@phdthesis{Schilder1999,
  author    = {Schilder, Klaus},
  title     = {Safer without Sex?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1977},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1999},
  abstract  = {Highly eusocial insect societies, such as all known ants, are typically characterized by a reproductive division of labor between queens, who are inseminated and reproduce, and virgin workers, who engage in foraging, nest maintenance and brood care. In most species workers have little reproductive options left: They usually produce haploid males by arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, both in the queenright and queenless condition. In the phylogenetically primitive subfamily Ponerinae reproductive caste dimorphism is much less pronounced: Ovarian morphology is rather similar in queens and workers, which additionally retain a spermatheca. In many ponerine species workers mate and may have completely replaced the queen caste. This similarity in reproductive potential provides for the evolution of diverse reproductive systems. In addition, it increases the opportunity for reproductive conflicts among nestmates substantially. Only in a handful of ant species, including Platythyrea punctata, workers are also able to rear diploid female offspring from unfertilized eggs by thelytokous parthenogenesis. The small ponerine ant P. punctata (Smith) is the only New World member of the genus reaching as far north as the southern USA, with its center of distribution in Central America and the West Indies. P. punctata occurs in a range of forest habitats including subtropical hardwood forests as well as tropical rain forests. In addition to queens, gamergates and thelytokous workers co-occur in the same species. This remarkable complexity of reproductive strategies makes P. punctata unique within ants and provides an ideal model system for the investigation of reproductive conflicts within the female caste. Colonies are usually found in rotten branches on the forest floor but may also be present in higher strata. Colonies contained on average 60 workers, with a maximum colony size of 148 workers. Queens were present in only ten percent of the colonies collected from Florida, but completely absent both from the populations studied in Barbados and Puerto Rico. Males were generally rare. In addition, morphological intermediates between workers and queens (so-called intercastes) were found in 16 colonies collected in Florida. Their thorax morphology varied from an almost worker-like to an almost queen-like thorax structure. Queen and intercaste size, however, did not differ from those of workers. Although workers taken from colonies directly after collection from the field engaged in aggressive interactions, nestmate discrimination ceased in the laboratory suggesting that recognition cues used are derived from the environment. Only one of six queens dissected was found to be inseminated but not fertile. Instead, in most queenless colonies, a single uninseminated worker monopolized reproduction by means of thelytokous parthenogenesis. A single mated, reproductive worker (gamergate) was found dominating reproduction in the presence of an inseminated alate queen only in one of the Florida colonies. The regulation of reproduction was closely examined in ten experimental groups of virgin laboratory-reared workers, in which one worker typically dominated reproduction by thelytoky despite the presence of several individuals with elongated, developing ovaries. In each group only one worker was observed to oviposit. Conflict over reproduction was intense consisting of ritualized physical aggression between some nestmates including antennal boxing, biting, dragging, leap and immobilization behaviors. The average frequency of interactions was low. Aggressive interactions allowed to construct non-linear matrices of social rank. On average, only five workers were responsible for 90 percent of total agonistic interactions. In 80 percent of the groups the rate of agonistic interactions increased after the experimental removal of the reproductive worker. While antennal boxing and biting were the most frequent forms of agonistic behaviors both before and after the removal, biting and dragging increased significantly after the removal indicating that agonistic interactions increased in intensity. Once a worker obtains a high social status it is maintained without the need for physical aggression. The replacement of reproductives by another worker did however not closely correlate with the new reproductive's prior social status. Age, however, had a profound influence on the individual rate of agonistic interactions that workers initiated. Especially younger adults (up to two month of age) and callows were responsible for the increase in observed aggression after the supersedure of the old reproductive. These individuals have a higher chance to become reproductive since older, foraging workers may not be able to develop their ovaries. Aggressions among older workers ceased with increasing age. Workers that already started to develop their ovaries should pose the greatest threat to any reproductive individual. Indeed, dissection of all experimental group revealed that aggression was significantly more often directed towards both individuals with undeveloped and developing ovaries as compared to workers that had degenerated ovaries. In all experimental groups reproductive dominance was achieved by callows or younger workers not older than four month. Age is a better predictor of reproductive dominance than social status as inferred from physical interactions. Since no overt conflict between genetical identical individuals is expected, in P. punctata the function of agonistic interactions in all-worker colonies, given the predominance of thelytokous parthenogenesis, remains unclear. Physical aggression could alternatively function to facilitate a smooth division of non-reproductive labor thereby increasing overall colony efficiency. Asexuality is often thought to constitute an evolutionary dead end as compared with sexual reproduction because genetic recombination is limited or nonexistent in parthenogenetic populations. Microsatellite markers were developed to investigate the consequences of thelytokous reproduction on the genetic structure of four natural populations of P. punctata. In the analysis of 314 workers taken from 51 colonies, low intraspecific levels of variation at all loci, expressed both as the number of alleles detected and heterozygosities observed, was detected. Surprisingly, there was almost no differentiation within populations. Populations rather had a clonal structure, with all individuals from all colonies usually sharing the same genotype. This low level of genotypic diversity reflects the predominance of thelytoky under natural conditions in four populations of P. punctata. In addition, the specificity of ten dinucleotide microsatellite loci developed for P. punctata was investigated in 29 ant species comprising four different subfamilies by cross-species amplification. Positive amplification was only obtained in a limited number of species indicating that sequences flanking the hypervariable region are often not sufficiently conserved to allow amplification, even within the same genus. The karyotype of P. punctata (2n = 84) is one of the highest chromosome numbers reported in ants so far. A first investigation did not show any indication of polyploidy, a phenomenon which has been reported to be associated with the occurrence of parthenogenesis. Thelytokous parthenogenesis does not appear to be a very common phenomenon in the Hymenoptera. It is patchily distributed and restricted to taxa at the distant tips of phylogenies. Within the Formicidae, thelytoky has been demonstrated only in four phylogenetically very distant species, including P. punctata. Despite its advantages, severe costs and constraints may have restricted its rapid evolution and persistence over time. The mechanisms of thelytokous parthenogenesis and its ecological correlates are reviewed for the known cases in the Hymenoptera. Investigating the occurrence of sexual reproduction in asexual lineages indicates that thelytokous parthenogenesis may not be irreversible. In P. punctata the occasional production of sexuals in some of the colonies may provide opportunity for outbreeding and genetic recombination. Thelytoky can thus function as a conditional reproductive strategy. Thelytoky in P. punctata possibly evolved as an adaptation to the risk of colony orphanage or the foundation of new colonies by fission. The current adaptive value of physical aggression and the production of sexuals in clonal populations, where relatedness asymmetries are virtually absent, however is less clear. Quite contrary, thelytoky could thereby serve as the stepping stone for the subsequent loss of the queen caste in P. punctata. Although P. punctata clearly fulfills all three conditions of eusociality, the evolution of thelytoky is interpreted as a first step in a secondary reverse social evolution towards a social system more primitive than eusociality.},
  subject      = {Ameisenstaat},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jung2002,
  author    = {Jung, Sven},
  title     = {Forensische DNA-Analytik},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3031},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene M{\"o}glichkeiten, die die mitochondriale DNA-Analytik f{\"u}r die Spurenkunde und die Populationsgenetik er{\"o}ffnet, ausgelotet. Polymorphismen der beiden nichtcodierenden hypervariablen Regionen HV1 und HV2 wurden durch Sequenzierung erschlossen und ergaben zusammen f{\"u}r eine deutsche Populationsstichprobe (Unterfranken, n = 180) einen Diskriminationsindex (DI) von 0,99. Der DI betrug bei alleiniger Betrachtung der HV1 f{\"u}r eine deutsche (n = 198), t{\"u}rkische (n = 37), {\"a}thiopische (n = 65) und chinesische (n = 60) Populationsstichprobe jeweils 0,97, 0,97, 0,96 und 0,98. L{\"o}sungen f{\"u}r spezifische Sequenzierungsprobleme der mitochondrialen DNA wurden gefunden, so dass ein reibungsloser Einsatz in der Laborroutine gew{\"a}hrleistet ist. Die Mutationsh{\"a}ufigkeit in der HV1 und HV2 wurde mit einem Wert von ca. einem Basenaustausch bei 50 Generationswechseln festgestellt. Die N{\"u}tzlichkeit der mitochondrialen DNA f{\"u}r rechtsmedizinische Belange hat sich bereits mehrfach best{\"a}tigt. Insbesondere bei der Untersuchung von Haarsch{\"a}ften und telogenen Haaren zeigte sich, dass mit Hilfe mitochondrialer DNA noch erfolgreiche Amplifikationen durchgef{\"u}hrt werden k{\"o}nnen, wenn die klassischen STR-Systeme bereits versagen. Die f{\"u}r spurenkundliche Analysen sinnvolle Sequenz-Analyse der HVs wurde f{\"u}r populationsgenetische Untersuchungen als ungeeignet erkannt. Untersuchungen auf Grund einer Einteilung in Haplogruppen erbrachten hingegen verwertbare Ergebnisse. Beim Vergleich der verschiedenen Populationen unter Zuhilfenahme weiterer, andernorts untersuchter Bev{\"o}lkerungsgruppen zeigte sich, dass es durchaus m{\"o}glich ist, an Hand der mitochondrialen DNA Populationen verschiedener Kontinente voneinander abzugrenzen. Innerhalb Europas (Kaukasier) ist eine derartige Abgrenzung hingegen nicht m{\"o}glich, geschweige denn, dass Wanderungsbewegungen o.{\"a}. nachweisbar w{\"a}ren. Dies gilt sowohl f{\"u}r Untersuchungen auf Grund der Sequenzen der hypervariablen Regionen, als auch basierend auf Untersuchungen der Haplogruppen. Andere variable Regionen der mitochondrialen DNA erwiesen sich als zu wenig aussagekr{\"a}ftig, als dass sie in der rechtsmedizinischen Praxis von besonderer Relevanz w{\"a}ren. Die Analyse des hochkonservierten Cytochrom b Genes kann dagegen als geeignetes Mittel zur Speziesidentifikation betrachtet werden. Unsicherheiten bei der RFLP-Darstellung machen jedoch unter Umst{\"a}nden eine Sequenzierung des Genes n{\"o}tig. Ein im ersten Intron des X-Y homologen Amelogenin-Gens liegendes, geschlechtspezifisch polymorphes STR-System wurde eingef{\"u}hrt, welches auch f{\"u}r die automatisierte Auftrennung im Sequenz-Analysator geeignet ist. Die vier autosomalen STR-Systeme D3S1358, D8S1179, D18S51 und D21S11 wurden f{\"u}r die forensische Praxis als Einzelsysteme etabliert. Zu diesen Systemen wurden jeweils unterfr{\"a}nkische Populationsstichproben typisiert, um f{\"u}r diese Region relevantes Datenmaterial zu erhalten. Zur Erweiterung der bereits vorhandenen Y-chromosomalen STR-Spektrums wurde das aussagekr{\"a}ftige Mikrosatellitensystem DYS385 eingef{\"u}hrt. Auch mit diesem System wurde eine unterfr{\"a}nkische Populationsstichprobe typisiert. Die Mutationsh{\"a}ufigkeit verschiedener STR-Systeme wurde untersucht und die gefundenen Ergebnisse lagen im Vergleich mit anderen Arbeiten im erwarteten Rahmen. F{\"u}r die DNA-Extraktion aus in Formalin fixiertem und in Paraffin eingebettetem Gewebe wurde eine geeignete Methode gefunden, auch aus Geweben, die sehr lange in Formalin fixiert wurden, noch typisierbare DNA zu extrahieren. Die untersuchten Extraktionsprotokolle f{\"u}r unbehandelte Gewebeproben zeigten untereinander keine gravierenden Unterschiede. Der begrenzende Faktor f{\"u}r eine erfolgreiche DNA-Extraktion ist hier vielmehr der Zersetzungsgrad des behandelten Gewebes und die damit einhergehende Degradation der DNA. Insofern ist es sinnvoll in F{\"a}llen, in denen unbehandeltes Gewebematerial l{\"a}ngere Zeit unwirtlichen Bedingungen ausgesetzt war, gleich auf eine DNA-Extraktionsmethode aus Knochenmaterial, wie die in dieser Arbeit beschriebene, zur{\"u}ckzugreifen.},
  subject      = {DNS},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HovestadtThomasMitesseretal.2019,
  author    = {Hovestadt, Thomas and Thomas, Jeremy A. and Mitesser, Oliver and Sch{\"o}nrogge, Karsten},
  title     = {Multiple host use and the dynamics of host-switching in host-parasite systems},
  series = {Insect Conservation and Diversity},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Insect Conservation and Diversity},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1111/icad.12374},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204747},
  pages     = {511-522},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The link between multi-host use and host switching in host-parasite interactions is a continuing area of debate. Lycaenid butterflies in the genus Maculinea, for example, exploit societies of different Myrmica ant species across their ranges, but there is only rare evidence that they simultaneously utilise multiple hosts at a local site, even where alternative hosts are present. We present a simple population-genetic model accounting for the proportion of two alternative hosts and the fitness of parasite genotypes on each host. In agreement with standard models, we conclude that simultaneous host use is possible whenever fitness of heterozygotes on alternative hosts is not too low. We specifically focus on host-shifting dynamics when the frequency of hosts changes. We find that (i) host shifting may proceed so rapidly that multiple host use is unlikely to be observed, (ii) back and forth transition in host use can exhibit a hysteresis loop, (iii) the parasites' host use may not be proportional to local host frequencies and be restricted to the rarer host under some conditions, and (iv) that a substantial decline in parasite abundance may typically precede a shift in host use. We conclude that focusing not just on possible equilibrium conditions but also considering the dynamics of host shifting in non-equilibrium situations may provide added insights into host-parasite systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BijuSchwarzLinkeetal.2011,
  author    = {Biju, Joseph and Schwarz, Roland and Linke, Burkhard and Blom, Jochen and Becker, Anke and Claus, Heike and Goesmann, Alexander and Frosch, Matthias and M{\"u}ller, Tobias and Vogel, Ulrich and Schoen, Christoph},
  title     = {Virulence Evolution of the Human Pathogen Neisseria meningitidis by Recombination in the Core and Accessory Genome},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018441},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137960},
  pages     = {e18441},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background Neisseria meningitidis is a naturally transformable, facultative pathogen colonizing the human nasopharynx. Here, we analyze on a genome-wide level the impact of recombination on gene-complement diversity and virulence evolution in N. meningitidis. We combined comparative genome hybridization using microarrays (mCGH) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 29 meningococcal isolates with computational comparison of a subset of seven meningococcal genome sequences. Principal Findings We found that lateral gene transfer of minimal mobile elements as well as prophages are major forces shaping meningococcal population structure. Extensive gene content comparison revealed novel associations of virulence with genetic elements besides the recently discovered meningococcal disease associated (MDA) island. In particular, we identified an association of virulence with a recently described canonical genomic island termed IHT-E and a differential distribution of genes encoding RTX toxin- and two-partner secretion systems among hyperinvasive and non-hyperinvasive lineages. By computationally screening also the core genome for signs of recombination, we provided evidence that about 40\% of the meningococcal core genes are affected by recombination primarily within metabolic genes as well as genes involved in DNA replication and repair. By comparison with the results of previous mCGH studies, our data indicated that genetic structuring as revealed by mCGH is stable over time and highly similar for isolates from different geographic origins. Conclusions Recombination comprising lateral transfer of entire genes as well as homologous intragenic recombination has a profound impact on meningococcal population structure and genome composition. Our data support the hypothesis that meningococcal virulence is polygenic in nature and that differences in metabolism might contribute to virulence.},
  language  = {en}
}