@phdthesis{Muench2023, author = {M{\"u}nch, Luca}, title = {Die Rolle transposabler Elemente in der Genese des malignen Melanom im Fischmodell Xiphophorus}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-28922}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289228}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Der Name der transposablen Elemente beruht auf ihrer F{\"a}higkeit, ihre genomische Position ver{\"a}ndern zu k{\"o}nnen. Durch Chromosomenaberrationen, Insertionen oder Deletionen k{\"o}nnen ihre genomischen Transpositionen genetische Instabilit{\"a}t verursachen. Inwieweit sie dar{\"u}ber hinaus regulatorischen Einfluss auf Zellfunktionen besitzen, ist Gegenstand aktueller Forschung ebenso wie die daraus resultierende Frage nach der Gesamtheit ihrer biologischen Signifikanz. Die Weiterf{\"u}hrung experimenteller Forschung ist unabdingbar, um weiterhin offenen Fragen nachzugehen. Das Xiphophorus-Melanom-Modell stellt hierbei eines der {\"a}ltesten Tiermodelle zur Erforschung des malignen Melanoms dar. Durch den klar definierten genetischen Hintergrund eignet es sich hervorragend zur Erforschung des b{\"o}sartigen schwarzen Hautkrebses, welcher nach wie vor die t{\"o}dlichste aller bekannten Hautkrebsformen darstellt. Die hier vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Rolle transposabler Elemente in der malignen Melanomgenese von Xiphophorus.}, subject = {Transposon}, language = {de} } @article{LiuFriedrichHemmenetal.2023, author = {Liu, Ruiqi and Friedrich, Mike and Hemmen, Katherina and Jansen, Kerstin and Adolfi, Mateus C. and Schartl, Manfred and Heinze, Katrin G.}, title = {Dimerization of melanocortin 4 receptor controls puberty onset and body size polymorphism}, series = {Frontiers in Endocrinology}, volume = {14}, journal = {Frontiers in Endocrinology}, issn = {1664-2392}, doi = {10.3389/fendo.2023.1267590}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-354261}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Xiphophorus fish exhibit a clear phenotypic polymorphism in puberty onset and reproductive strategies of males. In X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus, puberty onset is genetically determined and linked to a melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) polymorphism of wild-type and mutant alleles on the sex chromosomes. We hypothesized that Mc4r mutant alleles act on wild-type alleles by a dominant negative effect through receptor dimerization, leading to differential intracellular signaling and effector gene activation. Depending on signaling strength, the onset of puberty either occurs early or is delayed. Here, we show by F{\"o}rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) that wild-type Xiphophorus Mc4r monomers can form homodimers, but also heterodimers with mutant receptors resulting in compromised signaling which explains the reduced Mc4r signaling in large males. Thus, hetero- vs. homo- dimerization seems to be the key molecular mechanism for the polymorphism in puberty onset and body size in male fish.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Liu2022, author = {Liu, Ruiqi}, title = {Dynamic regulation of the melanocortin 4 receptor system in body weight homeostasis and reproductive maturation in fish}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20653}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-206536}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Puberty is an important period of life with physiological changes to enable animals to reproduce. Xiphophorus fish exhibit polymorphism in body size, puberty timing, and reproductive tactics. These phenotypical polymorphisms are controlled by the Puberty (P) locus. In X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus, the P locus encodes the melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) with high genetic polymorphisms. Mc4r is a member of the melanocortin receptors, belonging to class A G-protein coupled receptors. The Mc4r signaling system consists of Mc4r, the agonist Pomc (precursor of various MSH and of ACTH), the antagonist Agrp and accessory protein Mrap2. In humans, MC4R has a role in energy homeostasis. MC4R and MRAP2 mutations are linked to human obesity but not to puberty. Mc4rs in X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus are present in three allele classes, A, B1 and B2, of which the X-linked A alleles express functional receptors and the male-specific Y-linked B alleles encode defective receptors. Male body sizes are correlated with B allele type and B allele copy numbers. Late-maturing large males carry B alleles in high copy number while early-maturing small males carry B alleles in low copy number or only A alleles. Cell culture co-expression experiments indicated that B alleles may act as dominant negative receptor mutants on A alleles. In this study, the main aim was to biochemically characterize the mechanism of puberty regulation by Mc4r in X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus, whether it is by Mc4r dimerization and/or Mrap2 interaction with Mc4r or other mechanisms. Furthermore, Mc4r in X. hellerii (another swordtail species) and medaka (a model organism phylogenetically close to Xiphophorus) were investigated to understand if the investigated mechanisms are conserved in other species. In medaka, the Mc4r signaling system genes (mc4r, mrap2, pomc, agrp1) are expressed before hatching, with agrp1 being highly upregulated during hatching and first feeding. These genes are mainly expressed in adult brain, and the transcripts of mrap2 co-localize with mc4r indicating a function in modulating Mc4r signaling. Functional comparison between wild-type and mc4r knockout medaka showed that Mc4r knockout does not affect puberty timing but significantly delays hatching due to the retarded embryonic development of knockout medaka. Hence, the Mc4r system in medaka is involved in regulation of growth rather than puberty. In Xiphophorus, expression co-localization of mc4r and mrap2 in X. nigrensis and X. hellerii fish adult brains was characterized by in situ hybridization. In both species, large males exhibit strikingly high expression of mc4r while mrap2 shows similar expression level in the large and small male and female. Differently, X. hellerii has only A-type alleles indicating that the puberty regulation mechanisms evolved independently in Xiphophorus genus. Functional analysis of Mrap2 and Mc4r A/B1/B2 alleles of X. multilineatus showed that increased Mrap2 amounts induce higher cAMP response but EC50 values do not change much upon Mrap2 co-expression with Mc4r (expressing only A allele or A and B1 alleles). A and B1 alleles were expressed higher in large male brains, while B2 alleles were only barely expressed. Mc4r A-B1 cells have lower cAMP production than Mc4r A cells. Together, this indicates a role of Mc4r alleles, but not Mrap2, in puberty onset regulation signaling. Interaction studies by FRET approach evidenced that Mc4r A and B alleles can form heterodimers and homodimers in vitro, but only for a certain fraction of the expressed receptors. Single-molecule colocalization study using super-resolution microscope dSTORM confirmed that only few Mc4r A and B1 receptors co-localized on the membrane. Altogether, the species-specific puberty onset regulation in X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus is linked to the presence of Mc4r B alleles and to some extent to its interaction with A allele gene products. This is reasoned to result in certain levels of cAMP signaling which reaches the dynamic or static threshold to permit late puberty in large males. In summary, puberty onset regulation by dominant negative effect of Mc4r mutant alleles is a special mechanism that is found so far only in X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus. Other Xiphophorus species obviously evolved the same function of the pathway by diverse mechanisms. Mc4r in other fish (medaka) has a role in regulation of growth, reminiscent of its role in energy homeostasis in humans. The results of this study will contribute to better understand the biochemical and physiological functions of the Mc4r system in vertebrates including human.}, subject = {Japank{\"a}rpfling}, language = {en} } @article{ShenChalopinGarciaetal.2016, author = {Shen, Yingjia and Chalopin, Domitille and Garcia, Tzintzuni and Boswell, Mikki and Boswell, William and Shiryev, Sergey A. and Agarwala, Richa and Volff, Jean-Nicolas and Postlethwait, John H. and Schartl, Manfred and Minx, Patrick and Warren, Wesley C. and Walter, Ronald B.}, title = {X. couchianus and X. hellerii genome models provide genomic variation insight among Xiphophorus species}, series = {BMC Genomics}, volume = {17}, journal = {BMC Genomics}, doi = {10.1186/s12864-015-2361-z}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164582}, pages = {37}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Background Xiphophorus fishes are represented by 26 live-bearing species of tropical fish that express many attributes (e.g., viviparity, genetic and phenotypic variation, ecological adaptation, varied sexual developmental mechanisms, ability to produce fertile interspecies hybrids) that have made attractive research models for over 85 years. Use of various interspecies hybrids to investigate the genetics underlying spontaneous and induced tumorigenesis has resulted in the development and maintenance of pedigreed Xiphophorus lines specifically bred for research. The recent availability of the X. maculatus reference genome assembly now provides unprecedented opportunities for novel and exciting comparative research studies among Xiphophorus species. Results We present sequencing, assembly and annotation of two new genomes representing Xiphophorus couchianus and Xiphophorus hellerii. The final X. couchianus and X. hellerii assemblies have total sizes of 708 Mb and 734 Mb and correspond to 98 \% and 102 \% of the X. maculatus Jp 163 A genome size, respectively. The rates of single nucleotide change range from 1 per 52 bp to 1 per 69 bp among the three genomes and the impact of putatively damaging variants are presented. In addition, a survey of transposable elements allowed us to deduce an ancestral TE landscape, uncovered potential active TEs and document a recent burst of TEs during evolution of this genus. Conclusions Two new Xiphophorus genomes and their corresponding transcriptomes were efficiently assembled, the former using a novel guided assembly approach. Three assembled genome sequences within this single vertebrate order of new world live-bearing fishes will accelerate our understanding of relationship between environmental adaptation and genome evolution. In addition, these genome resources provide capability to determine allele specific gene regulation among interspecies hybrids produced by crossing any of the three species that are known to produce progeny predisposed to tumor development.}, language = {en} } @article{KangManousakiFranchinietal.2015, author = {Kang, Ji Hyoun and Manousaki, Tereza and Franchini, Paolo and Kneitz, Susanne and Schartl, Manfred and Meyer, Axel}, title = {Transcriptomics of two evolutionary novelties: how to make a sperm-transfer organ out of an anal fin and a sexually selected "sword" out of a caudal fin}, series = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {5}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.1390}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144139}, pages = {848-864}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Swords are exaggerated male ornaments of swordtail fishes that have been of great interest to evolutionary biologists ever since Darwin described them in the Descent of Man (1871). They are a novel sexually selected trait derived from modified ventral caudal fin rays and are only found in the genus Xiphophorus. Another phylogenetically more widespread and older male trait is the gonopodium, an intromittent organ found in all poeciliid fishes, that is derived from a modified anal fin. Despite many evolutionary and behavioral studies on both traits, little is known so far about the molecular mechanisms underlying their development. By investigating transcriptomic changes (utilizing a RNA-Seq approach) in response to testosterone treatment in the swordtail fish, Xiphophorus hellerii, we aimed to better understand the architecture of the gene regulatory networks underpinning the development of these two evolutionary novelties. Large numbers of genes with tissue-specific expression patterns were identified. Among the sword genes those involved in embryonic organ development, sexual character development and coloration were highly expressed, while in the gonopodium rather more morphogenesis-related genes were found. Interestingly, many genes and genetic pathways are shared between both developing novel traits derived from median fins: the sword and the gonopodium. Our analyses show that a larger set of gene networks was co-opted during the development and evolution of the older gonopodium than in the younger, and morphologically less complex trait, the sword. We provide a catalog of candidate genes for future efforts to dissect the development of those sexually selected exaggerated male traits in swordtails.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Regneri2013, author = {Regneri, Janine}, title = {Transcriptional regulation of cancer genes in the Xiphophorus melanoma system}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-82319}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The Xiphophorus melanoma system is a useful animal model for the study of the genetic basis of tumor formation. The development of hereditary melanomas in interspecific hybrids of Xiphophorus is connected to pigment cell specific overexpression of the mutationally activated receptor tyrosine kinase Xmrk. In purebred fish the oncogenic function of xmrk is suppressed by the molecularly still unidentified locus R. The xmrk oncogene was generated by a gene duplication event from the Xiphophorus egfrb gene and thereby has acquired a new 5' regulatory sequence, which has probably altered the transcriptional control of the oncogene. So far, the xmrk promoter region was still poorly characterized and the molecular mechanism by which R controls xmrk-induced melanoma formation in Xiphophorus still remained to be elucidated. To test the hypothesis that R controls melanoma development in Xiphophorus on the transcriptional level, the first aim of the thesis was to gain a deeper insight into the transcriptional regulation of the xmrk oncogene. To this end, a quantitative analysis of xmrk transcript levels in different Xiphophorus genotypes carrying either the highly tumorigenic xmrkB or the non-tumorigenic xmrkA allele was performed. I was able to demonstrate that expression of the tumorigenic xmrkB allele is strongly increased in malignant melanomas of R-free backcross hybrids compared to benign lesions, macromelanophore spots, and healthy skin. The expression level of the non-tumorigenic xmrkA allele, in contrast, is not influenced by the presence or absence of R. These findings strongly indicate that differential transcriptional regulation of the xmrk promoter triggers the tumorigenic potential of these xmrk alleles. To functionally characterize the xmrk promoter region, I established a luciferase assay using BAC clones containing the genomic regions where xmrk and egfrb are located for generation of reporter constructs. This approach showed for the first time a melanoma cell specific transcriptional activation of xmrkB by its flanking regions, thereby providing the first functional evidence that the xmrk oncogene is controlled by a pigment cell specific promoter region. Subsequent analysis of different deletion constructs of the xmrkB BAC reporter construct strongly indicated that the regulatory elements responsible for the tumor-inducing overexpression of xmrkB in melanoma cells are located within 67 kb upstream of the xmrk oncogene. Taken together, these data indicate that melanoma formation in Xiphophorus is regulated by a tight transcriptional control of the xmrk oncogene and that the R locus acts through this mechanism. As the identification of the R-encoded gene(s) is necessary to fully understand how melanoma formation in Xiphophorus is regulated, I furthermore searched for alternative R candidate genes in this study. To this end, three genes, which are located in the genomic region where R has been mapped, were evaluated for their potential to be a crucial constituent of the regulator locus R. Among these genes, I identified pdcd4a, the ortholog of the human tumor suppressor gene PDCD4, as promising new candidate, because this gene showed the expression pattern expected from the crucial tumor suppressor gene encoded at the R locus.}, subject = {Melanom}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Wende2011, author = {Wende, Elisabeth Sophie}, title = {Untersuchungen zur Rolle der melanominduzierenden Rezeptortyrosinkinase Xmrk bei der Migration melanozyt{\"a}rer Zellen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70945}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Das maligne Melanom ist ein Hauttumor mit steigender Inzidenz und hohen Mortalit{\"a}tsraten. Da die molekularbiologischen Ereignisse, die der Melanomentwicklung zugrundeliegen, nur unzureichend bekannt sind, gibt es kaum spezifische Therapieans{\"a}tze. Zur Untersuchung der Melanomentwicklung eignet sich das Xiphophorus-Modell. In diesem System ist die Anwesenheit der RTK Xmrk ausreichend, um durch Aktivierung proliferativer und entdifferenzierender Signalwege und Apoptoseinhibition Melanome zu verursachen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Xmrk auch die Migration der Melanozytenzellinie Melan a-Hm induzieren kann. Die Migration der durch Xmrk transformierten Zellen ist am{\"o}boid und unabh{\"a}ngig von MAPK- und PI3K-Signalwegen. Eine Funktion bei der Migration haben jedoch die Kinasen FAK und Fyn. Sie bilden m{\"o}glicherweise einen Proteinkomplex, der f{\"u}r FAK und Src aus zahlreichen anderen Systemen bekannt ist und als Signalplattform f{\"u}r die Zellmigration fungiert. Diese Erkenntnisse k{\"o}nnen dazu beitragen, das Xiphophorus-Modell weiterzuentwickeln und die Grundlagen der Melanomgenese besser zu verstehen.}, subject = {Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Teutschbein2008, author = {Teutschbein, Janka}, title = {Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von Genen und Proteinen in der Xmrk-induzierten Entwicklung von Melanomen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27516}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Melanome stellen die gef{\"a}hrlichste Form von Hautkrebs mit der h{\"o}chsten Mortalit{\"a}tsrate dar. Der Transformation normaler Melanozyten zu malignen Melanomen liegen komplexe molekulare und biochemische Ver{\"a}nderungen zu Grunde. Im Xiphophorus-Melanom-Modell ist die onkogene Rezeptortyrosinkinase "Xiphophorus melanoma receptor kinase" (Xmrk) der alleinige Ausl{\"o}ser der Melanominitiation und -progression. Die Aufkl{\"a}rung der Xmrk-vermittelten Signaltransduktion kann zum besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis von Ereignissen, die auch bei der humanen Melanomentwicklung eine Rolle spielen, beitragen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe der Microarray-Technologie die Regulation der Genexpression durch Xmrk analysiert. Zu den nach Rezeptoraktivierung am st{\"a}rksten herabregulierten Genen geh{\"o}rten "son of sevenless homolog 1" (Sos1) und "ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I" (Ube2i); stark hochreguliert waren "early growth response 1" (Egr1), "cysteine-rich protein 61" (Cyr61), "dual-specificity phosphatase 4" (Dusp4), "fos-like antigen 1" (Fosl1), "epithelial membrane protein" (Emp1), Osteopontin (Opn), "insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3" (Igfbp3) und "tumor-associated antigen L6" (Taal6). Die f{\"u}r die Regulation dieser Gene verantwortlichen Signalwege wurden durch die Anwendung von niedermolekularen Inhibitoren und siRNA identifiziert, wobei f{\"u}r die SRC-Kinase FYN eine zentrale Bedeutung bei der Xmrk-abh{\"a}ngigen Regulation der Genexpression festgestellt wurde. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurde die Expression der Gene in humanen Melanomzelllinien im Vergleich zu normalen humanen Melanozyten untersucht. Als besonders vielversprechende Kandidaten stellten sich dabei DUSP4 und TAAL6 heraus, deren Rolle in der humanen Melanominduktion und -progression Gegenstand zuk{\"u}nftiger Studien sein wird. In einem anderen Ansatz zur Aufkl{\"a}rung des Signalnetzwerkes sollten Zielproteine von Xmrk durch Protein-Protein-Interaktionsstudien mit Hilfe des Split-Ubiquitin-Systems ermittelt werden. Aufgrund ung{\"u}nstiger Expressions- oder Faltungseigenschaften von Xmrk in diesem System war es aber nicht m{\"o}glich, den Rezeptor als K{\"o}derprotein einzusetzen. Das f{\"u}r die Xmrk-vermittelte Melanomentstehung zentrale Protein FYN konnte jedoch als K{\"o}der etabliert und seine Wechselwirkung mit der Tyrosinkinase FAK analysiert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass der phosphorylierte Tyrosinrest an Position 397 von FAK f{\"u}r die Interaktion einer N-terminal trunkierten FAK-Variante mit FYN notwendig ist und dass diese Phosphorylierung in Hefe gew{\"a}hrleistet zu sein scheint. Die Suche nach neuen Interaktionspartnern von FYN mittels der Split-Ubiquitin-Technologie k{\"o}nnte Einblicke in weitere FYN-abh{\"a}ngige Ereignisse bieten, die zur Aufkl{\"a}rung seiner zentralen Rolle bei der Tumorentstehung dienen k{\"o}nnte.}, subject = {Melanom}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Froschauer2003, author = {Froschauer, Alexander}, title = {Identifizierung und molekulare Analyse Xmrk-gekoppelter Gene in der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region des Genoms von Xiphophorus maculatus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7005}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Fische der Gattung Xiphophorus stellen eines der am besten untersuchten Modellsysteme zur Untersuchung genetischer Geschlechtsbestimmung innerhalb dieser Klasse von mehr als 24.000 Arten dar. X. maculatus kann m{\"a}nnliche (XX/ XY) oder weibliche (WY/ YY) Heterogametie aufweisen. Zus{\"a}tzlich sind atypische Geschlechtsbestimmungssysteme beschrieben worden, die auf autosomale Modifikatoren zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt wurden. Obwohl k{\"u}rzlich das Mastergen der Geschlechtsbestimmung im Medaka (Oryzias latipes) als ein Mitglied der Dmrt-Genfamilie identifiziert wurde, konnte Dmrt1bY als Mastergen der Geschlechtsbestimmung von Xiphophorus und anderen Fischen ausgeschlossen werden. Xiphophorus wurde zum wissenschaftlichen Modellsystem, da bestimmte zwischenartliche Kreuzungshybride maligne Melanome entwickeln. Das daf{\"u}r verantwortliche Onkogen Xmrk und sein physiologisches Gegenst{\"u}ck egfrb liegen eng gekoppelt (< 0,6 cM) in der Geschlechtsbestimmungsregion von X. maculatus. Die Kopplungsgruppe umfasst noch weitere Loci wie den geschlechtsbestimmenden Locus SD, den Locus RY f{\"u}r r{\"o}tliche und gelb-br{\"a}unliche Farbmuster und den Locus Mdl, der außer schwarzen Pigmentflecken auch noch den Bildungsort und die Schwere der Melanome in Hybriden mit X. helleri steuert. Die enge Kopplung dieser Loci entspricht einem physikalischen Abstand von ca. 1 Megabase (Mb) und erm{\"o}glicht eine Strategie der positionellen Klonierung der von diesen Loci kodierten Gene. Die Analyse großer Cosmid- und BAC- (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) Contigs, welche im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstellt wurden und die mehr als 1 Mb sowohl des X- als auch des Y-Chromosoms des Platys X. maculatus abdecken, zeigte eine hohe Dichte von Retroelementen und anderen repetitiven Sequenzen, besonders im Bereich des dominanten Onkogens Xmrk und in einer durch das duplizierte Gen ps-criptY gekennzeichneten, Y-spezifischen Region. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass eines dieser Elemente (XIR) spezifisch auf dem Y-Chromosom akkumuliert, was m{\"o}glicherweise einen fr{\"u}hen Schritt der Differenzierung der Geschlechtschromosomen des Platys darstellt. Es konnten mehrere Duplikationsereignisse in diese Region nachgewiesen werden. Erstens wurde egfrb dupliziert, dessen Kopie zum Onkogen Xmrk wurde. Zweitens konnte die mehrfache Duplikation eines Melanocortin-Rezeptorgens mc4r nachgewiesen werden, von dem 9 Kopien auf dem X-Chromosom in einer Tandem-{\"a}hnlichen Struktur vorliegen und mindestens 9 Kopien auf dem Y-Chromosom. Mindestens 11 der insgesamt 19 Kopien besitzen nicht unterbrochene offene Leseraster, deren konzeptionelle Translationsprodukte die strukturellen Charakteristika funktionaler Rezeptoren zeigen. Drittens wurde das autosomale Gen cript dupliziert und liegt nun in jeweils einer Kopie (ps-cript1) direkt stromabw{\"a}rts von Xmrk auf beiden Geschlechtschromosomen und in einer zus{\"a}tzlichen Kopie auf dem Y-Chromosom (ps-criptY), wo es eine Region mit Syntenie zum menschlichen Chromosom 2p markiert. Andere potentielle Gene zeigen Homologien zu den menschlichen Genen CHRNA, CHRND und TMEFF und lassen auf eine syntenische Region zum menschlichen Chromosom 2q schließen. Diese Region ist involviert in autosomale Geschlechtsumkehr im Mensch, allerdings wurde noch kein daf{\"u}r verantwortliches Gen identifiziert. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgelegten Ergebnisse der Analyse von Sequenzen in der geschlechtsbestimmenden Region von X. maculatus bilden die Basis f{\"u}r ein tieferes Verst{\"a}ndnis der Mechanismen, die zur Plastizit{\"a}t der von der Xmrk-SD-Region vermittelten Eigenschaften f{\"u}hren. Auf dieser Grundlage sollten zuk{\"u}nftige Arbeiten zur Identifizierung des Mastergens der Geschlechtsbestimmung f{\"u}hren. Die Identifizierung dieses neuen Gens k{\"o}nnte außerdem zur Aufkl{\"a}rung anderer Geschlechtsbestimmungsmechanismen innerhalb der Fische beitragen, was besonders im Hinblick auf kommerziell genutzte Arten z.B. in der Aquakultur großen Nutzen bringen kann. Einige der analysierten Gene der Xmrk-Region zeigen geschlechtsspezifische Expressionsmuster, allerdings steht die funktionelle Analyse noch am Anfang. Ph{\"a}notypen, die mit Pigmentmusterbildung und dem Zeitpunkt der sexuellen Reifung in Zusammenhang stehen, k{\"o}nnten auf den in dieser Arbeit identifizierten Melanocortin-Rezeptoren (mc4r) beruhen. Ihre strukturellen Eigenschaften und Expressionsmuster weisen auf ihre m{\"o}gliche Rolle in einem oder mehreren dieser Vorg{\"a}nge hin. Verglichen mit den nicht duplizierten Melanocortin-Rezeptoren anderer Vertebraten k{\"o}nnte die ungew{\"o}hnlich hohe Anzahl an Kopien als Grundlage f{\"u}r evolution{\"a}re Ver{\"a}nderungen dieser Gene dienen. Obwohl ihre Funktionalit{\"a}t noch gezeigt werden muss, k{\"o}nnten diese Kopien typische evolution{\"a}re Ver{\"a}nderungen duplizierter Gene wie die {\"U}bernahme einer neuen Funktion durch das Codieren neuer Proteine nach Mutationen, die Reduktion ihrer Funktion durch die auf weniger Gewebe eingeschr{\"a}nkte Expression und den Verlust ihrer Funktion durch Mutationen, die das Leseraster unterbrechen, zeigen.}, subject = {Platy}, language = {de} } @article{WittbrodtLammersMalitscheketal.1992, author = {Wittbrodt, Joachim and Lammers, Reiner and Malitschek, Barbara and Ullrich, Axel and Schartl, Manfred}, title = {Xmrk receptor tyrosine kinase is activated in Xiphophorus malignant melanoma}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61699}, year = {1992}, abstract = {Xmrk encodes a putative transmembrane glycoprotein of the tyrosine kinase family and is a melanoma-inducing gene in Xiphophorus. We attempted to investigate the biological function of the putative Xmrk receptor by characterizing its signalling properties. Since a potential Iigand for Xmrk has not yet been identified, it has been difficult to analyse the biochemical properlies and biological function of this cell surface protein. In an approach towards such analyses, the Xmrk extracellular domain was replaced by the closely related Iigand-binding domain sequences of the human epidennal growth factor receptor (HER) and the ligand-induced activity of the chimeric HER-Xmrk proteinwas examined. We show that the Xmrk protein is a functional receptor tyrosine kinase, is highly active in malignant melanoma and displays a constitutive autophosphorylation activity possibly due to an activating mutation in its extracellular or transmembrane domain. In the focus formation assay the HER-Xmrk chimera is a potent transfonning protein equivalent to other tyrosine kinase oncoproteins.}, subject = {Physiologische Chemie}, language = {en} } @article{FoernzlerWittbrodtSchartl1991, author = {F{\"o}rnzler, Dorothee and Wittbrodt, Joachim and Schartl, M.anfred}, title = {Analysis of an esterase linked to a locus involved in the regulation of the melanoma oncogene and isolation of polymorphic marker sequences in Xiphophorus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61726}, year = {1991}, abstract = {Melanoma formation in Xiphophorus hybrids is mediated by a growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase oncogene encoded by the Tu locus. In the wild-type parental fish no tumors occur due to the activity of a locus that regulates the activity of the melanoma oncogene. Molecu/ar identification of this regulatory locus (R) requires a precise physical map of the chromosomal region. Therefore we studied esterase isozymes in Xiphophorus, two of which have been previously reported to be linked to locus R. We confinn that ES 1 is a distant marker for R ( approx. 30cM), and contrary to earlier studies, we show that this isozyme is present in all species of the genus and at similar activity Ievels in all organs tested. ES4, which has also been reported to be linked to R, was found to be a misclassification of liver ES1. In an attempt to identify markersthat bridge the large distance between ESl and R, we have generated DNA probes which are highly polymorphic. They will be useful in finding Iandmarks on a physical map of the R-containing chromosomal region.}, subject = {Physiologische Chemie}, language = {en} } @article{Schartl1990, author = {Schartl, Manfred}, title = {Homology of melanoma-inducing loci in the genus Xiphophorus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61757}, year = {1990}, abstract = {Several species of the genus Xiphophorus are polymorphic for specific pigment patterns. Same of these give rise to malignant melanoma following the appropriate crossings. For one of these pattern Iod from the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus the melanoma-inducing gene has been doned and found to encode a novel receptor tyrosine kinase, designated Xmrk. Using molecular probes from this gene in Southern blot analyses on single fish DNA preparations from 600 specimens of different populations of various species of the genus Xiphophorus and their hybrids, either with or without melanomapredisposing pattern, it was shown that all individuals contain the Xmrk gene as a proto-oncogene. It is located on the sex chromosome. All fish that carry a melanoma-predisposing locus which has been identified by Mendelian genetics contain an additional copy of Xmrk, closely linked to a specific melanophore pattern locus on the sex chromosome. The melanoma-inducing loci of the different species and populations are homologous. The additional copy of Xmrk obviously arose by a geneduplication event, thereby acquiring the oncogenic potential. The homology of the melanomainducing Iod points to a similar mechanism of tumor suppression in all feral fish populations of the different species of the genus Xiphophorus.}, subject = {Physiologische Chemie}, language = {en} } @article{RaulfRobertsonSchartl1989, author = {Raulf, F. and Robertson, S. M. and Schartl, Manfred}, title = {Evolution of the neuron-specific alternative splicing product of the c-src proto-oncogene}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61796}, year = {1989}, abstract = {The observation of a slower migrating form of pp6oc-src in neural tissue of chicken and mouse has recently been shown to be due to an alternative transcript form of tbe c-src gene (Martinez et al.: Science 237:411-415, 1987; Levy et al.: Mol Cell Bio17:4142- 4145, 1987). An insertion of 18 basepairs between exons 3 and 4, presumed to be due to alternative splicing of a mini-exon, gives rise to six amino acid residues not found in the non-neuronal (termed flbroblastic) form of pp60\(^{c-src}\). Wehave addressed the question of the evolutionary origin of the c-src neuronal insert · and its functional signiflcance regarding neural-speciflc expression of the c-src gene. To this end we have investigated whether the c-src gene of a lower verlebrate (the teleost fish Xiphophorus) gives rise to a neural-specific transcript in an analogous manner. We could show that the fish c-src gene does encode for a "fibroblastic" and a "neuronal" form of transcript and that the neuronal transcript does indeed arise by way of alternative splicing of a mini-exon. The miniexon is also 18 basepairs long and we could demoostrate directly that this exon lies within the intron separating exons 3 and 4. For comparative purposes we have examined whether the fish c-yes gene, the member of the src gene family most closely related to c-src, also encodes a neural tissue-specific transcript. No evidence for a second transcript form in brain was obtained. This result suggests that the mini-exon arose within the c-src gene lineage sometime between the srclyes gene duplication event and the divergence of the evolutionary lineage giving rise to the teleost fish. Published genomic sequence of src-related genes in Drosophila and our own results with Hydra demoostrate no intron in these species at the analogous location, consistent with first appearance of this mini-exon sometime between 550 and 400 million years ago.}, subject = {Physiologische Chemie}, language = {en} } @article{AndersSchartlBarnekowetal.1984, author = {Anders, F. and Schartl., Manfred and Barnekow, A. and Anders, A.}, title = {Xiphophorus as an in vivo model for studies on normal and defective control of oncogenes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80721}, year = {1984}, abstract = {The Xiphophorus tumor system has provided the opportunity to reduce the enormous complexity of cancer etiology to a few biological elements basically involved in neoplasia. The development of a tumor requires an oncogene which, after impairment, deletion, or elimination of its regulatory genes is permitted to mediate neoplastic transformation. Emphasis is being placed today in cancer research on the actual oncogenes themselves, but, in our opinion, the most important genes involved in neoplasia are these regulatory genes. However, although detected by c1assical genetics in the Xiphophorus system, th ese genes are not at present open to a more fin ely detailed molecular biological analysis. Their actual mode of action is therefore still far from being understood.}, subject = {Xiphophorus}, language = {en} }