsequenzen f{\"u}hren. Der Lernprozess, so wird angenommen, wird in dieser Struktur von einem fundamentalen Beduerfnis nach sicherer Antizipierbarkeit von Verhaltenskonsequenzen getrieben. Eine Pilotstudie, die von diesen Annahmen ausgeht, wird ebenso diskutiert wie moegliche Anwendungen bei der Gestaltung von Trainingsprozessen im Sport.}, language = {de} } @article{WeyersJankeMachtetal.1993, author = {Weyers, P. and Janke, W. and Macht, Michael and Weijers, H.-G.}, title = {Social and nonsocial open field behaviour of rats under light and noise stimulation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61246}, year = {1993}, abstract = {ln two experiments, male rats were observed in pairs under different environmental stimulations in an open field. ln Experiment 1, white noise of 85 dB(A) reduced social activities and increased defecation compared to 75 dB(A) and 65 dß(A). ln Experiment 2, the illumination of the open field was varied in addition to a variation of the noise intensity. Again, 85 dB(A) as compared to 50 dB(A) reduced social activities and increased defecation, but also led to changes in non-social behaviours such as sniffing, grooming, and rearing. ln contrast, 400 lx did not differ substantially in its effects from 40 lx in any of the observed behavioural categories. Altogether, the behaviour pattern under 85 dß(A) white noise cannot satisfactorily be explained only by increased anxiety or fear. Alternative explanations are discussed.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderGruberGoldetal.1993, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Gruber, Hans and Gold, Andreas and Opwis, Klaus}, title = {Chess expertise and memory for chess positions in children and adults}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62211}, year = {1993}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{MachtJanke1993, author = {Macht, Michael and Janke, Wilhelm}, title = {Effects of short-term energy deprivation on stress reactions in humans}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87093}, year = {1993}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Stressreaktion}, language = {en} } @article{GaultneyBjorklundSchneider1992, author = {Gaultney, Jane F. and Bjorklund, David F. and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {The role of children's expertise in a Strategie memory task}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62190}, year = {1992}, abstract = {In a study intended to replicate and extend the findings from a recent experiment by Schneider and Bjorklund (1992), the expert/novice paradigm was used with second- and fourth-grade children in a sort/recall task. Children were classified as experts or novices for their knowledge of baseball, then given two sort/recall tasks, with a list consisting of either baseball or nonbaseball terms. Experts recalled more than novices on the baseball list only. While both groups used organizational strategies at sorting on the nonbaseball list, experts were marginally more strategic than novices on the baseball list, and no differences were found between the groups on either list for clustering. Baseball experts used more adultlike categories, suggesting that their enhanced levels of recall were attributed in part to strategy use, although there was also evidence that most of the substantial recall difference between the groups was attributed to item-specific effects associated with a more elaborated knowledge base. A second experiment using fifth-grade children on a multitrial sort/recall task using the baseball list also found increased recall by experts, and also found evidence of strategic behavior at the sort phase for trials 3 and 4.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderBjorklund1992, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Bjorklund, David F.}, title = {Expertise, aptitude, and strategic remembering}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62175}, year = {1992}, abstract = {Second- and fourth-grade children were classified according to their knowledge of soccer (experts vs. novices) and IQ (high vs. low), and given 2 sort-recall tasks. One task included items related to the game of soccer and the other included items from familiar natural language categories. Previous research has shown that expertise in a snbject can compensate for low levels of performance on text comprehension tasks. Our results, the flrst examing the effects of both expertise and intelligence on a strategic memory task, were that soccer expert children recalled more items on the soccer list bnt not on the nonsoccer list than soccer novice children. However, soccer expertise did not modify a significant effect of IQ level, with high-IQ children recalling more than low-IQ children for all contrasts. Interest in soccer was found to be related to expertise but did not contribute to differences in memory performance. The results demonstrate that the knowledge base plays an important role in children's memory, but that domain knowledge cannot fully eliminate the effects of IQ on sort-recall tasks using domain-related materials. That is, although rich domain knowledge seemed to compensate for low aptitude, in that low-aptitude experts performed at the level of high-aptitude novices, its effects were not strong enough to eliminate performance differences between highand low-aptitude soccer experts.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{WoloshynPressleySchneider1992, author = {Woloshyn, Vera E. and Pressley, Michael and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Elaborative interrogation as a function of prior knowledge}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62187}, year = {1992}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{BjorklundSchneiderHarnishfegeretal.1992, author = {Bjorklund, David F. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Harnishfeger, Katherine Kipp and Cassel, William S. and Bjorklund, Barbara R. and Bernholtz, Jean E.}, title = {The role of IQ, expertise, and motivation in the recall of familiar Information}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62204}, year = {1992}, abstract = {High- and low-IQ children in the first, third, and fifth grades performed two free-recall tasks: a sort-recall task with sets of categorically related pictures, and a class-recall task, with children recalling the current members of their school class. All children were deemed to be experts concerning the composition of their school class, but, unlike experts in other domains, had no special motivation associated with their expertise. Recall and clustering on both tasks were high. The high-IQ children performed better than low-IQ children only on the sort-recall task. IQ was significantly correlated with measures of performance on the sort-recall task but not on the class-recall task. The results reflect the fact that the memory benefits associated with being an expert (here, elimination of IQ effects) are related to the greater knowledge the expert possesses and not to factors of motivation.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{KruegerBoneradDennleretal.1992, author = {Kr{\"u}ger, H.-P. and Bonerad, E. M. and Dennler, H. J. and Dunkl, E. and Friese, H. J. and Hain, C. and Kazenwadel, J. and Kohnen, Ralf and Maier, W. and Menzel, M.}, title = {Speech chronemics in drug evaluation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41213}, year = {1992}, abstract = {No abstract available}, language = {en} } @article{CarrSchneider1991, author = {Carr, Martha and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Long-term maintenance of organizational strategies in kindergarten children}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62157}, year = {1991}, abstract = {The goal of the present study was to determine whether 4- and 5-year-old kindergarten children could be trained to maintain an organizational strategy over 2- and 8 week periods through an elaborate training program. A second goal was to assess the effects of the training program on strategy awareness. Twenty-eight kindergarten children were pretested on two sort-recall tasks and their awareness of the use of the clustering strategy was assessed through a protocol type procedure. Half the children received seven half-hour sessions of individual training in the clustering strategy and half the children participated in a control group. Both groups were post-tested on two sort-recall tasks 2 weeks following training and again 8 weeks following training. Strategy awareness, as measured by verbal protocol, was assessed at both post-test points. The elaborate strategy training program was successful in inducing short- and long-term strategy maintenance of the clustering strategy. Trained children's clustering during sorting and clustering during recall was consistently related to the amount of items correctly recalled. No differences in strategy awareness were found. These findings demonstrate that the elaborate training procedure used in this study can be a very effective memory technique for young kindergarten children.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{Hommers1991, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Ist das Konzept des Anti-Typus entbehrlich? Eine Antwort des Mischverteilungsansatzes zu einem IPC-Anti-Typ : (Prof. Dr. Dr. G.A. Lienert zum 70. Geburtstag)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44109}, year = {1991}, abstract = {Durch multidimensional skalierte Strukturen von Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsprofilen wurde eine AlternativHypothese f{\"u}r konfigurationsfrequenzanalytisch erlangte Konfigurationen begr{\"u}ndet. Diese Alternativ- Hypothese besagte, daß die Anti-Typus-Konfigurationen eines dreivariaten 2x2x2- Datenvektors, aber auch die Neutral-Konfigurationen lediglich Folgen der Mischverteilung der Antworten zweier latenter, den Typen-Konfigurationen zuzuordnenden Klassen darstellen. Diese Hypothese wird an einem Datensatz zur Verteilung dichotomisierter Kontroll{\"u}berzeugungen gepr{\"u}ft und best{\"a}tigt. Das dabei konzipierte Konfigurale Fehlermodell (KFM) wird generell zur Erg{\"a}nzung von Konfigurationsfrequenzanalysen (KFA) vorgeschlagen.}, subject = {Klinische Psychologie / Zeitschrift /Psychiatrie / Zeitschrift / Klinische Psychiatrie / Psychotherapie}, language = {de} } @article{WeinertSchneiderAsendorpfetal.1991, author = {Weinert, Franz E. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Asendorpf, Jens B. and Bullock, M. and Helmke, Andreas and Knopf, Monika and Nunner-Winkler, G. and Stern, E. and Strube, G. and Weber, Andreas}, title = {Intra- und interindividuelle Unterschiede in der psychischen Entwicklung von Kindern}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86627}, year = {1991}, abstract = {No abstract available.}, subject = {Kind}, language = {de} } @article{KurtzSchneiderCarretal.1990, author = {Kurtz, Beth E. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Carr, Martha and Borkowski, John G. and Rellinger, Elizabeth}, title = {Strategy instruction and attributional beliefs in West Germany and the United States: Do teachers foster metacognitive development?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62145}, year = {1990}, abstract = {Previous research has shown German children to be more strategic on sort-recall memory tasks than their American age-mates, and to show fewer effort-related attributions. We conducted this study to determine if those differences are due to systematic differences in the strategy instruction and attributional beliefs of German and U.S. teachers, and to explore metacognitive instructional practices in the two countries. Teachers responded to a questionnaire that inquired about their use of strategy instructions, fostering of reflective thinking in pupils, sources of children's learning problems, and modeling of metacognitive skills such as monitoring. The second part of the questionnaire asked about the reasons underlying children's academic successes and failures. German teachers reported more instruction of task-specific strategies, while American teachers showed more effort-related attributions. The types of strategies instructed and types of learning problems most frequently described varied across the two countries, and also according to how many years the teachers had taught. Results were discussed regarding their implications for metacognitive developmental theory, particularly regarding culture and other environmental influences on the development of controlled processing.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{PressleyBorkowskiSchneider1990, author = {Pressley, Michael and Borkowski, John G. and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Good information processing: What it is and how education can promote it}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62127}, year = {1990}, abstract = {The nature of good information processing is outlined as determined by intact neurology, information stored in long-term memory, and general cognitive tendencies, attitudes, and styles. Educators can promote the development of good information processing by promoting what is in long-term memory. This can be accomplished by teaching important literary, scientific, and cultural knowledge; teaching strategies; motivating the acquisition and use of important conceptual knowledge and strategies; and encouraging the general tendencies supporting good information processing. Good information processing can be produced by years of appropriate educational input. Good information processors cannot be produced by short-term interventions.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SodianSchneider1990, author = {Sodian, Beate and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Children's understanding of cognitive cueing: How to manipulate cues to fool a competitor}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62132}, year = {1990}, abstract = {4-6-year-old children's understanding of cognitive cuing was studied in 2 experiments using a strategic interaction paradigm. Ghildren could fool a competitor by hiding targets in locations that were labeled with semantically weakly associated cues and help a cooperative partner by hiding them in semantically highly associated locations. Very few 4-year-olds, half the 5-year-olds, and almost all 6-year-olds appropriately chose semantically highly vs. weakly associated hiding places to make the targets easy vs. difficult to find. The second experiment showed that 4-year-olds did not strategically manipulate cues as sources of information, although they themselves proficiently used them as such in a search task. These findings are discussed with regard to research on children's developing understanding of origins of knowledge and belief and with regard to recent claims that young preschoolers possess a metacognitive understanding of cognitive cuing.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{Hommers1990, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Entschuldigung, Drittentsch{\"a}digung und Schadensh{\"o}he als Einflußgr{\"o}ßen des Urteils von Kindern und Erwachsenen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44095}, year = {1990}, abstract = {Kinder aus 3 Altersgruppen und Erwachsene beurteilten die verdiente Strafe f{\"u}r in Geschichten dargestellte Sachsch{\"a}den, die aus Versehen oder aus Wut erfolgten. In den Geschichten wurde die Schadensh{\"o}he variiert und außerdem, ob sich der T{\"a}ter entschuldigte oder nicht bzw. ob der Gesch{\"a}digte von einem Dritten eine Entsch{\"a}digung erhielt oder nicht. Entschuldigung und Schadensh{\"o}he hatten altersstabile Wirkungen, Entschuldigung etwa zweimal so stark wie die Schadensh{\"o}he. Entschuldigung und Drittentsch{\"a}digung hatten etwa gleichgroße Wirkungen, außer bei den Erwachsenen, bei denen die Wirkung der Drittentsch{\"a}digung etwa auf die St{\"a}rke der Schadenswirkung abnahm. Der urspr{\"u}ngliche Schaden war auch bei erfolgter Entsch{\"a}digung, wenngleich schw{\"a}cher, wirksam. Die Wirkungen der Ersatzleistung durch den T{\"a}ter auf Strafurteile waren jedoch nicht v{\"o}llig durch die Wirkungen von Entschuldigung und Entsch{\"a}digung, erkl{\"a}rbar.}, subject = {Angewandte Psychologie / Zeitschrift / Experimentelle Psychologie}, language = {de} } @article{SchneiderUhl1990, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Uhl, Christhild}, title = {Metaged{\"a}chtnis, Strategienutzung und Ged{\"a}chtnisleistung: Vergleichende Analysen bei Kindern, j{\"u}ngeren Erwachsenen und alten Menschen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69418}, year = {1990}, abstract = {Am Beispiel einer semantischen Kategorisierungsaufgabe (sort-recall task) wurde der Frage nachgegangen, in welchen Bestimmungsgr{\"o}ßen sich die Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen von Schulkindern, j{\"u}ngeren sowie {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen voneinander unterscheiden. Es wurde angenommen, daß f{\"u}r diese drei Altersgruppen Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen bei dieser Aufgabe in unterschiedlicher Weise durch Strategie- und Wissensaspekte bestimmt sind. Die im Vergleich zu Schulkindern und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen {\"u}blicherweise besseren Leistungen j{\"u}ngerer Erwachsener sollten demnach im wesentlichen auf die konsequentere Nutzung von Ged{\"a}chtnisstrategien r{\"u}ckf{\"u}hrbar sein. Erwartet wurde weiterhin, daß die bei Schulkindern und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen oft vorfindbaren "Produktionsdefizite" in der Strategienutzung unterschiedliche Ursachen haben : fehlt es bei den Sch{\"u}lern am notwendigen Ged{\"a}chtniswissen (Metaged{\"a}chtnis), so sind die Defizite der {\"a}lteren Menschen vorwiegend auf die mangelnde Erfahrung mit der Aufgabe zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. Diese Annahmen wurden in einer Studie mit je 24 Probanden aus den drei genannten Altersgruppen {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. W{\"a}hrend sich das erwartete Produktionsdefizit bei den Kindern auf unzureichendes Metaged{\"a}chtnis zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren ließ, gab es wenig Anhaltspunkte daf{\"u}r, daß das Strategiedefizit {\"a}lterer Menschen in wesentlichen auf mangelnde Aufgabenerfahrung r{\"u}ckf{\"u}hrbar ist. Leistungsunterschiede zwischen j{\"u}ngeren und {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen beruhen nicht auf unterschiedlichem Ged{\"a}chtniswissen, sondern d{\"u}rften auf dem kombinierten Einfluß von Strategie- und Kapazit{\"a}tsdefiziten basieren.}, subject = {Metaged{\"a}chtnis}, language = {de} } @article{Ellgring1989, author = {Ellgring, Johann Heinrich}, title = {Facial expression as a behavioral indicator of emotional states}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-58753}, year = {1989}, abstract = {This article gives an overview of possibilities for the assessment offacial behavior. With regard to validity, results from a longitudinal study of 36 depressed patients and nine controls as weil as often schizophrenic patients and their relatives will be referred to. These results are used to illustrate the following principles which have to be taken into account when studying facial behavior: a) communication strongly facilitates facial expression, b) activation of facial behavior follows the "principle of least effort", and c) the principle of individual specificity applies to the association of nonverbal behavior and mood states. Making allowance for these principles has, among others, consequences a) for situations or conditions under which to asses behavior (specifically conditions of communication), b) for data analysis (e.g., dealing with frequent and rare events), and c) for empirical or experimental strategies (e.g., aggregation of single-case longitudinal comparisons). From the results on facial behavior during depression it can be concluded that the nonverbal reaction tendencies of endogenous and neurotic depressed patients differ. Moreover, the differential behavioral pattems observed cast doubt on the assumption of a homogeneity of affects in depression. Taking into account the conditions which govern it, facial behavior has proved to be a valid and, especially, a differential indicator for pathoIogic affective states and their changes. Given the fact that a psychiatric illness generally incorporates emotional problems it is more than surprising that little attention has been paid to the systematic study of emotional behavior. Some of the reasons for this will be clarified in the following.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{CarrKurtzSchneideretal.1989, author = {Carr, Martha and Kurtz, Beth E. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Turner, Lisa A. and Borkowski, John G.}, title = {Strategy acquisition and transfer among American and German children: Environmental influences on metacognitive development}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62082}, year = {1989}, abstract = {This study explored the differential effects of strategy training on German and American elementaryschool children and assessed the role of parents in the development of their children's strategic behavior and metacognition. 184 German and 161 American children were pretested on memory and metamemory tasks. Children were then assigned to either an organizational strategy training condition or a control condition. All children were tested on the maintenance and far-transfer of the strategy and task-related metamemory 1 week following training. Parents completed questionnaires about strategy instruction in the home. Strategy maintenance and metacognition were reassessed 6 months following training. German children were more strategic than American children. Instructed children performed better than control children. German parents reported more instruction of strategies in the home. These data suggest that formal education is responsible for aspects of cognitive development that have sometimes been viewed as a function of age.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderKoerkelWeinert1989, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and K{\"o}rkel, Joachim and Weinert, Franz E.}, title = {Domain-Specific Knowledge and Memory Performance: A Comparison of High- and Low-Aptitude Children}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62107}, year = {1989}, abstract = {Two studies compared memory performance and text comprehension of groups that were equivalent on domain-specific knowledge but differed in overall aptitude, to investigate whether prior knowledge about a particular domain or overall aptitude level was more important when the task was to acquire and use new information in the domain of interest. Both studies dealt with third-, fifth-, and seventh-grade soccer experts' and novices' memory and comprehension of a story dealing with a soccer game. Several measures of memory performance, memory monitoring, and text comprehension were used. Levels of soccer knowledge and of overall aptitude were varied in a factorial design. Neither study detected significant differences between high-aptitude and low-aptitude experts, regardless of their ages. Low aptitude experts outperformed high-aptitude novices on all memory and comprehension measures. The results indicate that domain-specific knowledge can compensate for low overall aptitude on domain-related cognitive tasks.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderKoerkel1989, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and K{\"o}rkel, Joachim}, title = {The knowledge base and text recall: Evidence from a short-term longitudinal study}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62093}, year = {1989}, abstract = {In a short-term longitudinal study, we investigated how domain-specific knowledge in soccer influences the amount of text recall and comprehension in elementary school and junior high school children of high and low overall aptitudes. Both level of soccer knowledge and overall aptitude were varied in a factorial design. Third, fifth, and seventh grade children were given several measures of text recall and comprehension and were retested on these measures about 1 year later. Performance was more a function of soccer knowledge than of aptitude level.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{BorkowskiSchneiderPressley1989, author = {Borkowski, John G. and Schneider, Wolfgang and Pressley, Michael}, title = {The challenges of teaching good information processing to learning disabled students}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62117}, year = {1989}, abstract = {A MODEL of good information processing is sketched, describing how metacognitive knowledge influences strategy selection and use. Three factors pose particular problems for learning disabled students as they attempt to acquire metacognitive knowledge and to use study strategies productively: neurological impairments; deficiencies in general world knowledge; and negative beliefs, attitudes, and styles that limit self-efficacy. Creating an educational atmosphere that explicitly builds conceptual (domain-specific) knowledge and teaches positive beliefs about learning potential is essential in promoting metacognitively-oriented instruction.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{HommersBohnert1989, author = {Hommers, Wilfried and Bohnert, Renate}, title = {Das Urteil Geistigbehinderter {\"u}ber die Entschuldigung oder die Dritt-Entsch{\"a}digung f{\"u}r einen Diebstahl}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69678}, year = {1989}, abstract = {Two groups of mentally retarded individuals whose averagemental age was either seven orten years, although being chronologically at least 18 years old, judged how bad "thefts" of two amounts of bon-bons appeared to them. The scimulus stories also informed the subjects whether the thief did or did not apologize afterwards or whether a third party did or did not compensate for tbe losses. Apology affecred tbe moral judgments twice as much as third-pany compensation, independeotly of the mental age of the subjects. Thus, with the mental age variation the age trend found in a prior srudy with normally gifted was not replicated. lnstead, even with an average mental age of seven years the retarded judged similarly to the adults and 10-year-olds of the prior study. However, the retarded were like the preschool children of the prior study as their judgments about the intended taking of cookies did not differ from their judgments about inadvenantly taking cookies.}, subject = {Geistig Behinderter}, language = {de} } @article{Hommers1989, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Zur Validierung von Konfigurationstypen generalisierter Kontroll{\"u}berzeugungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69686}, year = {1989}, abstract = {Die Ergebnisse einer publizierten Arbeit zur Validierung von acht Konfigurationen generalisierter Kontroll{\"u}berzeugungen werden durch drei weitere Auswertungsschritte erg{\"a}nzt. Die Anwendung der Interaktionsstrukturanalyse f{\"u}hrt zu einer Hervorhebung von zwei Konfigurationen als Typen und zur Aufstellung einer 5-Gruppen-Hypothese {\"u}ber die Bildung einer Restgruppe aus den Neutral-Konfigurationen. Die Betrachtung der Unterschiede in den FPI-Mittelwerten der urspr{\"u}nglichen acht Gruppen best{\"a}tigt die 5-Gruppen-Hypothese. Mit einer multidimensionalen geometrischen Darstellung der Profildistanzen wird in einem dritten Schritt versucht, neben der "Restgruppe" und den beiden "Typen"-Gruppen auch die Eigenst{\"a}ndigkeit der beiden verbleibenden "Anti-Typen"-Gruppen zu validieren.}, subject = {Validierung}, language = {de} } @article{Hommers1988, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Implicit psychological theories in legal thought on sentencing and liability}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47093}, year = {1988}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Haftung}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderSodian1988, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Sodian, Beate}, title = {Metamemory-memory behavior relationships in young children: Evidence from a memory-for-location task}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62062}, year = {1988}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{Hommers1988, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Die Wirkungen von Entschuldigung und Dritt-Entsch{\"a}digung auf Strafurteile {\"u}ber zwei Schadensarten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43978}, year = {1988}, abstract = {Kinder aus 3 Altersgruppen und Erwachsene beurteilten die verdiente Strafe aufgrund von Geschichten {\"u}ber zwei aus Wut erfolgte Sch{\"a}digungen (Sachschaden und K{\"o}rperschaden). Die Geschichten informierten außerdem dar{\"u}ber, ob sich der T{\"a}ter entschuldigte oder ob ein Dritter dem Leidtragenden eine materielle Entsch{\"a}digung gab. Die Dritt-Entsch{\"a}digungsinformation reduzierte die Strafurteile der Vor- und Grundsch{\"u}ler geringf{\"u}gig weniger als die Entschuldigungsinformation. Bei Erwachsenen war der Dritt-Entsch{\"a}digungseffekt jedoch erheblich geringer als der Entschuldigungseffekt. Diese Ergebnisse trafen sowohl auf das mittlere Strafurteil als auch auf den Gebrauch von Strafe zu. Nur die Erwachsenen bestraften den K{\"o}rperschaden mehr als den' Sachschaden.}, subject = {Sozialpsychologie}, language = {de} } @article{KruegerStuckenbergVollrath1988, author = {Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter and Stuckenberg, Annette and Vollrath, Mark}, title = {Stability and Variability in Interactive Behavior as Measured by Methods of "Speech Chronemics"}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40908}, year = {1988}, abstract = {Dyadic interaction is modelled os an adaptive process between personality of the partners involved and the characteristics of the theme. The theme structure and the principles which control the adaptation process are referred to as "syntality". The material of the studies reported are the speech signals of the verbal interaction reduced to an on-off pattern. In a first study individual speech behavior was found to remain stable in dyads even if partners changed. The second study showed the stability of the speech patterns for different interaction themes even if dyads changed. These apparently contradictory results are reconciled by introducing the concept of "adaptive stability". Individual speech behavior does not happen at a stable activity level, but is characterized by a constant relationship (" less" or "more") to the respective activity of the other partner.}, language = {en} } @article{PressleyCarigliaBullDeaneetal.1987, author = {Pressley, Michael and Cariglia-Bull, Teresa and Deane, Shelley and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Short-term memory, verbal competence, and age as predictors of imagery instructional effectiveness}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62046}, year = {1987}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderKoerkelWeinert1987, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and K{\"o}rkel, Joachim and Weinert, Franz E.}, title = {The effects of intelligence, self-concept, and attributional style on metamemory and memory behaviour}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62050}, year = {1987}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderKoerkelVogel1987, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and K{\"o}rkel, Joachim and Vogel, Klaus}, title = {Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen Metaged{\"a}chtnis, strategischem Verhalten und Ged{\"a}chtnisleistungen im Grundschulalter: Eine entwicklungspsychologische Studie}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87368}, year = {1987}, abstract = {In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Frage gepr{\"u}ft, inwieweit Schulanf{\"a}nger im Vergleich zu fortgeschrittenen Grundsch{\"u}lern tats{\"a}chlich nur wenig dar{\"u}ber wissen, welche Strategien in freien Reproduktionsaufgaben (son-recall) voneilhaft sind. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das Metaged{\"a}chtnis von Zweit- und Vienkl{\"a}ßlern, also ihr Wissen um die Vorteile unterschiedlicher Sortier- und Lernstrategien, mit ihrem Lernverhalten bzw. ihrem Leistungsverm{\"o}gen in unterschiedlichen Varianten der sort-recall-Aufgabe verglichen. Diese Prozedur gestattete es, die Bewertung unterschiedlicher Strategien direkt mit ihrer jeweiligen Wirksamkeit zu vergleichen. Die an je 32 Zweit- und Viertkl{\"a}ßlern gewonnenen Befunde: lassen sich insgesamt so interpretieren, daß die j{\"u}ngeren Kinder kaum etwas {\"u}ber angemessene Verhaltensweisen bei freien Reproduktionsaufgaben wissen; sie ziehen perzeptuelle Organisationsstrategien konzeptuellen (taxonomischen) Organisationsstrategien vor, profitieren tats{\"a}chlich jedoch signifikant mehr von konzeptuellen Strategien. Demgegen{\"u}ber verf{\"u}gten die: Vienkl{\"a}ßler in der Regel {\"u}ber angemessenes Metaged{\"a}chtnis: sie sch{\"a}tzten taxonomische Strategien nicht nur h{\"o}her ein, sondern profitierten auch de facto deutlich mehr von solchen Techniken. Die Befunde k{\"o}nnen insgesamt als Best{\"a}tigung der in der neueren Literatur verbreiteten Annahme gewertet werden, daß sich das Wissen um Ged{\"a}chtnisanforderungen bei sort-recall-Aufgaben erst gegen Ende: der Grundschulzeit herausbildet.}, subject = {Metaged{\"a}chtnis}, language = {de} } @article{SodianSchneiderPerlmutter1986, author = {Sodian, Beate and Schneider, Wolfgang and Perlmutter, Marion}, title = {Recall, clustering, and metamemory in young children}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62014}, year = {1986}, abstract = {Thirty-two 4-year-olds and thirty-two 6-year-olds were tested for free and cued recall following either play-and-remember or sort-and-remember instructions and assessed for their metamemory of the efficacy of conceptual and perceptual sorting strategies. The younger children recalled significantly more items under sort-and-remember than under play-and-remember instructions, whereas no significant recall differences between instructional conditions were found for the older children. However, 6-year-olds showed higher levels of recall than 4-year-olds in both instructional conditions. Category cues were much more effective than color cues, regardless of age. In addition, clustering scores indicated that conceptual organization at both encoding and retrieval increased with age and with instruction. These results show that from 4 to 6 years of age children are learning to spontaneously employ memory strategies. In addition, they highlight the increasing importance of conceptual organization to retention of young children. Finally, the metamemory data suggest that there may be a lag between children's articulated declarative knowledge about the usefulness of conceptual organization and their procedural use of it.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{Schneider1986, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {The role of conceptual knowledge and metamemory in the development of organizational processes in memory}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62022}, year = {1986}, abstract = {The present study investigated the relationshtp between developmental shifts in the organization of materials and developmental changes in deliberate strategy use. Second and fourth grade children were presented with clusterable sort/recall lists representing the factorial combinations of high and low interitem association, and high and low category relatedness. Strategy use in the task was rated by the experimenter and also assessed via self reports. General and task-related strategy knowledge tmetamemoryt was also examined. Second graders displayed more category clustering during recall for highly associated items than for weakly associated items. whereas older children's recall organization (but not recall) was unaffected by this organizational dimension. Correlations among measures of metamemory and organizational behavior indicated that second graders in general were unaware of the importance of categorization strategies for facilitation of recall. On the other hand. sorting during study and task-related metamemory were the most important predictors of fourth graders' recall performance, thus indicating that most fourth graders used categorization strategies deliberately.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderBorkowskiKurtzetal.1986, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Borkowski, John G. and Kurtz, Beth E. and Kerwin, Kathleen}, title = {Metamemory and motivation: a comparison of strategy use and Performance in German and American children}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62031}, year = {1986}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{KohnenKrueger1986, author = {Kohnen, Ralf and Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter}, title = {Drug Effects on Human Social Behavior: Chances in Talking Activities Induced by CGP 361/A, a Beta-blocking Agent}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41228}, year = {1986}, abstract = {No abstract available}, language = {en} } @article{ScheiblerSchneider1985, author = {Scheibler, Dieter and Schneider, Wolfgang}, title = {Monte Carlo Tests of the accuracy of Cluster analysis algorithms: A comparison of hierarchical and nonhierarchical methods}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62000}, year = {1985}, abstract = {Nine hierarchical and four nonhierarchical clustering algorithms were compared on their ability to resolve 200 multivariate normal mixtures. The effects of coverage, similarity measures, and cluster overlap were studied by including different levels of coverage for the hierarchical algorithms, Euclidean distances and Pearson correlation coefficients, and truncated multivariate normal mixtures in the analysis. The results confirmed the findings of previous Monte Carlo studies on clustering procedures in that accuracy was inversely related to coverage, and that algorithms using correlation as the similarity measure were significantly more accurate than those using Euclidean distances. No evidence was found for the assumption that the positive effects of the use of correlation coefficients are confined to unconstrained mixture models.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{Hommers1985, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Zur bipolaren moralischen Beurteilung materieller Reparationen von unterschiedlich entstandenen Sachsch{\"a}digungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43802}, year = {1985}, abstract = {Materiell-reparative Handlungen wurden auf einer bipolaren Gut-B{\"o}se-Skala beurteilt, da bisherige Arbeiten zu diesem Thema unter Verwendung der unipolaren Strafe-Skala unklare Ergebnisse zeigten. 40 Erwachsene und 80 Kinder h{\"o}rten 12 Geschichten {\"u}ber die Ruinierung von Briefmarken, in denen die Tatentstehung (Verschulden) und die H{\"o}he der Ersatzleistung variiert wurden. Die Ergebnisse besagten im einzelnen, daß Kinder des Vor- und Grundschulalters st{\"a}rker die Ersatzleistung als das Verschulden in Gut-B{\"o}se-Urteilen ber{\"u}cksichtigten und daß Erwachsene beide Informationen gleichstark in ihre Gut-B{\"o}se-Urteile einfließen ließen. Bei beiden Gruppen schienen Verschulden und Ersatz jedoch mit unterschiedlicher Absicherung nicht-additiv zusammenzuwirken. Die Ergebnisse enthielten eine Replikation US-amerikanischer Befunde mit der Strafe-Skala und diesem Szenario, wiesen aber dar{\"u}ber hinaus auf einen Entwicklungstrend in der NonAdditivit{\"a}t hin. Außerdem ließen sie Zweifel an der Allgemeing{\"u}ltigkeit von Aussagen der sozialpsychologischen Equity-Theorie aufkommen, da Schilderungen vollst{\"a}ndiger Ersatzleistungen in keiner Gruppe unabh{\"a}ngig vom Verschulden beurteilt wurden.}, subject = {Angewandte Psychologie}, language = {de} } @article{SchneiderBoes1985, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and B{\"o}s, Klaus}, title = {Exploratorische Analysen zu Komponenten des Schulerfolgs}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87314}, year = {1985}, abstract = {Aus der Durchsicht neuerer Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Schulprognose l{\"a}ßt sich ableiten, daß im Gegensatz zur unbestrittenen Bedeutung von kognitiven T{\"a}tigkeitsmerkmalen die Relevanz von nicht-kognitiven (z. B. Angst- und Leistungs-)Merkmalen f{\"u}r die Schulleistung nicht klar abzusch{\"a}tzen ist. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde nun der Vetsuch unternommen, anhand von explorativen Kausalmodellen mit latenten Variablen (LVPLS) die relative Bedeutsarnkeit nichtkognitiver Variablen f{\"u}r den Schulerfolg zu bestimmen. Die anhand einer Stichprobe von 87 Viertkl{\"a}ßlern gewonnenen Befunde unterstreichen die herausragende Relevanz kognitiver Merkmale, deuten jedoch auch darauf hin, daß die Rolle von Angsrkomponenten und Leistungsmotivkennwetten aufgrund ihrer vorwiegend indirekten Einflußnahme nicht untersch{\"a}tzt werden darf. Angesichts der immer noch defizit{\"a}ren Theorieentwicklung im Bereich der Schulerfolgsprognose wird daf{\"u}r pl{\"a}diert, hier weiterhin gezielt mit explorativen Modellen zu arbeiten.}, subject = {Schulerfolg}, language = {de} } @article{SchneiderTreiber1984, author = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Treiber, Bernhard}, title = {Classroom differences in the determination of achievement changes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61991}, year = {1984}, abstract = {This study addresses three themes that recur in the research on student achievement: (a) developmental modeling ofintraindividual changes in achievement over time; (b) examination of the differences among subgroups within a classroom in the determinants of achievement; (c) description of the interactions among instructional variables in determining achievement differences. Eight classrooms were preselected on the basis of their widely differing slopes obtained in a regression analysis of pre- and posttest achievement scores. Mathematics achievement differences among sixth graders were analyzed in a four-wave design and explained by aptitude and instructional variables in a structural equation framework provided by LISREL. The results demonstrate the local nature of achievement models in that neither their measurement nor structural components proved generalizable across both groups of classrooms. Mention is also made, however, of technical problems and analytical ambiguities in the interpretation of these results.}, subject = {Psychologie}, language = {en} } @article{Hommers1983, author = {Hommers, Wilfried}, title = {Subtraktive Hyperkonkavit{\"a}t in der funktionalen Beziehung von zuk{\"u}nftigem Wert und Zeitspanne bis zu seiner Auszahlung: Ein gruppenstatistischer Nachgesang als differentialpsychologischer Auftakt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43989}, year = {1983}, abstract = {Ziel der Untersuchung war die Pr{\"u}fung der humanpsychologischen Validit{\"a}t von quantitativen neobehavioristischen Theorie~ {\"u}ber den Zusammenhang von 'Verten und Zeitspannen bis zu ihren Auszahlungen. Der sofort erforderliche Geldbetrag f{\"u}r den Verzicht auf eine zuk{\"u}nftige Geldauszahlung und der erforderliche zuk{\"u}nftige Geldbetrag f{\"u}r den Verzicht auf einen gegenw{\"a}rtig verf{\"u}gbaren Gcldbetrag war unter Variation der Geldbetr{\"a}ge und der Zeitspannen einzusch{\"a}tzen. Als Ergebnis wurde varianzanalytisch unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Utilit{\"a}t des Geldes eine subtraktive Beziehung zwischcn zuk{\"u}nftigem Geldbetrag und der Zeitspanne bis zu seiner Auszahlung bestimmt. In diese subtraktive Beziehung gingen die Geldbetr{\"a}ge und die Zeitspannen als Potenzfunktionen ein. Durch die Potenzfunktion der Zeit verl{\"a}uft daher die Kurve des gegenw{\"a}rtigen Wertes einer zuk{\"u}nftigen Auszahlung konkaver als die e-Funktion, so daß damit Vornahme{\"a}nderungen oder impulsive Reaktionen erkl{\"a}rt wer