@phdthesis{Afify2007, author = {Afify, Samar}, title = {Drug targeting delivery systems for treatment of Raf-1 induced lung tumors in mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-22249}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2007}, abstract = {The aim of the present study was to design different dosage forms as carrier systems to deliver sorafenib to the lung of BXB-23 transgenic mice using different routes of administration. Three dosage forms were used one of them was an oil-in-water emulsion and the oral route was chosen for this experiment. The other delivery system was a liposome preparation for intratracheal instillation. In this case the oral route was considered as a control experiment. The last dosage form was PLGA microspheres. Before sorafenib administration it was important to develop a HPLC method to assess sorafenib absorption after its administration and to determine its concentrations in mouse serum. The HPLC method allowed sorafenib quantification in small volumes (30 µl) of mouse serum and tissues. The developed HPLC method was validated resulting in satisfactory selectivity, good linearity, good accuracy and precision over the concentration range examined. Sorafenib was successfully incorporated in a fat emulsion (o/w) using a traditional method resulting in a white homogenous emulsion and no particle aggregation was observed. Sorafenib exhibited antitumor activity on the lung adenoma in BXB-23 transgenic mice when administered orally (2 mg sorafenib per mouse) in the emulsion preparation. The determined effect was an approximately 29 \% reduction in the tumor area of the adenoma foci and a proliferation reduction. In order to improve the pharmacological effects of sorafenib on the lung adenoma in BXB-23 mice, the targeting of sorafenib directly to the site of action (the lung) was an attractive concept. For this purpose the intratracheal route was used. Since sorafenib administration by instillation required incorporation of sorafenib in a dosage form suitable for its lipophilic nature, a liposome suspension was the second dosage form used. A lyophilization method was employed for sorafenib liposome preparation utilizing dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) which is safe and tolerable for the lung. Incorporation of sorafenib in the liposomes did not influence the particle size and its distribution. The sorafenib liposomes showed high encapsulation efficiency, good stability at 4 °C for one month and satisfactory in vitro release properties and inhibited Raf-1 mediated activation of ERK in cell culture assay. In a pharmacokinetic experiment sorafenib loaded liposomes were instilled directly into the lung. The results revealed that a significant level of sorafenib was achieved in the lung tissues after 2 hours and then reduced after 48 h and remained nearly constant for one week. On the other hand, only traces of sorafenib were found in the mice serum up to 48 h. Subsequently, the pharmacological activity of sorafenib (1 mg per mouse) was studied when delivered in a liposomal suspension intratracheally to treat the lung adenoma of BXB-23 mice. The data of this experiment demonstrated that sorafenib intratracheal instillation resulted in a reduction of tumor area of adenoma foci (67 \%) and an elevation of the percent of apoptotic cells. In contrast, prolongation of the treatment period did not further enhance sorafenib activity on the lung adenoma. This previous finding suggested a development of multidrug resistance (MDR) by the adenoma foci cells against sorafenib instillation, which was examined by immunohistochemistry staining. The percent of MDR positive cells was higher after two and three weeks sorafenib liposome instillation treatment than that after one week treatment. The last dosage form used for sorafenib was microspheres, which were prepared by emulsion-diffusion-evaporation method using biodegradable PLGA 50:50 resulting in a white lyophilized powder. The system was characterized physicochemically and revealed a good microspheres yield, high encapsulation efficiency, a homogenous particle size distribution and slow in vitro release of sorafenib. The other strategy studied in the present research project was gene delivery to target the lung bearing tumor of BXB-23 mice using a non-viral vector (polyethylenimine). Polyethylenimine (PEI) was used to investigate its efficiency in transfecting lung bearing tumor of BXB-23 mice model and its ability to transfect the adenoma foci cells. LacZ, which encodes Beta-galactosidase was used in the present study as a reporter gene and was complexed with PEI before delivered intravenously. A high LacZ expression in the alveolar region with some expression in the adenoma foci was observed. On contrary, a low LacZ expression in the alveoli and in the adenoma foci was achieved after instillation of the same polyplex intratracheally.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Alrefai2014, author = {Alrefai, Hani Gouda Alsaid}, title = {Molecular Characterization of NFAT Transcription Factors in Experimental Mouse Models}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97905}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {In this work we wanted to investigate the role of NFATc1 in lymphocyte physiology and in pathological conditions (eg. psoriasis). NFATc1 is part of the signal transduction pathways that regulates B cells activation and function. NFATc1 has different isoforms that are due to different promoters (P1 and P2), polyadenylation and alternative splicing. Moreover, we tried to elucidate the points of interactions between the NFAT and the NF-κB pathways in activated B-cell fate. NFAT and NF-κB factors share several properties, such as a similar mode of induction and architecture in their DNA binding domain. We used mice which over-express a constitutive active version of NFATc1/α in their B cells with -or without- an ablated IRF4. IRF4 inhibits cell cycle progression of germinal center B cell-derived Burkitt's lymphoma cells and induces terminal differentiation toward plasma cells. Our experiments showed that a 'double hit' in factors affecting B cell activation (NFATc1 in this case) and late B cell Differentiation (IRF4 in this case) alter the development of the B cells, lead to increase in their numbers and increase in stimulation induced proliferation. Therefore, the overall picture indicates a link between these 2 genes and probable carcinogenic alterations that may occur in B cells. We also show that in splenic B cells, c-Rel (of the NF-κB canonical pathway) Support the induction of NFATc1/αA through BCR signals. We also found evidence that the lack of NFATc1 affects the expression of Rel-B (of the NF-κB non-canonical pathway). These data suggest a tight interplay between NFATc1 and NF-κB in B cells, influencing the competence of B cells and their functions in peripheral tissues. We also used IMQ-induced psoriasis-like inflammation on mice which either lack NFATc1 from B cell. Psoriasis is a systemic chronic immunological disease characterized primarily by abnormal accelerated proliferation of the skin keratinocytes. In psoriasis, the precipitating event leads to immune cell activation. Our experiments showed that NFATc1 is needed for the development of psoriasis. It also showed that IL-10 is the link that enables NFAT from altering the B cell compartment (eg Bregs) in order to affect inflammation. The important role of B cell in psoriasis is supported by the flared up psoriasis-like inflammation in mice that lack B cells. Bregs is a special type of B cells that regulate other B cells and T cells; tuning the immunological response through immunomodulatory cytokines.}, subject = {Schuppenflechte}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Araragi2013, author = {Araragi, Naozumi}, title = {Electrophysiological investigation of two animal models for emotional disorders - serotonin transporter knockout mice and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 knockout mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83265}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the regulation of emotions as well as in its pathological states, such as anxiety disorders and depression. Mice with targeted deletion of genes encoding various mediators of central serotonergic neurotransmission therefore provides a powerful tool in understanding contributions of such mediators to homeostatic mechanisms as well as to the development of human emotional disorders. Within this thesis a battery of electrophysiological recordings were conducted in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and the hippocampus of two murine knockout lines with deficient serotonergic systems. Serotonin transporter knockout mice (5-Htt KO), which lack protein responsible for reuptake of 5-HT from the extracellular space and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 knockout (Tph2 KO) mice, which lack the gene encoding the neuronal 5-HT-synthesising enzyme. First, 5-HT1A receptor-mediated autoinhibition of serotonergic neuron firing in the DRN was assessed using the loose-seal cell-attached configuration. Stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors by a selective agonist, R-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (R-8-OH-DPAT), showed a mild sensitisation and a marked desensitisation of these receptors in Tph2 KO and 5-Htt KO mice, respectively. While application of tryptophan, a precursor of 5-HT and a substrate of Tph2, did not cause autoinhibition in Tph2 KO mice due to the lack of endogenously produced 5-HT, data from 5-Htt KO mice as well as heterozygous mice of both KO mice lines demonstrated the presence of autoinhibitory mechanisms as normal as seen in wildtype (WT) controls. When the Tph2-dependent step in the 5-HT synthesis pathway was bypassed by application of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), serotonergic neurons of both Tph2 KO and 5-Htt KO mice showed decrease in firing rates at lower concentrations of 5-HTP than in WT controls. Elevated responsiveness of serotonergic neurons from Tph2 KO mice correspond to mild sensitisation of 5-HT1A receptors, while responses from 5-Htt KO mice suggest that excess levels of extracellular 5-HT, created by the lack of 5-Htt, stimulates 5-HT1A receptors strong enough to overcome desensitisation of these receptors. Second, the whole-cell patch clamp recording data from serotonergic neurons in the DRN showed no differences in basic electrophysiological properties between Tph2 KO and WT mice, except lower membrane resistances of neurons from KO mice. Moreover, the whole-cell patch clamp recording from CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of 5-Htt KO mice showed increased conductance both at a steady state and at action potential generation. Lastly, magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway stimulation in the ventral hippocampus showed no differences among Tph2 KO, 5-Htt KO, and WT counterparts. Taken together, lack and excess of extracellular 5-HT caused sensitisation and desensitisation of autoinhibitory 5-HT1A receptors, respectively. However, this may not directly translate to the level of autoinhibitory regulation of serotonergic neuron firing when these receptors are stimulated by endogenously synthesised 5-HT. In general, KO mice studied here showed an astonishing level of resilience to genetic manipulations of the central serotonergic system, maintaining overall electrophysiological properties and normal LTP inducibility. This may further suggest existence of as-yet-unknown compensatory mechanisms buffering potential alterations induced by genetic manipulations.}, subject = {Serotonin}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bacmeister2018, author = {Bacmeister, Lucas}, title = {Effect of Cadherin-13 inactivation on different GABAergic interneuron populations of the mouse hippocampus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172693}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Cadherin-13 (CDH13) is an atypical member of the cadherin superfamily, a group of membrane proteins mediating calcium-dependent cellular adhesion. Although CDH13 shows the classical extracellular cadherin structure, the typical transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains are absent. Instead, CDH13 is attached to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. These findings and many studies from different fields suggest that CDH13 also plays a role as a cellular receptor. Interestingly, many genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have found CDH13 as a risk gene for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. In previous work from our research group, strong expression of Cdh13 mRNA in interneurons of the hippocampal stratum oriens (SO) was detected. Therefore, double-immunofluorescence studies were used to evaluate the degree of co-expression of CDH13 with seven markers of GABAergic interneuron subtypes. For this purpose, murine brains were double stained against CDH13 and the respective marker and the degree of colocalization in the SO of the hippocampus was assessed. Based on the result of this immunofluorescence study, quantitative differences in interneuron subtypes of the SO between Cdh13 knockout (ko), heterozygote (het) and wildtype (wt) mice were investigated in this dissertation using stereological methods. In addition, genotype- dependent differences in the expression of genes involved in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Primers targeting different GABA receptor subunits, vesicular GABA and glutamate transporter, GABA synthesizing enzymes and their interaction partners were used for this purpose. The results of the stereological quantification of the interneuron subtypes show no significant differences in cell number, cell density or volume of the SO between Cdh13 ko, het and wt mice. On the other hand, qRT-PCR results indicate significant differences in the expression of tropomyosin-related kinase B gene (TrkB), which encodes the receptor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a regulator of GABAergic neurons. This finding supports a role for CDH13 in the regulation of BDNF signaling in the hippocampus.}, subject = {Cadherine}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Baig2019, author = {Baig, Ayesha Anjum}, title = {Studies on platelet interactions with the coagulation system and on modulators of platelet (hem)ITAM signaling in genetically modified mice}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-16488}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164888}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Activated platelets and coagulation jointly contribute to physiological hemostasis. However, pathological conditions can also trigger unwanted platelet activation and initiation of coagulation resulting in thrombosis and precipitation of ischemic damage of vital organs such as the heart or brain. The specific contribution of procoagulant platelets, positioned at the interface of the processes of platelet activation and coagulation, in ischemic stroke had remained uninvestigated. The first section of the thesis addresses this aspect through experiments conducted in novel megakaryocyte- and platelet-specific TMEM16F conditional KO mice (cKO). cKO platelets phenocopied defects in platelets from Scott Syndrome patients and had severely impaired procoagulant characteristics. This led to decelerated platelet-driven thrombin generation and delayed fibrin formation. cKO mice displayed prolonged bleeding times and impaired arterial thrombosis. However, infarct volumes in cKO mice were comparable to wildtype (WT) mice in an experimental model of ischemic stroke. Therefore, while TMEM16F-regulated platelet procoagulant activity is critical for hemostasis and thrombosis, it is dispensable for cerebral thrombo-inflammation in mice. The second section describes the generation and initial characterization of a novel knockin mouse strain that expresses human coagulation factor XII (FXII) instead of endogenous murine FXII. These knockin mice had normal occlusion times in an experimental model of arterial thrombosis demonstrating that human FXII is functional in mice. Therefore, these mice constitute a valuable tool for testing novel pharmacological agents against human FXII - an attractive potential target for antithrombotic therapy. Glycoprotein (GP)VI and C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2)-mediated (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signaling represent a major pathway for platelet activation. The last section of the thesis provides experimental evidence for redundant functions between the two members of the Grb2 family of adapter proteins - Grb2 and Gads that lie downstream of GPVI and CLEC-2 stimulation. In vitro and in vivo studies in mice deficient in both Grb2 and Gads (DKO) revealed that DKO platelets had defects in (hem)ITAM-stimulation-specific activation, aggregation and signal transduction that were more severe than the defects observed in single Grb2 KO or Gads KO mice. Furthermore, the specific role of these adapters downstream of (hem)ITAM signaling was essential for maintenance of hemostasis but dispensable for the known CLEC-2 dependent regulation of blood-lymphatic vessel separation.}, subject = {Blutgerinnung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bartlang2014, author = {Bartlang, Manuela Slavica}, title = {Timing is everything: The interaction of psychosocial stress and the circadian clock in male C57BL/6 mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106486}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Due to the rotation of the earth in the solar system all inhabitants of our planet are exposed to regular environmental changes since more than 3.5 billion years. In order to anticipate these predictable changes in the environment, evolutionarily conserved biological rhythms have evolved in most organisms - ranging from ancient cyanobacteria up to human beings - and also at different levels of organization - from single cells up to behavior. These rhythms are endogenously generated by so called circadian clocks in our body and entrained to the 24 h cycle by external timing cues. In multi-cellular organisms the majority of the cells in the body is equipped with such an oscillator. In mammals, the circadian system is structured in a hierarchical fashion: A central pacemaker resides in the bilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, while subsidiary peripheral clocks exist in nearly every tissue and organ. In contrast to the aforementioned recurrent environmental changes most organisms are also exposed to unpredictable changes in the environment. In order to adapt to these sudden alterations the acute activation of the stress response system, involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system, displays a fundamental survival mechanism. However, if activation of the stress system becomes chronic, devastating somatic and affective disorders might be the consequence. At first glance, the circadian and the stress system seem to represent two separate bodily control systems that are involved in adaptation to predictable and unpredictable stimuli, respectively. However, both systems are fundamental for survival, and thus, communicate with each other at various levels. Early studies already demonstrated that stressor exposure at different times of the diurnal cycle generates different stress effects, whereupon the type of stressor plays a pivotal role. Moreover, alterations in the SCN and peripheral circadian clocks could be shown following stressor exposure. In cooperation with various co-workers, I investigated whether the stress responsiveness is modulated by the endogenous clock in a diurnal fashion and whether repeated psychosocial stress impacts the circadian clock depending on the time of day of stressor exposure. Therefore, male C57BL/6 mice were repeatedly exposed to a psychosocial stressor, either at the beginning of the inactive/light phase (SDL mice) or active/dark phase (SDD mice). Subsequently, different behavioral, physiological/endocrine and immunological/ inflammatory consequences were assessed. It could be shown that the effects of repeated psychosocial stressor exposure strongly depend on the time of day of stressor exposure. The present results demonstrate that repeated daily stressor exposure has a more negative outcome when applied during the active/dark phase compared to the inactive/light phase. Stressor exposure during the active phase resulted in a loss of general activity, decreased interest in an unfamiliar conspecific, a shift towards a more pro-inflammatory body milieu, and rhythm disturbances in plasma hormones, all representing well-accepted hallmarks of depression. In contrast, C57BL/6 mice exposed to the stressor in their inactive phase exhibited minor physiological alterations that might prevent the formation of the maladaptive consequences mentioned above, thus representing beneficial adaptations. The second focus of this thesis was put on the investigation of the effects of repeated psychosocial stressor exposure at different times of the light-dark cycle on various levels of the circadian system. An increased expression of the PERIOD2 (PER2) protein, which represents an essential core clock component, could be found in the SCN of mice repeatedly exposed to the stressor during their active phase. In consistence with the alterations in the central circadian pacemaker, the daily rhythm of different hormones and the activity rhythm were considerably affected by SDD. Mice exposed to the psychosocial stressor in their active phase showed a shifted, or absent, rhythm of the hormones corticosterone and leptin. Moreover, their activity was found to be phase-delayed, which seems to be attributable to the Period (Per) gene since Per1/Per2 double-mutants still exhibited their normal activity rhythm following 19 days of stressor exposure during the active phase. In contrast, a phase-advance in the peripheral adrenal gland clock could be seen in C57BL/6 mice subjected to the stressor during their inactive phase. This phase-shift might be required for maintaining the normal rhythmicity in hormonal release and activity. It has previously been suggested that activation of the HPA axis upon stressor exposure at different times of the light-dark cycle is depending on whether the stressor is of physical or psychological nature. Data from the HPA axis analysis now refine previous findings, indicating that psychosocial stressors also modulate HPA axis responses based on the time of day of stressor presentation. The present results demonstrate that HPA axis activity was reduced following repeated stressor exposure during the active phase. It is reasonable to speculate that this reduced basal activity of the stress system represents a failure in HPA axis adjustment, which could contribute to the negative consequences of repeated psychosocial stressor exposure during the dark phase. Taken together, it can be concluded that the endogenous clock in mice modulates the stress responsiveness in a circadian fashion and that repeated psychosocial stressor exposure affects the biological clock depending on the time of day of stressor presentation. Thereby, stressor exposure during the active phase results in a more negative outcome as compared to stressor experience during the inactive phase. It is assumed that the interaction between the circadian clock and the stress system is a complex issue that might ensure that the endogenous clock does not get out of synchrony in any order.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bucher2018, author = {Bucher, Hannes}, title = {Pre-clinical modeling of viral- and bacterial-induced exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144368}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {XIII, 105}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbations are a considerable reason for increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Infections with influenza virus (H1N1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are important triggers of exacerbations. To date, no treatments are available which can stop the progression of COPD. Novel approaches are urgently needed. Pre-clinical models of the disease are crucial for the development of novel therapeutic options. In order to establish pre-clinical models which mimic aspects of human COPD exacerbations, mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and additionally infected with H1N1, RSV and/or NTHi. Clinically relevant treatments such as the corticosteroids Fluticasone propionate and Dexamethasone, the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor Roflumilast and the long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist Tiotropium were tested in the established models. Furthermore, a novel treatment approach using antibodies (Abs) directed against IL-1α, IL-1β or IL-1R1 was examined in the established CS/H1N1 model. Levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, KC, TNF-α, RANTES, IL-17, MCP-1, MIP 1α and MIP-1β were measured in lung homogenate. Numbers of total cells, neutrophils and macrophages were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Hematoxylin- and eosin- (H\&E-) stained lung slices were analyzed to detect pathological changes. Quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) was used to investigate gene expression of ICAM-1 and MUC5 A/C. The viral/bacterial load was investigated in lung homogenate or BAL fluid. In addition to the in vivo studies, the effects of the above mentioned treatments were investigated in vitro in H1N1, RSV or NTHi-infected (primary) human bronchial epithelial cells using submerged or air-liquid-interface (ALI) cell culture systems. Four pre-clinical models (CS/H1N1, CS/RSV, CS/NTHi, CS/H1N1/NTHi) were established depicting clinically relevant aspects of COPD exacerbations such as increased inflammatory cells and cytokines in the airways and impaired lung function. In the CS/H1N1 model, Tiotropium improved lung function and was superior in reducing inflammation in comparison to Fluticasone or Roflumilast. Moreover, Fluticasone increased the loss of body-weight, levels of IL-6, KC and TNF-α and worsened lung function. In CS/RSV-exposed mice Tiotropium but not Fluticasone or Roflumilast treatment reduced neutrophil numbers and IL-6 and TNF α levels in the lung. The viral load of H1N1 and RSV was significantly elevated in CS/virus-exposed mice and NCI-H292 cells after Fluticasone and Dexamethasone treatment. The results from these studies demonstrate that Tiotropium has anti-inflammatory effects on CS/virus-induced inflammation and might help to explain the observed reduction of exacerbation rates in Tiotropium-treated COPD patients. Furthermore, the findings from this work indicate that treatment with Fluticasone or Dexamethasone might not be beneficial to reduce inflammation in the airways of COPD patients and supports clinical studies that link treatment with corticosteroids to an increased risk for pneumonia. Testing of anti-IL-1α, anti-IL-1β or anti-IL-1R1 Abs in the CS/H1N1 model suggests that, in line with clinical data, antagonization of IL-1β is not sufficient to reduce pulmonary inflammation and indicates a predominant role of IL-1α in CS/virus-induced airway inflammation. In line with the in vivo findings, anti-IL-1α but not anti-IL-1β Abs reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in H1N1-infected primary human bronchial epithelial ALI cell culture. Blocking the IL-1R1 provided significant inhibitory effects on inflammatory cells in vivo but was inferior compared to inhibiting both its soluble ligands IL-1α and IL-1β. Concomitant usage of Abs against IL-1α/IL-1β revealed strong effects and reduced total cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Additionally, levels of KC, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-1α and MIP-1β were significantly reduced and ICAM-1 mRNA expression was attenuated. These results suggest that combined inhibition of IL-1α/IL-1β might be beneficial to reduce inflammation and exacerbations in COPD patients. Moreover, combined targeting of both IL-1α/IL-1β might be more efficient compared to inhibition of the IL-1R1. As in the CS/virus models, corticosteroid treatment failed to reduce inflammatory cells in the CS/NTHi and CS/H1N1/NTHi models, increased the loss of body-weight and the bacterial load. Furthermore, Roflumilast administration had no significant effects on cell counts or cytokines. However, it improved compliance in the CS/NTHi model. Treatment with Azithromycin reduced the bacterial load in the CS/NTHi model and reduced numbers of total cells, neutrophils, macrophages and levels of KC and TNF-α in the CS/H1N1/NTHi model. In conclusion, the established CS/H1N1, CS/RSV, CS/NTHi, CS/H1N1/NTHi models depict clinically relevant aspects of human COPD exacerbations in mice and provide the opportunity to investigate underlying disease mechanisms and to test novel therapies.}, subject = {Obstruktive Ventilationsst{\"o}rung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bundschu2005, author = {Bundschu, Karin}, title = {Generation and characterization of spred-2 knockout mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14333}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Spreds are a new Sprouty-related family of membrane-associated proteins inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway by interacting with Ras and Raf-1. Different studies have already demonstrated the inhibitory function of Spreds in cell culture systems, but the in vivo function of Spreds in the whole organism was still unclear. Therefore, Spred-2 knockout mice were generated using a gene trap approach. The Spred-2 deficiency was verified on RNA and protein levels and the lack of functional Spred-2 protein in mice caused a dwarf phenotype similar to achondroplasia, the most common form of human dwarfism. Spred-2-/- mice showed reduced growth and body weight, they had a shorter tibia length and showed narrower growth plates as compared to wildtype mice. Spred-2 promoter activity and protein expression were detected in chondrocytes, suggesting an important function of Spred-2 in chondrocytes and bone development. Furthermore, stimulation of chondrocytes with different FGF concentrations showed earlier and augmented ERK phosphorylation in Spred-2-/- chondrocytes as compared to Spred-2+/+ chondrocytes. These observations suggest a model, in which loss of Spred-2 inhibits bone growth by inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation through upregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. An additional observation of Spred-2-/- mice was an increased bleeding phenotype after injuries, whereas the bleeding volume was extremely enlarged and the bleeding time was significantly prolonged. So far, hypertension as cause could be excluded, but to discover the physiological reasons for this phenotype, the different steps of the clotting cascade have to be investigated further. As the Spred-2 promoter activity studies demonstrated a high and specific Spred-2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and previous studies showed an interaction of Spreds with RhoA, a key regulator of vascular smooth muscle contraction, the regulation of smooth muscle contractility seems to be a good candidate of this phenomenon. Moreover, Spred-1 and Spred-2 specific antibodies were generated as important tools to study the protein expression patterns in mice. Furthermore, nothing was known about the Spred-2 promoter region and its regulation. Here, a detailed in situ analysis of the physiological promoter activity profile in the gene trapped Spred-2-deficient mouse strain was shown. In these mice, the beta-galactosidase and neomycin fusion gene (\&\#946;-geo) of the gene trap vector was brought under control of the endogenous Spred-2 promoter, giving the opportunity to monitor Spred-2 promoter activity in practically every organ and their corresponding sub-compartments. X-Gal staining of sections of newborn and adult mice revealed 1) a very high Spred-2 promoter activity in neural tissues and different glands; 2) a high activity in intestinal and uterine smooth muscle cells, and kidney; 3) a low activity in heart, testis, lung, and liver; 4) an almost lacking activity in skeletal muscle and spleen, and 5) very interestingly, a very distinct and strong activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, comparison of newborn and adult mouse organs revealed a nearly congruent Spred-2 promoter activity. These detailed data provide valuable information for further studies of the physiological functions of Spred-2 in organs showing strong Spred-2 promoter activity, which are in most of these organs still unclear. Finally, gene targeting vectors for Spred-1 and Spred-2 were cloned, to generate ES cells with a floxed exon 2 of the Spred-1 and Spred-2 gene, respectively. Now, these ES cells are valuable tools to establish conditional knockout mice. This is of major interest to investigate the physiological tissue specific functions of Spred-1 and Spred-2, especially if the double knockout mice are not viable.}, subject = {Spred Protein}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Busch2013, author = {Busch, Martin}, title = {Aortic Dendritic Cell Subsets in Healthy and Atherosclerotic Mice and The Role of the miR-17~92 Cluster in Dendritic Cells}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71683}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Atherosclerosis is accepted to be a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall. Several cellular subsets of the immune system are involved in its initiation and progression, such as monocytes, macrophages, T and B cells. Recent research has demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to atherosclerosis, too. DCs are defined by their ability to sense and phagocyte antigens, to migrate and to prime other immune cells, such as T cells. Although all DCs share these functional characteristics, they are heterogeneous with respect to phenotype and origin. Several markers have been used to describe DCs in different lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs; however, none of them has proven to be unambiguous. The expression of surface molecules is highly variable depending on the state of activation and the surrounding tissue. Furthermore, DCs in the aorta or the atherosclerotic plaque can be derived from designated precursor cells or from monocytes. In addition, DCs share both their marker expression and their functional characteristics with other myeloid cells like monocytes and macrophages. The repertoire of aortic DCs in healthy and atherosclerotic mice has just recently started to be explored, but yet there is no systemic study available, which describes the aortic DC compartment. Because it is conceivable that distinct aortic DC subsets exert dedicated functions, a detailed description of vascular DCs is required. The first part of this thesis characterizes DC subsets in healthy and atherosclerotic mice. It describes a previously unrecognized DC subset and also sheds light on the origin of vascular DCs. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to regulate several cellular functions, such as apoptosis, differentiation, development or proliferation. Although several cell types have been characterized extensively with regard to the miRNAs involved in their regulation, only few studies are available that focus on the role of miRNAs in DCs. Because an improved understanding of the regulation of DC functions would allow for new therapeutic options, research on miRNAs in DCs is required. The second part of this thesis focuses on the role of the miRNA cluster miR- 17~92 in DCs by exploring its functions in healthy and atherosclerotic mice. This thesis clearly demonstrates for the first time an anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective role for the miR17-92 cluster. A model for its mechanism is suggested.}, subject = {Aorta}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Baeuerlein2012, author = {B{\"a}uerlein, Carina}, title = {Identification of new predictive markers for an early diagnosis of an imminent acute Graft-versus-Host Disease}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78489}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is an immune syndrome associated with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) that is mediated by alloreactive donor T cells attacking the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and skin of the host. Early diagnosis remains problematic and to date mainly relies on clinical symptoms and histopathology. Previously, different groups demonstrated that in order to cause aGvHD, alloreactive T cells require the expression of appropriate homing receptors to efficiently migrate from their priming sites to their target tissues. Therefore, the development of a predictive test based on the homing receptor expression profile of peripheral blood T cells seems attractive to identify patients at risk before the onset of aGvHD. The aim of this study was to analyze migrating alloreactive donor T cell kinetics in the peripheral blood early after allo-HCT in a murine model across minor histocompatibility antigens (miHAg) followed by a precise characterization of the homing receptor expression profile of migrating donor lymphocytes in order to identify suitable predictive markers. Combining daily bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and flow cytometry (FC) allowed defining two weeks of massive alloreactive donor T cell migration before clinical aGvHD symptoms became apparent. Peripheral blood donor T lymphocytes highly up-regulated the homing markers α4β7 integrin, and P- and E-selectin-ligand at peak time points of cell migration. The combination with the activation markers CD25 and CD69 and low expression levels of L-selectin allowed alloreactive donor T cell definition. Based on this migration phase we postulated a potential diagnostic window to precisely identify alloreactive donor T cells upon their homing receptor expression profile. Consequently, targeted pre-emptive treatment with rapamycin starting at the earliest detection time point of alloreactive donor T cells in the peripheral blood (day+6) significantly prolonged survival of treated mice. Based on this data, we propose a potential diagnostic window for alloreactive cell detection based on their homing receptor expression profile for a timely and effective therapeutic intervention before the clinical manifestation of aGvHD.}, subject = {Transplantat-Wirt-Reaktion}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{CabelloGonzalez2018, author = {Cabello Gonz{\´a}lez, Victoria}, title = {From behavioral to neurobiological characterization of Rsk2 knockout mice as an animal model for Coffin-Lowry syndrome}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171275}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Coffin-Lowry syndrome is a rare syndromic form of X-linked mental retardation caused by heterogeneous loss-of-function mutations in the gene RPS6KA3 that encodes the RSK2 protein. Clinical features are delayed motor development, small height, progressive skeletal malformations and mental retardation. Rsk2 deficiency affects behavioral, cellular and molecular functions. To characterize and investigate how this deficiency affects these functions, we made a series of experiments using Rsk2-deficient mice as the animal model for Coffin-Lowry syndrome. We applied a battery of behavioral tests and included the use of the IntelliCage for the first time as a behavioral paradigm to study anxiety-like behavior and depression-like behavior in Rsk2-deficient mice. Results from the conventional behavioral tests and from the IntelliCage indicate that Rsk2-deficient mice may have an anti-anxiety and anti-depressive phenotype. We evaluated in Rsk2 deficient mice the relative gene expression of a set of genes coding for proteins related to RSK2 which are involved in fear memory, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, learning, emotional behavior and stress. We found gene expression alterations in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. These results suggest that RSK2 may be involved in the expression of the genes. RSK2 is known to be related to monoamine neurotransmitter function. We measured the levels of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline/norepinephrine and their metabolites in different brain regions of Rsk2-deficient mice. We found differences in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems suggesting an increased or decreased activity of these neurotransmission systems as a result of Rsk2 deficiency. Adult neurogenesis is a form of neuronal plasticity and a multi-step process of cell development. We explored if this form of neuronal plasticity was affected by Rsk2-deficiency. Our results indicate that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not influenced by lifelong Rsk2 deficiency. It would be worth to analyze in the future other aspects of neuroplasticity. We have confirmed, that behavioral characteristics of Rsk2-deficient mice make them an interesting model to study the Coffin-Lowry syndrome by extending the behavioral characterization on the emotional level. Furthermore, we have extended the characterization of the model on a molecular level, opening new opportunities to study and understand the pathophysiological basis of the Coffin-Lowry syndrome.}, subject = {Knockout }, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Chan2002, author = {Chan, Gordon}, title = {The Role of Vav-1, Vav-2 and Lsc in NK T cell development and NK cell cytotoxicity}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3645}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2002}, abstract = {The hematopoietic-specific Rho-family GTP exchange factor (GEF) Vav-1 is a regulator of lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling and mediates normal maturation and activation of B and T cells. Recent findings suggest that Vav-1 also forms part of signaling pathways required for natural and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human NK cells. In this study, I show that Vav-1 is also expressed in murine NK cells. Vav-1-/- mice had normal numbers of splenic NK cells, and these displayed a similar expression profile of NK cell receptors as cells from wild type mice. Unexpectedly, IL-2-activated Vav-1-/- NK cells retained normal ADCC. Fc-receptor mediated activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 was also normal. In contrast, Vav-1-/- NK cells exhibited reduced natural cytotoxicity against EL4, C4.4.25, RMA and RMA/S. Together, these results demonstrate that Vav-1 is dispensable for mainstream NK cell development, but is required for NK cell natural cytotoxicity. Vav-2, a protein homologous to Vav-1 has also been implicated in NK cell functions. However, NK cells from Vav-2-/- mice have normal cytotoxic activities and NK cells that lack both Vav-1 and Vav-2 exhibit similar defect as Vav-1-/- cells. Thus Vav-2 has no apparent function in the development and the activation of NK cells. Although NK cell development is normal in Vav-1-/- mice, their numbers of NKT cells were dramatically diminished. Furthermore, NKT cells from Vav-1 mutant mice failed to produce IL-4 and IFNg following in vivo CD3 stimulation. A similar loss of NKT cells was observed in Vav-1-/-Vav-2-/- mice, but not in Vav-2-/- mice, suggesting that only Vav-1, and not Vav-2, is an essential regulator of NKT cell development and NK cell cytotoxicity. Similar to Vav-1, Lsc is a Rho GEF that is expressed specifically in the hematopoietic system. It contains a regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) domain which negatively regulates the Ga12 and Ga13 subunits of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). This study shows that NK and NKT cell development are normal in Lsc-/- mice. However, NK cells from mutant mice display enhanced cytotoxic responses towards a panel of tumor cells. These data implicate for the first time a RGS-containing Rho GEF in cytotoxic responses and suggest that Lsc down-modulate NK cell activation.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Daniels1999, author = {Daniels, Justin John Douglas}, title = {Interaction of Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes with the murine host}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1073}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1999}, abstract = {Food borne pathogens that cause systemic disease must cross the intestinal barrier. Many of these pathogens, eg Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri, use M cells, found only within the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) that overlies Peyer's patches and other lymphoid follicles, to enter the host. This study is primarily an investigation into the interaction of S. typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes with the intestinal epithelium, representing the early stage of an infection.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dreykluft2013, author = {Dreykluft, Angela}, title = {The PD-1/B7-H1 Pathway in a Transgenic Mouse Model for Spontaneous Autoimmune Neuroinflammation: Immunological Studies on Devic B7-H1-/- Mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83288}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammatory, demyelinating lesions and neuronal death. Formerly regarded as a variant of MS, neuromyelitis optica (NMO)/Devic's disease is now recognized as a distinct neurological disorder exhibiting characteristic inflammatory and demyelinated foci in the optic nerves and the spinal cord sparing the brain. With the introduction of the double-transgenic "Devic mouse" model featuring spontaneous, adjuvant-free incidence of autoimmune neuroinflammation due to the interaction of transgenic MOG-specific T and B cells, a promising tool was found for the analysis of factors triggering or preventing autoimmunity. The co-inhibitory molecule B7-H1 has been proposed to contribute to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and to confine autoimmune inflammatory damage via the PD-1/B7-H1 pathway. Compared to Devic B7-H1+/+ mice, Devic B7-H1-/- mice developed clinical symptoms with a remarkably higher incidence rate and faster kinetics emphasized by deteriorated disease courses and a nearly quadrupled mortality rate. Remarkably enlarged immune-cell accumulation in the CNS of Devic B7-H1-/- mice, in particular of activated MOG-specific CD4+ T cells, correlated with the more severe clinical features. Our studies showed that the CNS not only was the major site of myelin-specific CD4+ T-cell activation but also that B7-H1 expression within the target organ significantly influenced T-cell activation and differentiation levels. Analysis at disease maximum revealed augmented accumulation of MOG-specific CD4+ T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs of Devic B7-H1-/- mice partly due to increased T-cell proliferation rates. Transgenic MOG-specific B cells of Devic B7-H1-/- mice activated MOG-specific CD4+ T cells more efficiently than B cells of Devic B7-H1+/+ mice. This observation indicated a relevant immune-modulating role of B7-H1 on APCs (antigen-presenting cells) in this mouse model. We also assumed altered thymic selection processes to be involved in increased peripheral CD4+ T-cell numbers of Devic B7-H1-/- mice as we found more thymocytes expressing the transgenic MOG-specific T-cell receptor (TCR). Moreover, preliminary in vitro experiments hinted on an enhanced survival of TCRMOG-transgenic CD4+ T cells of Devic B7-H1-/- mice; a mechanism that might as well have led to higher peripheral T-cell accumulation. Elevated levels of MOG-specific CD4+ T cells in the periphery of Devic B7-H1-/- mice could have entailed the higher quantities in the CNS. However, mechanisms such as CNS-specific proliferation and/or apoptosis/survival could also have contributed. This should be addressed in future investigations. Judging from in vitro migration assays and adoptive transfer experiments on RAG-1-/- recipient mice, migratory behavior of MOG-specific CD4+ T cells of Devic B7-H1+/+ and Devic B7-H1-/- mice seemed not to differ. However, enhanced expression of the transmigration-relevant integrin LFA-1 on CD4+ T cells in young symptom-free Devic B7-H1-/- mice might hint on temporally differently pronounced transmigration capacities during the disease course. Moreover, we attributed the earlier conversion of CD4+ T cells into Th1 effector cells in Devic B7-H1-/- mice during the initiation phase to the lack of co-inhibitory signaling via PD-1/B7-H1 possibly leading to an accelerated disease onset. Full blown autoimmune inflammatory processes could have masked these slight effects of B7-H1 in the clinical phase. Accordingly, at peak of the disease, Th1 and Th17 effector functions of peripheral CD4+ T cells were comparable in both mouse groups. Moreover, judging from titers of MOG-specific IgG1 and IgM antibodies, alterations in humoral immunity were not detected. Therefore, clinical differences could not be explained by altered T-cell or B-cell effector functions at disease maximum. B7-H1 rather seemed to take inhibitory effect in the periphery during the initiation phase only and consistently within the target organ by parenchymal expression. Our observations indicate that B7-H1 plays a relevant role in the regulation of T-cell responses in this mouse model for spontaneous CNS autoimmunity. By exerting immune-modulating effects in the preclinical as well as the clinical phase of the disease, B7-H1 contributed to the confinement of the immunopathological tissue damage in Devic B7-H1+/+ mice mirrored by later disease onsets and lower disease scores. As a model for spontaneous autoimmunity featuring a close to 100 \% incidence rate, the Devic B7-H1-/- mouse may prove instrumental in clarifying disease-triggering and -limiting factors and in validating novel therapeutic approaches in the field of autoimmune neuroinflammation, in particular the human Devic's disease.}, subject = {Autoimmunit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Duechs2011, author = {D{\"u}chs, Matthias}, title = {Effects of Toll-like receptor agonists on the pathogenesis of atopic asthma in mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66369}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {In the last decades, both the incidence and the severity of asthma have steadily increased. Furthermore, available therapies only treat the symptoms but do not cure the disease. Immune modulation induced by TLR agonists may be a promising novel approach to effectively treat asthma as it targets the underlying immunopathology directly rather than one mediator alone. The aim of this thesis was to investigate if the immunostimulatory properties of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can be utilized to develop novel therapeutic intervention strategies for the treatment of asthma using murine models of allergic inflammation. For this purpose five different TLR agonists were tested in preclinical mouse models of acute and chronic asthma, both in preventive and therapeutic settings. Firstly, TLR-2, 3, 4, 7/8 and 9 agonists were delivered intratracheally at different doses before pulmonary allergen exposure in the asthma model of acute inflammation. TLR9 agonist CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) > TLR7 agonist Resiquimod (R848) > TLR3 agonists poly(I:C) strongly reduced allergen induced airway eosinophilia and IL-4 levels in a dose-dependent manner. All TLR agonists increased neutrophil numbers, TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) > TLR2 agonist lipoteichonic acid (LTA) > poly(I:C) > CpG > R848 and, with the exception of R848, the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the airways. Suppressive effects were not dependent upon IFN-γ and IL-10 or associated with increased numbers of regulatory T cells in the airways. All TLR agonists, except LTA, similarly reduced airway eosinophilia and IL-4 levels when applied therapeutically after allergen challenge. These results show that the TLR agonists have different suppressive effects on TH2 responses in the airways which further depend on the dose and the experimental setup in which they were tested. Interestingly, all agonists induced airway neutrophilia, albeit to different degrees, raising the question if TLR ligands are safe for human use when applied directly into the lung. Different TLR agonists are also being developed for human use as adjuvants combined with allergen in specific immunotherapy. Recent clinical data suggest that this may be achieved by induction of allergen-specific TH1 responses. For this reason, the ability of different TLR agonists to induce allergen-specific TH1 and suppress allergen-specific TH2 responses in a preclinical setting was investigated in this thesis. Different doses of the TLR agonists were applied together with allergen, then mice were exposed to allergen aerosol. CpG > LPS >LTA dose-dependently strongly suppressed the development of airway eosinophilia with poly(I:C) and R848 having no effect. The decrease in eosinophilic numbers was associated withincreased neutrophils present in the airways. IL-4 and IL-5 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were also decreased when poly(I:C), LPS, and CpG were used. All TLR agonists increased allergen-specific IgG2a, and with the exception of poly(I:C), reduced allergen-specific IgE levels in the serum. Cutaneous anaphylaxis to allergen was completely prevented when LPS or CpG were given as adjuvant. The strongest TH1 responses were induced by CpG and poly(I:C), characterized by the presence of IFN-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage and the highest allergen-specific IgG2a levels in the serum. This data supports approaches to use TLR9 or TLR4 agonists for human therapy as adjuvant in combination with allergen in novel specific immunotherapy formulations. In the last part of the thesis, it was investigated if TLR activation can also affect the pathology of severe chronic asthma. Therapeutic administration of R848 or CpG reduced features of inflammation and remodeling. Both agonists showed superior effects to dexamethasone, with CpG being more efficient than R848. This result again supports a TLR9-based therapy as a viable option for the treatment of severe chronic asthma which may present a potential alternative for anti-inflammatory therapy with steroids. Taken together, the results of this thesis support the use of TLR agonists to treat asthma. The most favorable efficacy/safety ratio is to be expected from TLR-based therapies combining TLR4 or TLR9 agonists with allergen in specific immunotherapy. In regard to TLR agonist monotherapy, R848 and CpG showed the most promising profiles, CpG particularly in a model of severe chronic asthma. However, since all TLR agonists used in this study also showed pro-inflammatory potential, the safety aspect of such an approach needs to be taken into account.}, subject = {Toll-like Rezeptor}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Eckert2023, author = {Eckert, Ina-Nathalie}, title = {Molecular markers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their functional role for homing and in disease models in mice}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31997}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319974}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {MDSCs are suppressive immune cells with a high relevance in various pathologies including cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic infections. Surface marker expression of MDSCs resembles monocytes and neutrophils which have immunostimulatory functions instead of suppressing T cells. Therefore, finding specific surface markers for MDSCs is important for MDSC research and therapeutic MDSC manipulation. In this study, we analyzed if the integrin VLA-1 has the potential as a novel MDSC marker. VLA-1 was expressed by M-MDSCs but not by G-MDSCs as well as by Teff cells. VLA-1 deficiency did not impact iNOS expression, the distribution of M-MDSC and G-MDSC subsets, and the suppressive capacity of MDSCs towards na{\"i}ve and Teff cells in vitro. In mice, VLA-1 had no effect on the homing capability of MDSCs to the spleen, which is a major reservoir for MDSCs. Since the splenic red pulp contains collagen IV and VLA-1 binds collagen IV with a high affinity, we found MDSCs and Teff cells in this area as expected. We showed that T cell suppression in the spleen, indicated by reduced T cell recovery and proliferation as well as increased apoptosis and cell death, partially depended on VLA-1 expression by the MDSCs. In a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, MDSC injection prior to disease onset led to a decrease of the disease score, and this effect was significantly reduced when MDSCs were VLA-1 deficient. The expression of Sema7A by Teff cells, a ligand for VLA-1 which is implicated in negative T cell regulation, resulted in a slightly stronger Teff cell suppression by MDSCs compared to Sema7A deficient T cells. Live cell imaging and intravital 2-photon microscopy showed that the interaction time of MDSCs and Teff cells was shorter when MDSCs lacked VLA 1 expression, however VLA-1 expression had no impact on MDSC mobility. Therefore, the VLA-1-dependent interaction of MDSC and Teff cells on collagen IV in the splenic red pulp is implicated MDSC-mediated Teff cell suppression.}, subject = {Immunologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Englberger2012, author = {Englberger, Eva}, title = {Gene regulation in hearts of Hey-mutant mouse embryos and monitoring of sub-cellular Hey1 distribution}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73395}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Hey-mutant mouse hearts at embryonic day E14.5 were shown to react to the knock out of Hey2 with several up-regualted genes. This up-regulation is due to the lack of Hey2 and cannot be explained by the structural changes in heart morphology as shown using control animals. Part of the gene regulation was further validated using in situ hybridization. Hey1 was located to the nucleus in immunofluorescence experiments. However, experiments on protein level showed also amount of Hey1 within the cytoplasm. The nuclear localization of Hey1 was unchanged during all cell cycle phases as well as when CaMKII was co-expressed or other cellular pathways were inhibited or stimulated. Hey1 does not seem to interact with the nuclear transport proteins importin-alpha and -beta, therefore it still needs to be elucidated how Hey1 is transported into the nucleus.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Esterlechner2013, author = {Esterlechner, Jasmina}, title = {Role of the DREAM complex in mouse embryonic stem cells and identification of ZO-2 as a new LIN9 interacting protein}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90440}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The DREAM complex plays an important role in regulation of gene expression during the cell cycle. It was previously shown that the DREAM subunits LIN9 and B-MYB are required for early embryonic development and for the maintenance of the inner cell mass in vitro. In this work the effect of LIN9 or B-MYB depletion on embryonic stem cells (ESC) was examined. It demonstrates that LIN9 and B-MYB knock down changes the cell cycle distribution of ESCs and results in an accumulation of cells in G2 and M and in an increase of polyploid cells. By using genome-wide expression studies it was revealed that the depletion of LIN9 leads to downregulation of mitotic genes and to upregulation of differentiation-specific genes. ChIP-on chip experiments determined that mitotic genes are direct targets of LIN9 while lineage specific markers are regulated indirectly. Importantly, depletion of LIN9 does not alter the expression of the pluripotency markers Sox2 and Oct4 and LIN9 depleted ESCs retain alkaline phosphatase activity. I conclude that LIN9 is essential for proliferation and genome stability of ESCs by activating genes with important functions in mitosis and cytokinesis. The exact molecular mechanisms behind this gene activation are still unclear as no DREAM subunit features a catalytically active domain. It is assumed that DREAM interacts with other proteins or co-factors for transcriptional activation. This study discovered potential binding proteins by combining in vivo isotope labeling of proteins with mass spectrometry (MS) and further analysed the identified interaction of the tight junction protein ZO-2 with DREAM which is cell cycle dependent and strongest in S-phase. ZO-2 depletion results in reduced cell proliferation and decreased G1 gene expression. As no G2/M genes, typical DREAM targets, are affected upon ZO-2 knock down, it is unlikely that ZO-2 binding is needed for a functional DREAM complex. However, this work demonstrates that with (MS)-based quantitative proteomics, DREAM interacting proteins can be identified which might help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying DREAM mediated gene activation.}, subject = {Zellzyklus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fraune2014, author = {Fraune, Johanna}, title = {The evolutionary history of the mammalian synaptonemal complex}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-100043}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Der Synaptonemalkomplex (SC) ist eine hochkonservierte Proteinstruktur. Er weist eine dreiteili-ge, leiter{\"a}hnliche Organisation auf und ist f{\"u}r die stabile Paarung der homologen Chromosomen w{\"a}hrend der Prophase der ersten meiotischen Teilung verantwortlich, die auch als Synpase be-zeichnet wird. Fehler w{\"a}hrend der Synpase f{\"u}hren zu Aneuploidie oder Apoptose der sich entwi-ckelnden Keimzellen. Seit 1956 ist der SC Gegenstand intensiver Forschung. Seine Existenz wurde in zahlreichen Orga-nismen von der Hefe bis zum Menschen beschrieben. Seine Struktur aus zwei parallel verlaufen-den Lateralelementen (LE), die durch eine Vielzahl von sogenannten Transversalfilamenten (TF) verbunden werden und dem Zentralen Element (CE) in der Mitte des SC ist dabei offensichtlich {\"u}ber die Millionen von Jahren der Evolution erhalten geblieben. Einzelne Proteinkomponenten des SC wurden jedoch nur in wenigen Modelorganismen charakterisiert, darunter Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster, Ceanorhabditis elegans und Mus mus-culus. Unerwarteter Weise gelang es bei dieser Charakterisierung nicht, eine evolution{\"a}re Ver-wandtschaft, d.h. eine Homologie zwischen den Proteinsequenzen der verschiedenen SCs nach-zuweisen. Diese Tatsache sprach gegen die grunds{\"a}tzliche Annahme, dass der SC in der Evolution nur einmal entstanden sei. Diese Arbeit hat sich nun der Aufgabe gewidmet, die Diskrepanz zwischen der hochkonservierten Struktur des SC und seiner augenscheinlich nicht-homologen Proteinzusammensetzung zu l{\"o}sen. Dabei beschr{\"a}nkt sie sich auf die Analyse des Tierreichs. Es ist die erste Studie zur Evolution des SC in Metazoa und demonstriert die Monophylie der S{\"a}uger SC Proteinkomponenten im Tierreich. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass mindestens vier von sieben SC Proteinen der Maus sp{\"a}testens im letzten gemeinsamen Vorfahren der Gewebetiere (Eumetazoa) enstanden sind und auch damals Teil ei-nes urspr{\"u}nglichen SC waren, wie er heute in dem Nesseltier Hydra zu finden ist. Dieser SC weist die typische Struktur auf und besitzt bereits alle notwendigen Komponenten, um die drei Dom{\"a}-nen - LE, TF und CE - zu assemblieren. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus ergaben die einzelnen Phylogenien der verschiedenen SC Proteine der Maus, dass der SC eine sehr dynamische Evolutionsgeschichte durchlaufen hat. Zus{\"a}tzliche Proteine wurden w{\"a}hrend der Entstehung der Bilateria und der Wir-beltiere in den SC integriert, w{\"a}hrend andere urspr{\"u}ngliche Komponenten m{\"o}glicherweise Gen-Duplikationen erfuhren bzw. besonders in der Linie der H{\"a}utungstiere verloren gingen oder sich stark ver{\"a}nderten. Es wird die These aufgestellt, dass die auf den ersten Blick nicht-homologen SC Proteine der Fruchtfliege und des Fadenwurms tats{\"a}chlich doch von den urspr{\"u}nglichen Prote-inenkomponenten abstammen, sich aber aufgrund der rasanten Evolution der Arthropoden und der Nematoden bis zu deren Unkenntlichkeit diversifizierten. Zus{\"a}tzlich stellt die Arbeit Hydra als alternatives wirbelloses Modellsystem f{\"u}r die Meiose- und SC-Forschung zu den {\"u}blichen Modellen D. melanogaster und C. elegans vor. Die k{\"u}rzlich gewon-nenen Erkenntnisse {\"u}ber den Hydra SC sowie der Einsatz der Standard-Methoden in diesem Orga-nismus werden in dem abschließenden Kapitel zusammengefasst und diskutiert.}, subject = {Synaptinemal-Komplex}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{GarciaArguinzonis2003, author = {Garc{\´i}a Arguinzonis, Ma{\´i}sa In{\´e}s}, title = {Analysis of signal transduction pathways and the cytoskeleton in VASP-deficient cell lines and mouse models}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-6195}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2003}, abstract = {The mammalian Vasodilator Stimulated Phosphoprotein (VASP) is a founding member of the Ena/VASP family of proteins that includes Drosophila Enabled (ena), the mammalian Ena homologue (Mena) and the Ena-VASP-like protein (Evl). VASP was initially discovered and characterized as a substrate for cGMP- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases (cGKs and cAKs). Ena/VASP proteins are involved in Actin-filament formation, plasma membrane protrusion, acceleration of Actin-based motility of Listeria and the establishment of cell-cell adhesion. Moreover, Ena/VASP proteins have been implicated as inhibitory factors in repulsive axon guidance and inhibition of plasma membrane activity and random motility in fibroblast. In order to study the physiological function of VASP, VASP-deficient mice had been generated in the laboratory by homologous recombination. VASP-/- mice showed hyperplasia of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and spleen and a two-fold increase in thrombin- and collagen-induced platelet activation. To further investigate the cellular function of VASP, I established cardiac fibroblast cell lines derived from both wild type and VASP-/- mice. Both cell lines presented similar growth rates and normal contact dependent-growth inhibition but showed differences in morphology, migration and adhesion. Adherent VASP-/- cells, despite normal Mena and Evl expression levels, were highly spread. VASP-/- cells covered about twice the substrate surface area as wild type cells, while the cell volumes were unchanged. This shape difference suggests that VASP is involved in the regulation of spreading. Since the small GTPases Rac and Cdc 42 and their effector p21-activated kinase (Pak) are key regulators of lamellipodia formation and cell spreading, I analyzed this signalling pathway in VASP-/- cells stimulated with Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BB (PDGF-BB) or fetal calf serum. In wild type cells Rac and Pak were rapidly and transiently activated by PDGF or serum; however, in the absence of VASP both Rac and Pak activation was dramatically prolonged. The Rac/Pak pathway is known to play an essential role in cell motility. VASP deficient cells showed compromised migration and reorientation in a wound healing assay, probably due to enhanced Rac activity. The spreading phenotype, compromised migration and the effect observed on the Rac and Pak activities were reverted in VASP-/- cells stably transfected with full lenght human VASP, indicating a VASP dependent modulation of the Rac/Pak pathway and Rac/Pak regulated processes. Moreover, adhesion and detachment of VASP-deficient cells were significantly slower when compared to wild type cells. Preincubation of VASP+/+ cells with a cGMP analog accelerated adhesion. This acceleration did not take place in the VASP-/- cells, suggesting a VASP dependent effect. The second part of this work focused on VASP function in platelets. On the one hand I investigated the possibility of VASP-dependent Rac regulation in mouse platelets. Murine platelets are a good model for studying Rac regulation since they express high levels of VASP but not Mena/Evl and since VASP-deficient platelets show an increased platelet activation. Rac was activated by platelet agonists which was inhibited by preincubation with cGMP and cAMP analogs. Initial results which need to be extended showed that the cGMPcaused inhibition of Rac activation was VASP-dependent. Finally, in vivo platelet adhesion (platelet-vessel wall interactions) was studied using VASP-deficient mice. These studies demonstrated in-vivo that VASP down regulates platelet adhesion to the vascular wall under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.}, subject = {Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gogishvili2006, author = {Gogishvili, Tea}, title = {Immunotherapy of allergic disorders in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-19304}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Allergische Erkrankungen sind St{\"o}rungen, bei denen es zu Immunfehlregulationen kommt und die bei empf{\"a}nglichen Individuen zur Entstehung von Allergen spezifischen T-Helfer 2 (TH2) Immunantworten f{\"u}hren. Neuere Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass die f{\"u}r Soforttypallergien charakteristischen TH2 Immunantworten sowohl durch nat{\"u}rlich vorkommende CD4+CD25+ regulatorische T Zellen (Treg) als auch durch Antigen induzierte IL-10-secreting CD4+ regulatorische T Zellen kontrolliert werden k{\"o}nnen. Weiterhin gibt es Hinweise, dass eine erfolgreiche Allergen spezifische Immuntherapie {\"u}ber die Induktion von IL-10 sezernierenden T reg Zellen vermittelt wird. In ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die Effizienz einer Allergen spezifischen Immuntherapie (SIT) in einem Mausmodel f{\"u}r allergische Atemwegsentz{\"u}ndung demonstriert. Als Allergieparameter wurden Allergen spezifisches IgE im Serum, verschiedene TH1 und TH2 Cytokine in der brochoalveol{\"a}ren Lavage Fl{\"u}ssigkeit und nach in vitro Restimulation in Milzzellen untersucht. Weiterhin wurden Histologien von Lungengewebe angefertigt, um das eosinophile Entz{\"u}ndungsinfiltrat und die Asthma typische Becherzellmetaplasie darzustellen. Weiterhin wurden durch FACS Untersuchungen regulatorische T Zellen nachgewiesen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass im Mausmodell die intranasale Applikationsform der SIT die allergischen Symptome effizienter bek{\"a}mpfen konnte, als die beim Menschen etablierte subcutane Applikationsform. Um Mechanismen zu definieren die eine SIT effizienter machen k{\"o}nnten wurde ein IL-4/IL13 Inhibitor (QY) als Adjuvans f{\"u}r die SIT benutzt. F{\"u}r den Zytokininhibitor konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei einer Applikation w{\"a}hrend der allergischen Sensibilisierung die Entstehung einer TH2 Immunantwort und die Ausbildung allergischer Symptome verhindert wird. Die Applikation des Inhibitors zusammen mit einer SIT zeigte jedoch keine zus{\"a}tzlichen signifikanten antiallergischen Effekte im Vergleich zur Durchf{\"u}hrung der SIT als Monotherapie. Diese Ergebnisse deuten m{\"o}glicherweise daraufhin , dass der bekannte Wechsel einer TH2 Immunantwort zu einer TH1 Antwort w{\"a}hrend der SIT nicht der Schl{\"u}sselmechanismus zu einer erfolgreichen Behandlung ist. Insbesondere weil unter der SIT auch in unserem Mausmodell die Induktion von IL-10 sezernierenden CD4+ T regulatorischen Zellen mit der Suppression der allergischen Atemwegsentz{\"u}dnung vergesellschaftet waren, so dass m{\"o}glicherwiese diese Zellen f{\"u}r den Therapieerfolg relevant sind . Um die Rolle regulatorischer T Zellen im Allergiemodell n{\"a}her zu beleuchten wurde im 2. Teil der Arbeit ein monoklonaler superagonistischer anti-CD28 Antik{\"o}rper benutzt, von dem bekannt ist dass T regulatorische Zellen in vivo induziert werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Applikation des Antik{\"o}rpers w{\"a}hrend der allergischen Sensibilisierung die Etablierung einer TH2 Immunantwort verst{\"a}rkte. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden durch die therapeutische Applikation des anti CD28 Antik{\"o}rpers in einer etablierten Allergie, IL-10 sezernierende CD4+CD25+ T Zellen induziert, welches mit einer Abschw{\"a}chung der gemessenen Allergieparameter einherging.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Groh2013, author = {Groh, Janos Michael}, title = {Pathogenic impact of immune cells in mouse models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77684}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in which the visual system is affected in early stages of disease. A typical accompanying feature is neuroinflammation, the pathogenic impact of which is presently unknown. In this study, the role of inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis was investigated in Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1-deficient (Ppt1-/-) and Ceroidlipofuscinosis, neuronal 3-deficient (Cln3-/-) mice, models of the infantile and juvenile forms of NCL, respectively. Focusing predominantly on the visual system, an infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic Tlymphocytes and an activation of microglia/macrophage-like cells was observed early in disease. To analyze the pathogenic impact of lymphocytes, Ppt1-/- mice were crossbred with mice lacking lymphocytes (Rag1-/-) and axonal transport, perturbation and neuronal survival were scored. Lack of lymphocytes led to a significant amelioration of neuronal disease and reconstitution experiments revealed a crucial role of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Lack of lymphocytes also caused an improved clinical phenotype and extended longevity. To investigate the impact of microglia/macrophage-like cells, Ppt1-/- and Cln3-/- mice were crossbred with mice lacking sialoadhesin (Sn-/-), a monocyte lineage-restricted cell adhesion molecule important for interactions between macrophage-like cells and lymphocytes. Similar to the lack of lymphocytes, absence of sialoadhesin significantly ameliorated the disease in Ppt1-/- and Cln3-/- mice. Taken together, both T-lymphocytes and microglia/macrophage-like cells were identified as pathogenic mediators in two distinct forms of fatal inherited neurodegenerative storage disorders. These studies expand the concept of secondary inflammation as a common pathomechanistic feature in some neurological diseases and provide novel insights that may be crucial for developing treatment strategies for different forms of NCL.}, subject = {Nervendegeneration}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{GoebneeKlaus2023, author = {G{\"o}b [n{\´e}e Klaus], Vanessa Aline Domenica}, title = {Pathomechanisms underlying ischemic stroke}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-28672}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286727}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Every year, stroke affects over 100 million people worldwide and the number of cases continues to grow. Ischemic stroke is the most prevalent form of stroke and rapid restoration of blood flow is the primary therapeutic aim. However, recanalization might fail or reperfusion itself induces detrimental processes leading to infarct progression. Previous studies identified platelets and immune cells as drivers of this so-called ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, establishing the concept of ischemic stroke as thrombo-inflammatory disease. Reduced cerebral blood flow despite recanalization promoted the hypothesis that thrombus formation within the cerebral microcirculation induces further tissue damage. The results presented in this thesis refute this: using complementary methodologies, it was shown that infarct growth precedes the occurrence of thrombi excluding them as I/R injury-underlying cause. Blood brain barrier disruption is one of the hallmarks of ischemic stroke pathology and was confirmed as early event during reperfusion injury in the second part of this study. Abolished platelet α-granule release protects mice from vascular leakage in the early reperfusion phase resulting in smaller infarcts. Using in vitro assays, platelet α-granule-derived PDGF-AB was identified as one factor contributing to blood-brain barrier disruption. In vivo visualization of platelet activation would provide important insights in the spatio-temporal context of platelet activation in stroke pathology. As platelet signaling results in elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels, this is an ideal readout. To overcome the limitations of chemical calcium indicators, a mouse line expressing an endogenous calcium reporter specifically in platelets and megakaryocytes was generated. Presence of the reporter did not interfere with platelet function, consequently these mice were characterized in in vivo and ex vivo models. Upon ischemic stroke, neutrophils are among the first cells that are recruited to the brain. Since for neutrophils both, beneficial and detrimental effects are described, their role was investigated within this thesis. Neither neutrophil depletion nor absence of NADPH-dependent ROS production (Ncf-/- mice) affected stroke outcome. In contrast, abolished NET-formation in Pad4-/- mice resulted in reduced infarct sizes, revealing detrimental effects of NETosis in the context of ischemic stroke, which might become a potential therapeutic target. Cerebral venous (sinus) thrombosis, CV(S)T is a rare type of stroke with mainly idiopathic onset. Whereas for arterial thrombosis a critical contribution of platelets is known and widely accepted, for venous thrombosis this is less clear but considered more and more. In the last part of this thesis, it was shown that fab-fragments of the anti-CLEC-2 antibody INU1 trigger pathological platelet activation in vivo, resulting in foudroyant CVT accompanied by heavy neurological symptoms. Using this novel animal model for CVT, cooperative signaling of the two platelet receptors CLEC-2 and GPIIb/IIIa was revealed as major trigger of CVT and potential target for treatment.}, subject = {Schlaganfall}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hagedorn2011, author = {Hagedorn, Ina}, title = {Novel mechanisms underlying arterial thrombus formation: in vivo studies in (genetically modified) mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85752}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Thrombus formation at sites of vascular lesions is a dynamic process that requires a defined series of molecular events including the action of platelet adhesion/activation receptors, intracellular signal transduction, cytoskeletal rearrangements and activation of plasma coagulation factors. This process is essential to limit post-traumatic blood loss but may also contribute to acute thrombotic diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke. With the help of genetically modified mice and the use of specific protein inhibitors and receptordepleting antibodies, the work presented in this thesis identified novel mechanisms underlying thrombus formation in hemostasis and thrombosis. In the first part of the study, it was shown that von Willebrand Factor (vWF) binding to glycoprotein (GP)Iba is critical for the formation of stable pathological thrombi at high shear rates, suggesting GPIba as an attractive pharmacological target for antithrombotic therapy. The subsequent analysis of recently generated phospholipase (PL)D1-deficient mice identified this enzyme, whose role in platelet function had been largely unknown, as a potential target protein downstream of GPIba. This was based on the finding that PLD1- deficient mice displayed severely defective GPIba-dependent thrombus stabilization under high shear conditions in vitro and in vivo without affecting normal hemostasis. The second part of the thesis characterizes the functional relevance of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-bearing collagen receptor GPVI and the recently identified hemITAM-coupled C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) for in vivo thrombus formation. Genetic- and antibody-induced GPVI deficiency was found to similarly protect mice from arterial vessel occlusion in three different thrombosis models. These results confirmed GPVI as a promising antithrombotic target and revealed that antibody-treatment had no obvious off-target effects on platelet function. Similarly, immunodepletion of CLEC-2 by treating mice with the specific antibody INU1 resulted in markedly impaired thrombus growth and stabilization under flow in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that double-immunodepletion of GPVI and CLEC-2 resulted in severely decreased arterial thrombus formation accompanied by dramatically prolonged bleeding times. These data revealed an unexpected redundant function of the two receptors for in vivo thrombus formation and might have important implications for the potential development of anti-GPVI and anti-CLEC-2 antithrombotic agents. The third part of the thesis provides the first functional analysis of megakaryocyte- and platelet-specific RhoA knockout mice. RhoA-deficient mice displayed a defined signaling defect in platelet activation, leading to a profound protection from arterial thrombosis andand ischemic brain infarction, but at the same time also strongly increased bleeding times. These findings identified the GTPase as an important player for thrombus formation in hemostasis and thrombosis. Based on the previous proposal that the coagulation factor (F)XII might represent an ideal target for safe antithrombotic therapy without causing bleeding side effects, the last part of this thesis assesses the antithrombotic potential of the newly generated FXIIa inhibitor rHAInfestin- 4. It was found that rHA-Infestin-4 injection into mice resulted in virtually abolished arterial thrombus formation but no change in bleeding times. Moreover, rHA-Infestin-4 was similarly efficient in a murine model of ischemic stroke, suggesting that the inhibitor might be a promising agent for effective and safe therapy of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases.}, subject = {Thrombus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Heinrichs2018, author = {Heinrichs, Susanne Margarete}, title = {Myocardial B-cell infiltration following occlusion of the left anterior descending artery in mice is driven by CXCL13}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168554}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Myocardial B-cell infiltration after LAD occlusion in mice is driven by CXCL13 After myocardial infarction, the immune system is activated and regulates wound healing and remodeling processes in the heart. While the role of T cells has been elucidated already, the function of B cells in myocardial infarction remained relatively unclear until now. It is, however, already known that B cells are of importance in healing processes in other tissues, for example in the skin. Our studies therefore addressed the role and function of B cells in healing and early remodeling processes in the myocardium after infarction. Under physiological conditions, only few B cells can be found in the heart. After myocardial infarction, however, which we modelled with a permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in C57BL/6J mice, we could demonstrate that B lymphocytes accumulate in the early phase after tissue injury (days one to seven) in the myocardium. To detect B cells, we performed immunofluorescence stainings on cryosections of infarcted hearts using an anti-B220 antibody. Quantitative analysis of tissue infiltration revealed that B cells peaked at day seven. In flow cytometry, we further characterized the B cells infiltrating infarcted tissue. We found that most of them were mature B cells (IgM+, IgD+). Next, we wanted to outline a potential mechanism responsible for B-cell infiltration to the site of tissue injury. We therefore performed ELISA experiments revealing that CXCL13 was upregulated in scar tissue. Antibody-mediated neutralization of CXCL13 verifiably attenuated B-cell infiltration. Treated mice also showed - in the tendency - smaller infarct sizes and an improved survival. In conclusion, we could show that B lymphocytes infiltrate the myocardium after MI in mice following a local CXCL13 gradient and that it is, most likely, beneficial to inhibit this process.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hochgraefe2009, author = {Hochgr{\"a}fe, Katja}, title = {Cre-loxP based mouse models to study prionpathogenesis in the motor nervous system}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45967}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Prion diseases such as scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by brain lesions and the accumulation of a disease-associated protein, designated PrPSc. How prions proceed to damage neurons and whether all or only subsets of neurons have to be affected for the onset of the clinical disease is still elusive. The manifestation of clinical prion disease is characterized by motor dysfunctions, dementia and death. Furthermore loss of motor neurons (MN) in the spinal cord is a constant finding in different mouse models of prion disease, suggesting that MN are vulnerable cells for triggering the onset of clinical symptoms. To determine whether the protection of MN against prion induced dysfunctions is an approach for holding the disease at the sub-clinical level, we established a novel conditional model for Cre-mediated expression of a dominant-negative PrP mutant (PrPQ167R) in the cells of interest. Dominant-negative PrP mutants provide protection of prion induced dysfunctions by inhibiting prion replication. Transgenic mice were generated carrying a floxed LacZ marker gene followed by the coding sequence of PrPQ167R under control of the human ubiquitin C promoter. Two Cre strains have been used to direct PrPQ167R expression either to a subset of MN of the spinal cord (Hb9-Cre) or to various neuronal cell populations of the spinal cord and brain (NF-L-Cre). Transgenic mice were infected with mouse-adapted prions via different inoculation routes (intranerval, intracerebral and intraperitoneal) and monitored for effects on incubation time and pathology. Tg floxed LacZ-PrPQ167R/NF-L-Cre mice showed about 15\% prolonged survival upon intraperitoneal low dose prion infection, whereas survival of Tg floxed LacZ-PrPQ167R/Hb9-Cre mice was comparable to control littermates. The results suggest that the protection of spinal MN prolongs the incubation period but is not sufficient to completely inhibit clinical prion disease. In a second approach, Cre was transferred into the hind limb muscles of transgenic mice via a double-stranded adeno-associated virus vector (dsAAV2-Cre). The goal of this strategy was to target a broader cell population and thus to enhance expression levels of protective PrPQ167R in the spinal cord of Tg floxed-LacZ-PrPQ167R mice. After intramuscular (i.m.) application of dsAAV2-Cre, exhibiting a physical titer of 5x1010 GP/ml, recombinant transgenic DNA was detected only in the muscle tissue, pointing out that functional Cre-recombinase was expressed at the side of virus application. However, dsAAV2-Cre did neither induce recombination of transgenic DNA in the spinal cord or brain nor expression of dominant-negative PrPQ167R. In conclusion the dsAAV2-Cre vectors system needs further improvement to achieve efficient transport from muscle tissue to the central nervous system (CNS). 105 7 SUMMARY The lymphoreticular system (LRS) is an early site of prion replication. In splenic tissue prion infectivity is associated with follicular dendritic cells (FDC) as well as with Band T-lymphocytes. However, it is still unknown if those cell types are able to replicate the infectious agent or if other PrP-expressing cell types are engaged. To investigate if neurons and in particular MN are involved, transgenic mice carrying one allele of floxed Prnp (lox2+=\&\#56256;\&\#56320;) and either one allele of Hb9-Cre or NF-L-Cre were generated on a Prnp0=0 background. Therefore a conditional PrP knockout was established in a subset of MN of the spinal cord (Hb9-Cre) or in various neuronal populations of the spinal cord and brain (NF-L-Cre). Transgenic mice were inoculated with prions to study the accumulation of PrPSc and prion infectivity in spleen and spinal cord at an early time point after infection. The findings show that PrPSc accumulation in mice with MN-specific PrP depletion (lox2+=\&\#56256;\&\#56320;/ Hb9-Cre) was comparable to control littermates, while pan-neuronal PrP deficient mice (lox2+=\&\#56256;\&\#56320;/NF-L-Cre) were not able to accumulate PrPSc in splenic tissue until 50 days post inoculation. Moreover spleens of lox2+=\&\#56256;\&\#56320;/NF-L-Cre mice exhibited a clearly reduced prion infectivity titer, suggesting that accumulation of prions in the spleen is dependent on PrP expression in the nervous tissue.}, subject = {Prionkrankheit}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hofmann2018, author = {Hofmann, Lukas}, title = {The α-galactosidase A deficient mouse as a model for Fabry disease and the effect of Gb3 depositions on peripheral nociceptive ion channel function}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158513}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder with intracellular accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) due to α-galactosidase A deficiency. We studied α-galactosidase A knockout mice (GLA KO) as a model for sensory disturbance and pain in FD. Pain associated behavior of young (3 months) and old (≥18 months) GLA KO mice and wildtype (WT) littermates in an inflammatory and a neuropathic pain model was investigated. Furthermore, affective and cognitive behavior was assessed in the na{\"i}ve state and in an inflammatory pain model. Gene and protein expression of pain associated ion channels and Gb3 accumulation in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons was determined. We also performed patch clamp analysis on cultivated DRG neurons and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) cells expressing voltage-gated-sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7) as an in vitro model of FD. Intracellular Gb3 deposits were modulated using shRNA silencing of α-galactosidase A. After intraplantar injection of complete Freund`s adjuvant (CFA) and chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the right sciatic nerve, old GLA KO mice did not develop heat and mechanical hypersensitivity in contrast to young GLA KO and old WT mice. Additionally, we found no relevant differences between genotypes and age-groups in affective and cognitive behavior in the na{\"i}ve state and after CFA injection. Gene and protein expression analysis provided no explanation for the observed sensory impairment. However, cultured DRG neurons of old GLA KO mice revealed a marked decrease of sodium and Ih-currents compared to young GLA KO and old WT mice. DRG neurons of old GLA KO mice displayed substantial intracellular accumulation of Gb3 compared to young GLA KO and old WT mice. Similar to cultured neurons, sodium currents were also decreased in HEK cells treated with shRNA and consecutively increased intracellular Gb3 deposits compared to the control condition, but could be rescued by treatment with agalsidase-alpha. Our study unveils that, similar to patients with FD, GLA KO mice display age-dependent sensory deficits. However, contrary to patients, GLA KO mice are also protected from hypersensitivity induced by inflammation and nerve lesion due to Gb3-dependent and reversible reduction of neuronal sodium- and Ih-currents. Our data provide evidence for direct Gb3-dependent ion channel impairment in sensory DRG neurons as a potential contributor to sensory dysfunction and pain in FD.}, subject = {Fabry-Krankheit}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hofmann2013, author = {Hofmann, Sebastian}, title = {Studies on the function and regulation of CD84, GPVI and Orai2 in genetically modified mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87949}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Platelet activation and aggregation at sites of vascular injury are essential processes to limit blood loss but they also contribute to arterial thrombosis, which can lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. Stable thrombus formation requires a series of events involving platelet receptors which contribute to adhesion, activation and aggregation of platelets. Regulation of receptor expression by (metallo-)proteinases has been described for several platelet receptors, but the molecular mechanisms are ill-defined. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family member CD84 is expressed in immune cells and platelets, however its role in platelet physiology was unclear. In this thesis, CD84 deficient mice were generated and analyzed. In well established in vitro and in vivo assays testing platelet function and thrombus formation, CD84 deficient mice displayed phenotypes indistinguishable from wild-type controls. It was concluded that CD84 in platelets does not function as modulator of thrombus formation, but rather has other functions. In line with this, in the second part of this thesis, a novel regulation mechanism for platelet CD84 was discovered and elucidated. Upon platelet activation, the N-terminus of CD84 was found to be cleaved exclusively by the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), whereas the intracellular part was cleaved by calpain. In addition, regulation of the platelet activating collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) was studied and it was shown that GPVI is in contrast to CD84 differentially regulated by ADAM10 and ADAM17. A novel role of CD84 under pathophysiological conditions was revealed as CD84 deficient mice were protected from ischemic stroke in the model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and this protection was based on the lack of CD84 in T cells. Ca2+ is an essential second messenger that facilitates activation of platelets and diverse functions in different eukaryotic cell types. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) represents the major mechanism leading to rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in non-excitable cells. The Ca2+ sensor STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) and the SOC channel subunit protein Orai1 are established mediators of SOCE in platelets. STIM2 is the major STIM isoform in neurons, but the role of the SOC channel subunit protein Orai2 in platelets and neurons has remained elusive. In the third part of this thesis, Orai2 deficient mice were generated and analyzed. Orai2 was dispensable for platelet function, however, Orai2 deficient mice were protected from ischemic neurodegeneration and this phenotype was attributed to defective SOCE in neurons.}, subject = {Thrombozyt}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hofstetter2014, author = {Hofstetter, Christine}, title = {Inhibition of H3K27me-Specific Demethylase Activity During Murine ES cell Differentiation Induces DNA Damage Response}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-107023}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Stem cells are defined by their capacity to self-renew and their potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells can renew indefinitely while keeping the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm or mesoderm). For decades, ES cells are in the focus of research because of these unique features. When ES cells differentiate they form spheroid aggregates termed "embryoid bodies" (EBs). These EBs mimic post- implantation embryonic development and therefore facilitate the understanding of developmented mechanisms. During ES cell differentiation, de-repression or repression of genes accompanies the changes in chromatin structure. In ES cells, several mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the chromatin architecture, including post-translational modifications of histones. Post-translational histone methylation marks became one of the best- investigated epigenetic modifications, and they are essential for maintaining pluripotency. Until the first histone demethylase KDM1A was discovered in 2004 histone modifications were considered to be irreversible. Since then, a great number of histone demethylases have been identified. Their activity is linked to gene regulation as well as to stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. KDM6A and KDM6B are H3K27me3/2-specific histone demethylases, which are known to play a central role in the regulation of posterior development by regulating HOX gene expression. So far less is known about the molecular function of KDM6A or KDM6B in undifferentiated and differentiating ES cells. In order to completely abrogate KDM6A and KDM6B demethylase activity in undifferentiated and differentiating ES cells, a specific inhibitor (GSK-J4) was employed. Treatment with GSK-J4 had no effect on the viability or proliferation on ES cells. However, in the presence of GSK-J4 ES cell differentiation was completely abrogated with cells arrested in G1-phase and an increased rate of apoptosis. Global transcriptome analyses in early-differentiating ES cells revealed that only a limited set of genes were differentially regulated in response to GSK-J4 treatment with more genes up- regulated than down-regulated. Many of the up-regulated genes are linked to DNA damage response (DDR). In agreement with this, DNA damage was found in EBs incubated with GSK-J4. A co-localization of H3K27me3 or KDM6B with γH2AX foci, marking DNA breaks, could be excluded. However, differentiating Eed knockout (KO) ES cells, which are devoid of the H3K27me3 mark, showed an attenuated GSK-J4- induced DDR. Finally, hematopoietic differentiation in the presence of GSK-J4 resulted in a reduced colony-forming potential. This leads to the conclusion that differentiation in the presence of GSK-J4 is also restricted to hematopoietic differentiation. In conclusion, my results show that the enzymatic activity of KDM6A and KDM6B is not essential for maintaining the pluripotent state of ES cells. In contrast, the enzymatic activity of both proteins is indispensable for ES cell and hematopoietic differentiation. Additionally KDM6A and KDM6B enzymatic inhibition in differentiating ES cells leads to increased DNA damage with an activated DDR. Therefore, KDM6A and KDM6B are associated with DNA damage and in DDR in differentiating ES cells.}, subject = {Embryonale Stammzelle}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{KarabegneeLee2014, author = {Karabeg, n{\´e}e Lee, Margherita Maria}, title = {Differences and Similarities in the Impact of Different Types of Stress on Hippocampal Neuroplasticity in Serotonin Transporter Deficient Mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115831}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Stress has been shown to influence neuroplasticity and is suspected to increase the risk for psychiatric disorders such as major depression and anxiety disorders. Additionally, the short variant of the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT) length polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) is suggested to increase the risk for the development of such disorders. While stress as well as serotonergic signaling are not only discussed to be involved in the development of psychiatric disorders, they are also known to influence hippocampal adult neurogenesis (aN). Therefore, it has long been suspected that aN is involved in the etiology of these illnesses. The exact role of aN in this context however, still remains to be clarified. In the present doctoral thesis, I am introducing two different studies, which had been carried out to assess possible changes in neuroplasticity and behavior as a result of 5-HTT genotype by stress interactions. In both studies, animals of the 5-HTT knock-out (5-HTT-/-) mouse line were used, which have been found to exhibit increased anxiety- and depression-related behavior, an altered stress response and decreased aggressive behavior. The aim of the first study, the so-called Spatial Learning study, had been to evaluate whether mice with altered levels of brain 5-HT as a consequence of lifelong 5-HTT deficiency perform differently in two spatial memory tests, the Morris Water Maze (WM) and the Barnes Maze (BM) test prospectively differing in aversiveness. Mice of the Spatial Learning study were of male sex and six months of age, and where subjected to a total of 10 (BM) or 15 (WM) trials. My particular interest was to elucidate if there are genotype by treatment interactions regarding blood plasma corticosterone levels and, if neurobiological equivalents in the brain to the found behavioral differences exist. For this purpose I carried out a quantitative immunohistochemistry study, investigating stem cell proliferation (via the marker Ki67) and aN (via the immature neuron marker NeuroD), as well as expression of the two immediate early genes (IEGs) Arc and cFos as a markers for neuronal activity in the hippocampus. The aim of the second study, the chronic mild stress (CMS) study had been to evaluate whether the innate divergent depression-like and anxiety-like behavior of mice with altered levels of brain 5-HT as a consequence of 5-HTT-deficiency is altered any further after being subjected to a CMS paradigm. Two cohorts of one-year-old female mice had been subjected to a variety of unpredictable stressors. In order to exclude possible interfering influences of behavioral testing on corticosterone levels and the outcome of the quantitative immunohistochemistry study the first cohort had been behaviorally tested after CMS while the second one had remained behaviorally untested. The objective of my part of the study was to find out about possible genotype by treatment interactions regarding blood plasma corticosterone as well as regarding aN in the hippocampus of the mice that had been subjected to CMS. For this purpose I performed a quantitative immunohistochemistry study in order to investigate the phenomenon of adult neurogenesis (via Ki67, NeuroD and the immature neuron marker DCX). Both studies led to interesting results. In the CMS study, we could not replicate the increased innate anxiety- and depression-like behavior in 5-HTT-/- mice known from the literature. However, with regard to the also well documented reduced locomotor activity, as well as the increased body weight of 5-HTT-/- mice compared to their 5-HTT+/- and 5-HTT+/+ littermates, we could demonstrate that CMS leads to increased explorative behavior in the Open Field Test and the Light/Dark Box primarily in 5-HTT+/- und 5-HTT+/+ mice. The Spatial learning study revealed that increased stress sensitivity of 5-HTT-/- mice leads to a poorer performance in the WM test in relation to their 5-HTT+/+ and 5-HTT+/- littermates. As the performance of 5-HTT-/- mice in the less aversive BM was undistinguishable from both other genotypes, we concluded that the spatial learning ability of 5-HTT-/- mice is comparable to that of both other genotypes. As far as stress reactivity is concerned, the experience of a single trial of either the WM or the BM resulted in increased plasma corticosterone levels, irrespective of the 5-HTT genotype. After several trials 5-HTT-/- mice exhibited higher corticosterone concentrations compared with both other genotypes in both tests. Blood plasma corticosterone levels were highest in 5-HTT-/- mice tested in the WM indicating greater aversiveness of the WM and a greater stress sensitivity of 5-HTT deficient mice. In the CMS study, the corticosterone assessment of mice of cohort 1, which had undergone behavioral testing before sacrifice, resulted in significantly elevated corticosterone levels in 5-HTT-/- mice in relation to their 5-HTT+/+ controls. Contrary, corticosterone levels in mice of cohort 1, which had remained behaviorally untested, were shown to be elevated / increased after CMS experience regardless of the 5-HTT genotype. Regarding neuroplasticity, the Spatial Learning study revealed higher baseline levels of cFos- and Arc-ir cells as well as more proliferation (Ki67-ir cells) and higher numbers of neuronal progenitor cells (NeuroD-ir cells) in 5-HTT-/- compared to 5-HTT+/+ mice. Moreover, in 5-HTT-/- mice we could demonstrate that learning performance in the WM correlates with the extent of aN. The CMS study, in which aN (DCX-ir cells), has also been found to be increased in 5-HTT-/- mice compared to their 5-HTT+/+ littermates, yet only in control animals, did show hampered proliferation (Ki67-ir cells) in the hippocampus of all 5-HTT genotypes following CMS experience. Interestingly, the number of immature neurons (DCX-ir cells) was diminished exclusively in 5-HTT-/- mice in response to CMS. From the Spatial Learning study we concluded, that increased IEG expression and aN levels observed in the hippocampus of 5-HTT deficient mice can be the neurobiological correlate of emotion circuit dysfunction and heightened anxiety of these mice and that 5-HTT-/- animals per se display a "stressed" phenotype as a consequence of long-life 5-HTT deficiency. Due to the different age and sex of the mice in the two studies, they cannot be compared easily. However, although the results of the CMS study seem to contradict the results of the Spatial Learning study at the first glance, they do support the conclusion of the Spatial Learning study by demonstrating that although CMS does have an impact on 5-HTT-/- mice on the neurobiological level (e.g. manifesting in a decrease of DXC-ir cells following CMS) CMS experience cannot add onto their heightened inborn stress-level and is almost ineffective regarding further changes of the behavior of 5-HTT-deficient mice. I thus propose, that 5-HTT-/- mice as a result of lifelong altered 5-HT signaling display a stressed phenotype which resembles a state of lethargy and is paralleled by baseline heightened IEG expression and aN. It cannot be altered or increased by CMS, but it becomes most visible in stressful situations such as repeated spatial learning tests like the WM in which locomotor activity is required.}, subject = {Serotonin}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Klein2015, author = {Klein, Dennis}, title = {The pathogenic role of endogenous antibodies in a mouse model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1B neuropathy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121941}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 1 neuropathies are a genetically heterogeneous group of non-treatable inherited disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system that lead to sensory and motor dysfunction. Secondary low grade inflammation, implicating the innate and adaptive immune system, could previously be identified as a substantial disease modifier in two mouse models for CMT1, CMT1B and 1X, respectively. However, the exact mechanism how the adaptive immune system contributes to disease pathogenesis is not completely understood. Based on observations that the accumulation of endogenous antibodies to myelin components is important for rapid myelin clearance after nerve injury during Wallerian degeneration, a possibly similar mechanism was considered for endogenous antibodies as disease amplifier in mice heterozygously deficient for P0 (P0het), mimicking some typical features of CMT1B. In this study an increased antibody deposition was detected in the affected peripheral nerves of P0het myelin mutant mice. By crossbreeding P0het mutants with mice specifically lacking B-lymphocytes, and therefore antibodies (JHD-/-), a decline of endoneurial macrophages together with a substantially ameliorated demyelination could be demonstrated in 6-month-old mutant mice. Moreover, reconstitution with murine IgGs reverted the neuropathic phenotype, substantiating that endogenous antibodies are potentially pathogenic at this early stage of disease. Unexpectedly, in 12-months-old P0het mutants, JHD deficiency resulted in disease aggravation accompanied by an increased inflammatory reaction and M2-polarized macrophage response. These observations suggest that in a mouse model for CMT1B, the lack of endogenous antibodies has a dichotomous effect: ameliorating early macrophage-mediated demyelination, as opposed to increasing inflammatory reactions leading to disease aggravation at older ages.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @article{KraftSchwarzPochetetal.2010, author = {Kraft, P. and Schwarz, T. and Pochet, L. and Stoll, G. and Kleinschnitz, Christoph}, title = {COU254, a specific 3-carboxamide-coumarin inhibitor of coagulation factor XII, does not protect mice from acute ischemic stroke}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68103}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Background: Anticoagulation is an important means to prevent from acute ischemic stroke but is associated with a significant risk of severe hemorrhages. Previous studies have shown that blood coagulation factor XII (FXII)- deficient mice are protected from pathological thrombus formation during cerebral ischemia without bearing an increased bleeding tendency. Hence, pharmacological blockade of FXII might be a promising and safe approach to prevent acute ischemic stroke and possibly other thromboembolic disorders but pharmacological inhibitors selective over FXII are still lacking. In the present study we investigated the efficacy of COU254, a novel nonpeptidic 3-carboxamide-coumarin that selectively blocks FXII activity, on stroke development and post stroke functional outcome in mice. Methods: C57Bl/6 mice were treated with COU254 (40 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle and subjected to 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) using the intraluminal filament method. After 24 h infarct volumes were determined from 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazoliumchloride(TTC)-stained brain sections and functional scores were assessed. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining was used to estimate the extent of neuronal cell damage. Thrombus formation within the infarcted brain areas was analyzed by immunoblot. Results: Infarct volumes and functional outcomes on day 1 after tMCAO did not significantly differ between COU254 pre-treated mice or untreated controls (p > 0.05). Histology revealed extensive ischemic neuronal damage regularly including the cortex and the basal ganglia in both groups. COU254 treatment did not prevent intracerebral fibrin(ogen) formation. Conclusions: COU254 at the given concentration of 40 mg/kg failed to demonstrate efficacy in acute ischemic stroke in this preliminary study. Further preclinical evaluation of 3-carboxamide-coumarins is needed before the antithrombotic potential of this novel class of FXII inhibitors can be finally judged.}, subject = {Schlaganfall}, language = {en} } @article{KreisslStoutWongetal.2011, author = {Kreissl, Michael C. and Stout, David B. and Wong, Koon-Pong and Wu, Hsiao-Ming and Caglayan, Evren and Ladno, Waldemar and Zhang, Xiaoli and Prior, John and Reiners, Christoph and Huang, Sung-Cheng and Schelbert, Heinrich R.}, title = {Influence of Dietary Interventions and Insulin on Myocardial, Skeletal Muscle and Brain [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Kinetics in Mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68775}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: We evaluated the effect of insulin stimulation and dietary changes on myocardial, skeletal muscle and brain [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) kinetics and uptake in vivo in intact mice. Methods: Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and imaged under different conditions: non-fasted (n = 7; "controls"), non-fasted with insulin (2 IU/kg body weight) injected subcutaneously immediately prior to FDG (n = 6), fasted (n = 5), and fasted with insulin injection (n = 5). A 60-min small-animal PET with serial blood sampling and kinetic modeling was performed. Results: We found comparable FDG standardized uptake values (SUVs) in myocardium in the non-fasted controls and non-fasted-insulin injected group (SUV 45-60 min, 9.58 ± 1.62 vs. 9.98 ± 2.44; p = 0.74), a lower myocardial SUV was noted in the fasted group (3.48 ± 1.73; p < 0.001). In contrast, the FDG uptake rate constant (Ki) for myocardium increased significantly by 47\% in non-fasted mice by insulin (13.4 ± 3.9 ml/min/100 g vs. 19.8 ± 3.3 ml/min/100 g; p = 0.030); in fasted mice, a lower myocardial Ki as compared to controls was observed (3.3 ± 1.9 ml/min/100 g; p < 0.001). Skeletal muscle SUVs and Ki values were increased by insulin independent of dietary state, whereas in the brain, those parameters were not influenced by fasting or administration of insulin. Fasting led to a reduction in glucose metabolic rate in the myocardium (19.41 ± 5.39 vs. 3.26 ± 1.97 mg/min/100 g; p < 0.001), the skeletal muscle (1.06 ± 0.34 vs. 0.34 ± 0.08 mg/min/100 g; p = 0.001) but not the brain (3.21 ± 0.53 vs. 2.85 ± 0.25 mg/min/100 g; p = 0.19). Conclusions: Changes in organ SUVs, uptake rate constants and metabolic rates induced by fasting and insulin administration as observed in intact mice by small-animal PET imaging are consistent with those observed in isolated heart/muscle preparations and, more importantly, in vivo studies in larger animals and in humans. When assessing the effect of insulin on the myocardial glucose metabolism of non-fasted mice, it is not sufficient to just calculate the SUV - dynamic imaging with kinetic modeling is necessary.}, subject = {Insulin}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kriegebaum2009, author = {Kriegebaum, Claudia}, title = {Spatio-temporal Expression Patterns of the Serotonin Synthesis Enzymes TPH1 and TPH2 and Effects of Acute Stress}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40839}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Several lines of evidence implicate a dysregulation of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-dependent serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in emotions and stress and point to their potential relevance to the etiology and pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the differential expression pattern of the two isoforms TPH1 and TPH2 which encode two forms of the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis is controversial. Here, a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis clarifies TPH1 and TPH2 expression during pre- and postnatal development of the mouse brain and in adult human brain as well as in peripheral organs including the pineal gland. Four different methods (real time PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis) were performed to systematically control for tissue-, species- and isoform-specific expression on both the pre- and posttranslational level. TPH2 expression was consistently detected in the raphe nuclei, as well as in fibres in the deep pineal gland and in the gastrointestinal tract. Although TPH1 expression was found in these peripheral tissues, no significant TPH1 expression was detected in the brain, neither during murine development, nor in mouse and human adult brain. Also under conditions like stress and clearing the tissue from blood cells, no changes in expression levels were detectable. Furthermore, the reuptake of 5-HT into the presynaptic neuron by the serotonin transporter (SERT) is the major mechanism terminating the neurotransmitter signal. Thus, mice with a deletion in the Sert gene (Sert KO mice) provide an adequate model for human affective disorders to study lifelong modified 5-HT homeostasis in interaction with stressful life events. To further explore the role of TPH isoforms, Tph1 and Tph2 expression was studied in the raphe nuclei of Sert deficient mice under normal conditions as well as following exposure to acute immobilization stress. Interestingly, no statistically significant changes in expression were detected. Moreover, in comparison to Tph2, no relevant Tph1 expression was detected in the brain independent from genotype, gender and treatment confirming expression in data from native animals. Raphe neurons of a brain-specific Tph2 conditional knockout (cKO) model were completely devoid of Tph2-positive neurons and consequently 5-HT in the brain, with no compensatory activation of Tph1 expression. In addition, a time-specific Tph2 inducible (i) KO mouse provides a brain-specific knockdown model during adult life, resulting in a highly reduced number of Tph2-positive cells and 5-HT in the brain. Intriguingly, expression studies detected no obvious alteration in expression of 5-HT system-associated genes in these brain-specific Tph2 knockout and knockdown models. The findings on the one hand confirm the specificity of Tph2 in brain 5-HT synthesis across the lifespan and on the other hand indicate that neither developmental nor adult Tph2-dependent 5-HT synthesis is required for normal formation of the serotonergic system, although Tph1 does not compensate for the lack of 5-HT in the brain of Tph2 KO models. A further aim of this thesis was to investigate the expression of the neuropeptide oxytocin, which is primarily produced in the hypothalamus and released for instance in response to stimulation of 5-HT and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Oxytocin acts as a neuromodulator within the central nervous system (CNS) and is critically involved in mediating pain modulation, anxiolytic-like effects and decrease of stress response, thereby reducing the risk for emotional disorders. In this study, the expression levels of oxytocin in different brain regions of interest (cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus and raphe nuclei) from female and male wildtype (WT) and Sert KO mice with or without exposure to acute immobilization stress were investigated. Results showed significantly higher expression levels of oxytocin in brain regions which are involved in the regulation of emotional stimuli (amygdala and hippocampus) of stressed male WT mice, whereas male Sert KO as well as female WT and Sert KO mice lack these stress-induced changes. These findings are in accordance with the hypothesis of oxytocin being necessary for protection against stress, depressive mood and anxiety but suggest gender-dependent differences. The lack of altered oxytocin expression in Sert KO mice also indicates a modulation of the oxytocin response by the serotonergic system and provides novel research perspectives with respect to altered response of Sert KO mice to stress and anxiety inducing stimuli.}, subject = {Serotonin}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Lu2020, author = {Lu, Yunzhi}, title = {Kinetics of mouse and human muscle type nicotinic receptor channels}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-19268}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192688}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Acetylcholine (ACh) mediates transmission at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions and many other synapses. The postsynaptic ACh receptors at neuromuscular junctions are of the nicotinic subtype (nAChRs). They are among the best studied receptor channels and often serve as models or receptor prototypes. Despite a wealth of information on muscle type nAChRs so far little is known about species specific functional differences. In this work, mouse and human adult muscle type nAChRs are investigated. Cell attached recordings in the HEK293T heterologous expression system provided evidence that the ACh affinity of recombinant mouse and human adult muscle type nAChRs are different. To clarify this, I compared these receptors in outside-out patches employing a system for fast agonist application. Thus, the individual membrane patches with receptors can be exposed to various ligand concentrations. In response to 10 and 30 µM ACh normalized peak currents ({\^i}) were significantly larger and current rise-time (tr) shorter in human than in mouse receptors. Analyzing dose-response curves of {\^i} and tr and fitting them with a two-step equivalent binding-site kinetic mechanism revealed a two-fold higher ACh association rate constant in human compared to mouse receptors. Furthermore, human nAChRs were blocked faster in outside-out patches by superfusion of 300 nM α-Bungarotoxin (α-Bgtx) than mouse nAChRs. Finally, human nAChRs in outside-out patches showed higher affinity at 3 µM ACh than chimeric receptors consisting of mouse α- and human β-, γ- and ε-subunits. The higher affinity of human than mouse receptors for ACh and α-Bgtx is thus at least in part due to sequence difference in their α-subunits.}, subject = {Nicotinischer Acetylcholinrezeptor}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Morowski2014, author = {Morowski, Martina}, title = {Relevance of platelet count and ITAM-signalling pathway in murine models of haemostasis, thrombosis and thrombo-inflammation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-99193}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Platelets are important players in haemostasis and their activation is essential to limit post-traumatic blood loss upon vessel injury. On the other hand, pathological platelet activation may lead to thrombosis resulting in myocardial infarction and stroke. Platelet activation and subsequent thrombus formation are, therefore, tightly regulated and require a well-defined interplay of platelet surface receptors, intracellular signalling molecules, cytoskeletal rearrangements and the activation of the coagulation cascade. In vivo thrombosis and haemostasis models mimic thrombus formation at sites of vascular lesions and are frequently used to assess thrombotic and haemostatic functions of platelets. In this dissertation, different in vivo models were used in mice to address the question at what level a reduced platelet count (PC) compromises stable thrombus formation. To study this, mice were rendered thrombocytopenic by low-dose anti-GPIbα antibody treatment and subjected to a tail bleeding time assay as well as to four different in vivo thrombosis models. Haemostasis and occlusive thrombus formation in small vessels were only mildly affected even at severe reductions of the PC. In contrast, occlusive thrombus formation in larger arteries required higher PCs demonstrating that considerable differences in the sensitivity for PC reductions exist between these models. In a second part of this study, mice were rendered thrombocytopenic by injection of high-dose anti-GPIbα antibody which led to the complete loss of all platelets from the circulation for several days. During recovery from thrombocytopenia, the newly generated platelet population was characterised and revealed a defect in immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-signalling. This defect translated into impaired arterial thrombus formation. To further investigate ITAM-signalling in vivo, genetically modified mice were analysed which display a positive or negative regulation of platelet ITAM-signalling in vitro. Whereas mice lacking the adapter Grb2 in platelets showed a delayed thrombus formation in vivo after acetylsalicylic acid treatment, Clp36ΔLIM bone marrow chimeric mice and SLAP/SLAP2-deficient mice displayed pro-thrombotic properties in vivo. Finally, mice lacking the adapter protein EFhd2 were analysed in vitro and in vivo. However, EFhd2-deficient platelets showed only a minor increase in the procoagulant activity compared to control.}, subject = {Thrombozyt}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Parczyk2010, author = {Parczyk, Marco}, title = {In vivo NMR-methods to study effects of atherosclerosis in mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53302}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Background Transgenic mouse models are increasingly used to study the pathophysiology of human cardiovascular diseases. The aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an indirect measure for vascular stiffness and a marker for cardiovascular risk. Results This work presents three MR-methods that allow the determination of the PWV in the descending murine aorta by analyzing blood flow waveforms, arterial distension waveforms, and a method that uses the combination of flow and distension waveforms. Systolic flow pulses were recorded with a temporal resolution of 1 ms applying phase velocity encoding. In a first step, the MR methods were validated by pressure waveform measurements on pulsatile elastic vessel phantoms. In a second step, the MR methods were applied to measure PWVs in a group of five eight-month-old apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice and an age matched group of four C57Bl/6J mice. The ApoE(-/-) group had a higher mean PWV than the C57Bl/6J group. Depending on the measurement technique, the differences were or were not statistically significant. Conclusions The findings of this study demonstrate that high field MRI is applicable to non-invasively determine and distinguish PWVs in the arterial system of healthy and diseased groups of mice.}, subject = {Arteriosklerose}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pasch2016, author = {Pasch, Elisabeth}, title = {The role of SUN4 and related proteins in sperm head formation and fertility}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-139092}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Spermiogenesis describes the differentiation of haploid germ cells into motile, fertilization-competent spermatozoa. During this fundamental transition the species-specific sperm head is formed, which necessitates profound nuclear restructuring coincident with the assembly of sperm-specific structures and chromatin compaction. In the case of the mouse, it is characterized by reshaping of the early round spermatid nucleus into an elongated sickle-shaped sperm head. This tremendous shape change requires the transduction of cytoskeletal forces onto the nuclear envelope (NE) or even further into the nuclear interior. LINC (linkers of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes might be involved in this process, due to their general function in bridging the NE and thereby physically connecting the nucleus to the peripheral cytoskeleton. LINC complexes consist of inner nuclear membrane integral SUN-domain proteins and outer nuclear membrane KASH-domain counterparts. SUN- and KASH-domain proteins are directly connected to each other within the perinuclear space, and are thus capable of transferring forces across the NE. To date, these protein complexes are known for their essential functions in nuclear migration, anchoring and positioning of the nucleus, and even for chromosome movements and the maintenance of cell polarity and nuclear shape. In this study LINC complexes were investigated with regard to their potential role in sperm head formation, in order to gain further insight into the processes occurring during spermiogenesis. To this end, the behavior and function of the testis-specific SUN4 protein was studied. The SUN-domain protein SUN4, which had received limited characterization prior to this work, was found to be exclusively expressed in haploid stages during germ cell development. In these cell stages, it specifically localized to the posterior NE at regions decorated by the manchette, a spermatid-specific structure which was previously shown to be involved in nuclear shaping. Mice deficient for SUN4 exhibited severely disorganized manchette residues and gravely misshapen sperm heads. These defects resulted in a globozoospermia-like phenotype and male mice infertility. Therefore, SUN4 was not only found to be mandatory for the correct assembly and anchorage of the manchette, but also for the correct localization of SUN3 and Nesprin1, as well as of other NE components. Interaction studies revealed that SUN4 had the potential to interact with SUN3, Nesprin1, and itself, and as such is likely to build functional LINC complexes that anchor the manchette and transfer cytoskeletal forces onto the nucleus. Taken together, the severe impact of SUN4 deficiency on the nucleocytoplasmic junction during sperm development provided direct evidence for a crucial role of SUN4 and other LINC complex components in mammalian sperm head formation and fertility.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pei2000, author = {Pei, Geng}, title = {The Role of Raf-mediated Signalling Pathways for Motoneuron}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1846}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2000}, abstract = {The transmission of proliferative and developmental signals from activated cell-surface receptors to initiation of cellular responses in the nucleus is synergically controlled by the coordinated action of a diverse set of intracellular signalling proteins. The Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK signalling pathway has been shown to control the expression of genes which are crucial for the physiological regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Within this signalling cascade, the Raf protein family of serine/threonine kinases serves as a central intermediate which connects to many of other signal transduction pathways. To elucidate the signalling functions of the different Raf kinases in motoneurons during development, the expression, distribution and subcellular localization of Rafs in the spinal cord and the facial nucleus in brainstem of mice at various embryonic and postnatal stages were investigated. Moreover, we have investigated the intracellular redistribution of Raf molecules in isolated motoneurons from 13 or 14 day old mouse embryos, after addition or withdrawal of neurotrophic factors to induce Raf kinases activation in vitro. Furthermore, in order to investigate the potential anti-apoptotic function of Raf kinases on motoneurons, we isolated motoneurons from B-raf-/- and c-raf-1-/- mouse embryos and analysed the survival and differentiation effects of neurotrophic factors in motoneurons lacking B-Raf and c-Raf-1. We provide evidence here that all three Raf kinases are expressed in mouse spinal motoneurons. Their expression increases during the period of naturally occurring cell death of motoneurons. In sections of embryonic and postnatal spinal cord, motoneurons express exclusively B-Raf and c-Raf-1, but not A-Raf, and subcellularly Raf kinases are obviously colocalized with mitochondria. In isolated motoneurons, most of the B-Raf or c-Raf-1 immunoreactivity is located in the perinuclear space but also in the nucleus, especially after activation by addition of CNTF and BDNF in vitro. We found that c-Raf-1 translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus of motoneurons after its activation by neurotrophic factors is a distinct event. As a central finding of our study, we observed that the viability of isolated motoneurons from B-raf but not c-raf-1 knockout mice is lost even in the presence of CNTF and other neurotrophic factors. This indicates that B-Raf but not c-Raf-1, which is still present in B-raf deficient motoneurons, plays a crucial role in mediating the survival effect of neurotrophic factors during development. In order to prove that B-Raf is an essential player in this scenario, we have re-expressed B-Raf in mutant sensory and motor neurons by transfection. The motoneurons and the sensory neurons from B-raf knockout mouse which were transfected with exogenous B-raf gene revealed the same viability in the presence of neurotrophic factors as primary neurons from wild-type mice. Our results suggest that Raf kinases have important signalling functions in motoneurons in mouse CNS. In vitro, activation causes redistribution of Raf protein kinases, particularly for c-Raf-1, from motoneuronal cytoplasm into the nucleus. This redistribution of c-Raf-1, however, is not necessary for the survival effect of neurotrophic factors, given that B-raf-/- motor and sensory neurons can not survive despite the presence of c-Raf-1. We hypothesize that c-Raf-1 nuclear translocation may play a direct role in transcriptional regulation as a consequence of neurotrophic factor induced phosphorylation and activation of c-Raf-1 in motoneurons. Moreover, the identification of target genes for nuclear translocated c-Raf-1 and of specific cellular functions initiated by this mechanism awaits its characterization.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pennington2018, author = {Pennington, Laura Sophie}, title = {The role of Cadherin-13 in serotonergic neurons during different murine developmental stages}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161331}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Abstract Background: Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ranges among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide with a prevalence of 3-12\% in childhood and 1-5\% for adults. Over the last decade extensive genetic research has been conducted in order to determine its causative genetic factors. None of the so far identified susceptibility genes, however, could explain the estimated ADHD heritability of 76\%. In this thesis one of the most promising candidates -Cadherin 13 (Cdh13) - was examined in terms of its influence on the central serotonergic (5-HT) system. In addition to that, the Cdh13 protein distribution pattern was analysed over time. Methods: The developing serotonergic system was compared over three embryonic and postnatal stages (E13.5, E17.5 and P7) in different Cdh13 genotypes (WT, HZ and KO) using immunohistochemistry and various double staining protocols. Results: The raphe nuclei of the 5-HT system develop in spite of Cdh13 absence and show a comparable mature constellation. The cells in the KO, however, are slightly more scattered than in the WT. Furthermore the dynamics of their formation is altered, with a transient delay in migration at E13.5. In early developmental stages the total amount of serotonergic cells is reduced in KO and HZ, though their proportional distribution to the raphe nuclei stays constant. Strikingly, at P7 the absolute numbers are comparable again. Concerning the Cdh13 protein, it shows high concentrations on fibres running through hindbrain and midbrain areas at E13.5. This, however, changes over time, and it becomes more evenly spread until P7. Furthermore, its presence in serotonergic cells could be visualised using confocal microscopy. Since the described pattern is only in parts congruent to the localisation of serotonergic neurons, it is most likely that Cdh13 is present in other developing neurotransmitter systems, such as the dopaminergic one, as well. Conclusion: It could be proven that Cdh13 is expressed in serotonergic cells and that its knockout does affect the developing serotonergic system to some degree. Its absence, however, only slightly and transiently affects the measured parameters of serotonergic system development, indicating a possible compensation of CDH13 function by other molecules in the case of Cdh13 deficiency. In addition further indicators could be found for an influence of Cdh13 on outgrowth and path finding of neuronal processes.}, subject = {Cadherine}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Petrovic2004, author = {Petrovic, Suzana}, title = {In vivo analysis of homing pattern and differentiation potential of cells deriving from embryonic and adult haematopoietic regions}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-9323}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2004}, abstract = {The experimental work of this thesis addresses the questions of whether established cell lines injected into murine blastocysts find their way back home and seed preferentially at the site of their origin. Furthermore, can they change their fate and differentiate to unrelated cell types when exposed to the embryonic environment. This survey was based on the fact that different cell lines have different potentials in developing embryos, dependent on their cellular identity. The cell lines used in this survey were AGM region-deriving DAS 104-4, DAS 104-8 cells, yolk sac-deriving YSE cells and bone marrow-deriving FDCP mix cells. These cells were injected into mouse blastocysts. Donor cells were traced in developing embryos via specific markers. Analysis of the embryos revealed that DAS cells are promiscuous in their seeding pattern, since they were found in all analysed tissues with similar frequencies. YSE cells showed preferences in seeding yolk sac and liver. YSE donor cells in chimaeric tissues were not able to change their immuno-phenotype, indicating that they did not change their destiny. Analysis of adult mice did not reveal any of YSE-derived cells donor contribution. In contrast, FDCP mix cells mostly engrafted haematopoietic tissues, although the embryos analysed by in situ hybridization had donor signals frequently in cartilage primordia, heads, and livers. Analysis of whether FDCPmix-derived cells found in foetal livers were of haematopoietic or hepatocytes nature showed that progeny of injected FDCP mix cells do not differentiate into cells that express a hepatocyte-specific marker. Further analysis showed that FDCPmix-derived donor cells found in brain express neural or haematopoietic markers. In order to reveal if they transdifferentiate to neurons or fuse with neurons/glial cells, nuclear diameters of donor and recipient cells were determined. Comparison of the nuclear diameters of recipient and donor cells revealed no differences. Therefore this suggests that progeny of FDCP mix in brain are not fusion products. Analysis of adult mice tissues revealed that presence of FDCP mix-derived cells was the highest in brains. These results confirmed the assumption that the developmental potential of the analysed cells cannot be easily modified, even when exposed to early embryonic environment. Therefore one can conclude that the analysed cell types had different homing patterns depending on their origins.}, subject = {Zelllinie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Popp2018, author = {Popp, Michael}, title = {Mechanisms of platelet activation and receptor regulation in genetically modified mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135494}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This work summarizes the results of studies on several major aspects of platelet activation and platelet receptor regulation. Therefore, this thesis is divided into four parts. Platelet activation and aggregation at sites of vascular injury is critical to prevent excessive blood loss, but may also lead to life-threatening ischemic disease states, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Agonist-induced elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations is essential for platelet activation in hemostasis and thrombosis. The principal route of Ca2+ influx in platelets is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The calcium sensor molecule stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) regulates SOCE by activating the membrane calcium channel protein Orai1, but the exact mechanisms of this interaction are not fully understood. Using affinity chromatography to screen for STIM1 interacting proteins in platelets, bridging integrator 2 (BIN2), an adapter protein belonging to the family of BAR proteins that is mainly expressed in the hematopoietic system, was identified. Newly generated BIN2 KO mice were viable and fertile but their platelets displayed markedly impaired SOCE in response to thapsigargin (TG) as well as agonists acting on immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) or G protein-coupled receptors. This SOCE defect resulted in impaired (hem)ITAM induced platelet activation, aggregate formation under flow and procoagulant activity. As a consequence, mice lacking BIN2 in platelets were protected from occlusive arterial thrombus formation and thrombo-inflammatory cerebral infarct progression in a model of experimental stroke. These results identify BIN2 as a critical regulator of platelet SOCE in thrombosis and thrombo-inflammatory disease. Integrin αIIbβ3 plays a central role in the adhesion and aggregation of platelets. Integrin activation requires the transmission of a signal from the small cytoplasmic tails of the α or β subunit to the large extracellular domains resulting in conformational changes of the extracellular domains to enable ligand binding. It was hypothesized that Hic-5 is a novel regulator of integrin αIIbβ3 activation in mice. As demonstrated in the second part of this thesis, lack of Hic-5 had no detectable effect on platelet integrin activation and function in vitro and in vivo under all tested conditions. These results indicate that Hic-5 is dispensable for integrin αIIbβ3 activation and consequently for arterial thrombosis and hemostasis in mice. The Rho GTPase family members RhoA and Rac1 play major roles in platelet activation at sites of vascular injury. Little is known about possible redundant functions of these Rho GTPases in regulating platelet function. To investigate functional redundancies of RhoA and Rac1 in platelet production and function, mice with MK- and platelet-specific double- deficiencies in RhoA and Rac1 were generated. RhoA/Rac1 double-deficiency phenocopied the respective single knockouts without any additional effects in the double-knockout animals, demonstrating for the first time a functional non-redundancy of RhoA and Rac1 in platelet function. Antibodies against platelet glycoproteins (GP) trigger platelet destruction in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) by binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on immune cells. However, antibodies against the platelet collagen receptor GPVI exert powerful anti-thrombotic action in vivo by inducing ectodomain shedding of the receptor associated with a transient thrombocytopenia. As shown in the final part of this thesis, blockade or deficiency of the inhibitory FcγRIIB abolished sequestration of anti-GPVI opsonized platelets in the hepatic vasculature and GPVI shedding. This process was mediated by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), the major FcγRIIB expressing cell type in the body. Furthermore, LSEC FcγRIIB mediated hepatic platelet sequestration and contributed to thrombocytopenia in mice treated with antibodies against αIIbβ3, the major target antigen in human ITP. These results reveal a novel and unexpected function of hepatic FcγRIIB in the processing of antibody-opsonized platelets.}, subject = {H{\"a}mostase}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Rabie2005, author = {Rabie, Tamer}, title = {Cellular regulation of platelet glycoprotein VI : in vivo and in vitro studies in mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14267}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Platelet interaction with the subendothelium is essential to limit blood loss after tissue injury. However, upon rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, this interaction may result in blood vessel occlusion leading to life threatening diseases such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Among the subendothelial matrix proteins, collagen is considered to be the most thrombogenic component as it directly activates platelets. Platelets interact with collagen, either indirectly through glycoprotein (GP) Ib-V-IX receptor complex, or directly through the major collagen receptor on the platelet surface, GPVI. The work presented here focused on studying the cellular regulation of GPVI. In addition, a possible role for GPVI in thrombus formation induced by atherosclerotic plaque material was investigated and it was found that GPVI plays an important role in this process. Using a recently published mitochondrial injury model, it was found that GPVI contains a cleavage site for a platelet-expressed metalloproteinase. Further studies showed that platelet activation by CRP, or thrombin induced down-regulation of GPIb\&\#61537;, but not GPVI. In parallel, cellular regulation of GPV was studied and it was found that GPV is cleaved in vitro by the metalloproteinase ADAM17. In previous studies it was shown that injection of mice with the anti-GPVI mAb, JAQ1, induces GPVI down-regulation, which is associated with a strong, but transient, thrombocytopenia. Using new anti-GPVI mAbs, which bind different epitopes on the receptor, it is shown in this study that GPVI down-regulation occurs in an epitope-independent manner. Further experiments showed that antibody treatment induces a transient, but significant increase in bleeding time. Using different genetically modified mice, it is shown that, upon antibody injection, GPVI is both, shed from the platelet surface and internalized into the platelet. Signaling through the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of the FcR\&\#61543; chain is essential for both processes, while LAT and PLC\&\#61543;2 are essential for the shedding process only. Antibody-induced increase in bleeding time and thrombocytopenia were absent in LAT deficient mice, showing that it is possible to uncouple the associated side effects from the down-regulation process. As antibody-induced GPVI internalization still occurs in LAT and PLC\&\#61543;2 deficient mice, this suggests a novel signaling pathway downstream of GPVI that has not been described so far.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Rathod2012, author = {Rathod, Reenaben Jagdishbhai}, title = {Study of local protein synthesis in growth cones of embryonic mouse motor neurons}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72045}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {In cultured motoneurons of a mouse model for the motoneuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), reduced levels of the protein SMN (survival of motoneurons) cause defects in axonal growth. This correlates with reduced β-actin mRNA and protein in growth cones, indicating that anterograde transport and local translation of β-actin mRNA are crucial for motoneuron function. However, direct evidence that indeed local translation is a physiological phenomenon in growth cones of motoneurons was missing. Here, a lentiviral GFP-based reporter construct was established to monitor local protein synthesis of β-actin mRNA. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in living motoneurons revealed that β-actin is locally translated in the growth cones of embryonic motoneurons. Interestingly, local translation of the β-actin reporter construct was differentially regulated by different laminin isoforms, indicating that laminins provide extracellular cues for the regulation of local translation in growth cones. Notably, local translation of β-actin mRNA was deregulated when motoneurons of a mouse model for type I SMA (Smn-/-; SMN2) were analyzed. In situ hybridization revealed reduced levels of β-actin mRNA in the axons of Smn-/-; SMN2 motoneurons. The distribution of the β-actin mRNA was not modified by different laminin isoforms as revealed by in situ hybridization against the mRNA of the eGFP encoding element of the β-actin reporter. In case of the mRNA of α-actin and γ-actin isoforms, the endogenous mRNA did not localize to the axons and the localization pattern was not affected by the SMN levels expressed in the cell. Taken together our findings suggest that regulation of local translation of β-actin in growth cones of motoneurons critically depends on laminin signaling and the amount of SMN protein. Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived motoneurons are an excellent in vitro system to sort out biochemical and cellular pathways which are defective in neurodegenerative diseases like SMA. Here, a protocol for the differentiation and antibody-mediated enrichment of ESC-derived motoneurons is presented, which was optimized during the course of this study. Notably, this study contributes the production and purification of highly active recombinant sonic hedgehog (Shh), which was needed for the efficient differentiation of mouse ESCs to motoneurons. ESC-derived motoneurons will now offer high amounts of cellular material to allow the biochemical identification of disease-relevant molecular components involved in regulated local protein synthesis in axons and growth cones of motoneurons.}, subject = {Motoneuron}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Riedel2013, author = {Riedel, Simone Stefanie}, title = {Characterization of the fluorescence protein FP635 for in vivo imaging and establishment of a murine multiple myeloma model for non-invasive imaging of disease progression and response to therapy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77894}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Optical in vivo imaging methods have advanced the fields of stem cell transplantation, graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-tumor responses. Two well known optical methods, based on the transmission of light through the test animal are bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI). Both methods allow whole body in vivo imaging of the same animal over an extended time span where the cell distribution and proliferation can be visualized. BLI has the advantages of producing almost no unspecific background signals and no necessity for external excitation light. Hence, BLI is a highly sensitive and reliable detection method. Yet, the BLI reporter luciferase is not applicable with common microscopy techniques, therefore abolishing this method for cellular resolution imaging. FLI in turn, presents the appealing possibility to use one fluorescent reporter for whole body imaging as well as cellular resolution applying microscopy techniques. The absorption of light occurs mainly due to melanin and hemoglobin in wavelengths up to 650 nm. Therefore, the wavelength range beyond 650 nm may allow sensitive optical imaging even in deep tissues. For this reason, significant efforts are undertaken to isolate or develop genetically enhanced fluorescent proteins (FP) in this spectral range. "Katushka" also called FP635 has an emission close to this favorable spectrum and is reported as one of the brightest far-red FPs. Our experiments also clearly showed the superiority of BLI for whole body imaging over FLI. Based on these results we applied the superior BLI technique for the establishment of a pre-clinical multiple myeloma (MM) mouse model. MM is a B-cell disease, where malignant plasma cells clonally expand in the bone marrow (BM) of older people, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Chromosomal abnormalities, considered a hallmark of MM, are present in nearly all patients and may accumulate or change during disease progression. The diagnosis of MM is based on clinical symptoms, including the CRAB criteria: increased serum calcium levels, renal insufficiency, anemia, and bone lesions (osteolytic lesions or osteoporosis with compression fractures). Other clinical symptoms include hyperviscosity, amyloidosis, and recurrent bacterial infections. Additionally, patients commonly exhibit more than 30\% clonal BM plasma cells and the presence of monoclonal protein is detected in serum and/or urine. With current standard therapies, MM remains incurable and patients diagnosed with MM between 2001 and 2007 had a 5-year relative survival rate of only 41\%. Therefore, the development of new drugs or immune cell-based therapies is desirable and necessary. To this end we developed the MOPC-315 cell line based syngeneic MM mouse model. MOPC-315 cells were labeled with luciferase for in vivo detection by BLI. We validated the non-invasively obtained BLI data with histopathology, measurement of idiotype IgA serum levels and flow cytometry. All methods affirmed the reliability of the in vivo BLI data for this model. We found that this orthotopic MM model reflects several key features of the human disease. MOPC-315 cells homed efficiently to the BM compartment including subsequent proliferation. Additionally, cells disseminated to distant skeletal parts, leading to the typical multifocal MM growth. Osteolytic lesions and bone remodeling was also detected. We found evidence that the cell line had retained plasticity seen by dynamic receptor expression regulation in different compartments such as the BM and the spleen.}, subject = {Fluoreszenzproteine}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Rudolf2013, author = {Rudolf, Ronald}, title = {Transcriptional Regulation of and by NFATc1 in Lymphocytes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83993}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The transcription factor NFATc1 has been shown to regulate the activation and differentiation of T-cells and B-cells, of DCs and megakaryocytes. Dysregulation of NFAT signaling was shown to be associated with the generation of autoimmune diseases, malignant transformation and the development of cancer [71]. The primary goal of this work was to gain insights on Nfatc1 induction and regulation in lymphocytes and to find new direct NFATc1 target genes. Three new BAC -transgenic reporter mouse strains (tgNfatc1/Egfp, tgNfatc1/DE1 and tgNfatc1/DE2) were applied to analyze Nfatc1 induction and regulation in primary murine B- and T-cells. As a result, we were able to show the persistent requirement of immunoreceptor-signaling for constant Nfatc1 induction, particularly, for NFATc1/αA expression. Furthermore, we showed that NF-κB inducing agents, such as LPS, CpG or CD40 receptor engagement, in combination with primary receptor-signals, positively contributed to Nfact1 induction in B-cells [137]. We sought to establish a new system which could help to identify direct NFATc1 target genes by means of ChIP and NGS in genom-wide approaches. We were able to successfully generate a new BAC-transgene encoding a biotinylatable short isoform of NFATc1, which is currently injected into mice oocyte at the TFM in Mainz. In addition, in vivo biotinylatable NFATc1-isoforms were cloned and stably expressed in the murine B-cell lymphoma line WEHI-231. The successful use of these cells stably overexpressing either the short NFATc1/αA or the long NFATc1/βC isoform along with the bacterial BirA biotin ligase was confirmed by intracellular stainings, FACS analysis, confocal microscopy and protein IP. By NGS, we detected 2185 genes which are specifically controlled by NFATc1/αA, and 1306 genes which are exclusively controlled by NFATc1/βC. This shows that the Nfatc1 locus encodes "two genes" which exhibit alternate, in part opposite functions. Studies on the induction of apoptosis and cell-death revealed opposed roles for the highly inducible short isoform NFATc1/αA and the constantly expressed long isoform NFATc1/βC. These findings were confirmed by whole transcriptome-sequencing performed with cells overexpressing NFATc1/αA and NFATc1/βC. Several thousand genes were found to be significantly altered in their expression profile, preferentially genes involved in apoptosis and PCD for NFATc1/βC or genes involved in transcriptional regulation and cell-cycle processes for NFATc1/αA. In addition we were able to perform ChIP-seq for NFATc1/αA and NFATc1/βC in an ab-independent approach. We found potential new target-sites, but further studies will have to address this ambitious goal in the future. In individual ChIP assays, we showed direct binding of NFATc1/αA and NFATc1/βC to the Prdm1 and Aicda promoter regions which are individually controlled by the NFATc1 isoforms.}, subject = {Lymphozyt}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{SchellergebBirkholz2020, author = {Scheller [geb. Birkholz], Inga}, title = {Studies on the role of actin-binding proteins in platelet production and function in mice}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-16858}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168582}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Platelet activation and aggregation at sites of vascular injury involves massive cytoskeletal re-organization, which is required for proper platelet function. Moreover, the cytoskeleton plays central roles in megakaryo- and thrombopoiesis. Thus, cytoskeletal protein aberrations can be the underlying reason for many pathological phenotypes. Although intensive research is carried out to identify the key players involved in cytoskeletal reorganization, the signaling cascades orchestrating these complex processes are still poorly understood. This thesis investigates the role of three actin-binding proteins, Coactosin-like (Cotl) 1, Profilin (Pfn) 1 and Thymosin (T) β4, in platelet formation and function using genetically modified mice. ADF-H-containing proteins such as Twinfilin or Cofilin are well characterized as regulators of thrombopoesis and cytoskeletal reorganization. Although Cotl1 belongs to the ADF-H protein family, lack of Cotl1 did not affect platelet count or cytoskeletal dynamics. However, Cotl1-deficiency resulted in significant protection from arterial thrombus formation and ischemic stroke in vivo. Defective GPIb-vWF interactions and altered second wave mediator release present potential reasons for the beneficial effect of Cotl1-deficiency. These results reveal an unexpected function of Cotl1 as a regulator of thrombosis and hemostasis, establishing it as a potential target for a safe therapeutic therapy to prevent arterial thrombosis or ischemic stroke. Recent studies showed that the organization of the circumferential actin cytoskeleton modulates calpain-mediated αIIbβ3 integrin closure, thereby also controlling αIIbβ3 integrin localization. The second part of this thesis identified the actin-sequestering protein Pfn1 as a central regulator of platelet integrin function as Pfn1-deficient platelets displayed almost abolished αIIbβ3 integrin signaling. This translated into a profound protection from arterial thrombus formation and prolonged tail bleeding times in vivo which was caused by enhanced calpain-dependent integrin closure. These findings further emphasize the importance of a functional actin cytoskeleton for intact platelet function in vitro and in vivo. Tβ4 is a moonlighting protein, acting as one of the major actin-sequestering proteins in cells of higher eukaryotes and exerting various paracrine functions including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic effects. Although excessively studied, its role for cytoskeletal dynamics, the distinction between endo- and exogenous protein function and its uptake and release mechanisms are still poorly understood. Constitutive Tβ4-deficiency resulted in thrombocytopenia accompanied by a largely diminished G-actin pool in platelets and divergent effects on platelet reactivity. Pre-incubation of platelets with recombinant Tβ4 will help to understand the function of endo- and exogenous protein, which is under current investigation.}, subject = {Thrombozyt}, language = {en} } @article{SchrammFrauneNaumannetal.2011, author = {Schramm, Sabine and Fraune, Johanna and Naumann, Ronald and Hernandez-Hernandez, Abrahan and H{\"o}{\"o}g, Christer and Cooke, Howard J. and Alsheimer, Manfred and Benavente, Ricardo}, title = {A Novel Mouse Synaptonemal Complex Protein Is Essential for Loading of Central Element Proteins, Recombination, and Fertility}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68895}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a proteinaceous, meiosis-specific structure that is highly conserved in evolution. During meiosis, the SC mediates synapsis of homologous chromosomes. It is essential for proper recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes, and therefore for genome haploidization. Mutations in human SC genes can cause infertility. In order to gain a better understanding of the process of SC assembly in a model system that would be relevant for humans, we are investigating meiosis in mice. Here, we report on a newly identified component of the murine SC, which we named SYCE3. SYCE3 is strongly conserved among mammals and localizes to the central element (CE) of the SC. By generating a Syce3 knockout mouse, we found that SYCE3 is required for fertility in both sexes. Loss of SYCE3 blocks synapsis initiation and results in meiotic arrest. In the absence of SYCE3, initiation of meiotic recombination appears to be normal, but its progression is severely impaired resulting in complete absence of MLH1 foci, which are presumed markers of crossovers in wild-type meiocytes. In the process of SC assembly, SYCE3 is required downstream of transverse filament protein SYCP1, but upstream of the other previously described CE-specific proteins. We conclude that SYCE3 enables chromosome loading of the other CE-specific proteins, which in turn would promote synapsis between homologous chromosomes.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schraut2015, author = {Schraut, Karla-Gerlinde}, title = {Epigenetic programming by prenatal stress in female serotonin transporter deficient mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120270}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Early life stress, including exposure to prenatal stress (PS), has been shown to affect the developing brain and induce severe effects on emotional health in later life, concomitant with an increased risk for psychopathology. However, some individuals are more vulnerable to early-life stress, while others adapt successfully, i.e. they are resilient and do not succumb to adversity. The molecular substrates promoting resilience in some individuals and vulnerability in other individuals are as yet poorly investigated. A polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5­HTT/SLC6A4) has been suggested to play a modulatory role in mediating the effects of early-life adversity on psychopathology, thereby rendering carriers of the lower-expressing short (s)-allele more vulnerable to developmental adversity, while long (l)-allele carriers are relatively resilient. The molecular mechanisms underlying this gene x environment interaction (GxE) are not well understood, however, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications have been discussed to contribute as they are at the interface of environment and the genome. Moreover, developmental epigenetic programming has also been postulated to underlie differential vulnerability/resilience independent of genetic variation. The present work comprises two projects investigating the effects of prenatal maternal restraint stress in 5-HTT deficient mice. In the first study, we examined to which extent previously observed changes in behavior and hippocampal gene expression of female 5-Htt+/- prenatally stressed (PS) offspring were associated with changes in DNA methylation patterns. Additionally, we investigated the expression of genes involved in myelination in hippocampus and amygdala of those animals using RT-qPCR. The genome-wide hippocampal DNA methylation screening was performed using methylated-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) on Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Promoter 1.0R arrays. In order to correlate individual gene-specific DNA methylation, mRNA expression and behavior, we used hippocampal DNA from the same mice as assessed before. 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the DNA methylation signature of numerous genes, a part of which were also differentially expressed. More specifically, we identified a differentially methylated region in the Myelin basic protein (Mbp) gene, which was associated with Mbp expression in a 5-Htt-, PS- and 5-Htt x PS-dependent manner. Subsequent fine-mapping linked the methylation status of two specific CpG sites in this region to Mbp expression and anxiety-related behavior. We furthermore found that not only the expression of Mbp but of large gene set associated with myelination was affected by a 5-Htt x PS interaction in a brain-region specific manner. In conclusion, hippocampal DNA methylation patterns and expression profiles of female PS 5-Htt+/- mice suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms, some of which are associated with changes in gene promoter methylation, and processes associated with myelination contribute to the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction. In the second study, we aimed at investing the molecular substrates underlying resilience to PS. For this purpose, we exposed 5-Htt+/+ dams to the same restraint stress paradigm and investigated the effects of PS on depression- and anxiety-like behavior and corticosterone (CORT) secretion at baseline and after acute restraint stress in female 5-Htt+/+ and 5-Htt+/- offspring. We found that PS affected the offspring's social behavior in a negative manner. When specifically examining those PS animals, we grouped the PS offspring of each genotype into a social, resilient and an unsocial, vulnerable group. While anxiety-like behavior in the EPM was reduced in unsocial, but not social, PS 5-Htt+/+ animals when compared to controls, this pattern could not be found in animals of the other genotype, indicating that social anxiety and state anxiety in the EPM were independent of each other. We then assessed genome-wide hippocampal gene expression profiles using mRNA sequencing in order to identify pathways and gene ontology (GO) terms enriched due to 5-Htt genotype (G), PS exposure (E) and their interaction (GxE) as well as enriched in social, but not unsocial, PS offspring, and vice versa. Numerous genes were affected by 5-Htt genotype, PS and most of all a GxE-interaction. Enrichment analysis using enrichr identified that the genotype affected mitochondrial respiration, while GxE-interaction-affected processes associated primarily with myelination and chromatin remodeling. We furthermore found that 5-Htt+/- mice showed profound expression changes of numerous genes in a genomic region located 10 mio kb upstream of the 5 Htt locus on the same chromosome. When looking at social vs. unsocial mice, we found that a much higher number of genes was regulated in 5 Htt+/- animals than in 5-Htt+/+ animals, reflecting the impact of GxE-interaction. Double the number of genes was regulated in social PS vs. control mice when compared to unsocial PS vs. control in both genotypes, suggesting that the successful adaption to PS might have required more active processes from the social group than the reaction to PS from the unsocial group. This notion is supported by the up-regulation of mitochondrial respiration in social, but not in unsocial, PS 5-Htt+/- mice when compared to controls, as those animals might have been able to raise energy resources the unsocial group was not. Next to this, processes associated with myelination seemed to be down-regulated in social 5-Htt+/- mice, but not in unsocial animals, when compared to controls. Taken together, PS exposure affected sociability and anxiety-like behavior dependent on the 5-Htt genotype in female offspring. Processes associated with myelination and epigenetic mechanisms involved in chromatin remodeling seemed be affected in a GxE-dependent manner in the hippocampus of these offspring. Our transcriptome data furthermore suggest that mitochondrial respiration and, with this, energy metabolism might be altered in 5-Htt+/- offspring when compared to 5-Htt+/+ offspring. Moreover, myelination and mitochondrial respiration might contribute to resilience towards PS exposure in 5-Htt+/- offspring, possibly by affecting brain connectivity and energy capabilities.}, subject = {Stress}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schulte2003, author = {Schulte, Valerie}, title = {In vitro and in vivo studies on the activating platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI in mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-6564}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2003}, abstract = {The work summarized here focused on the characterization of the murine platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI and was performed to evaluate its potential as an antithrombotic target. The first mAb against (mouse) GPVI, JAQ1, was generated and used to demonstrate that GPVI requires the FcRgamma-chain for its expression and function and that this receptor is the central molecule in collagen-induced platelet activation. Blocking the major collagen binding site on GPVI with JAQ1 revealed the presence of a second activatory epitope within collagen. Additionally, the collagen receptor integrin alpha2beta1 was found to be required for activation via this second pathway but not to be essential for collagen-induced activation of normal platelets. In studies with mice expressing reduced levels of the GPVI-FcRgamma-complex, differential responses to GPVI ligands were observed. Most importantly, the striking difference between platelet responses to collagen and the GPVI specific synthetic collagen related peptide (CRP) confirmed the supportive role of other collagen receptor(s) on platelets. Irrespective of yet undefined additional receptors, studies with mice deficient in GPVI (FcRgamma-chain) or alpha2beta1 showed that GPVI, but not alpha2beta1 is essential for platelet-collagen interaction. Based on these results, the model of platelet attachment to collagen was revised establishing GPVI as the initial activating receptor which upregulates the activity of integrins, thus enabling firm attachment of platelets to the ECM. While the mAb JAQ1 had only limited inhibitory effects on collagen-induced activation in vitro, its in vivo application to mice resulted in completely abolished platelet responses to collagen and the GPVI specific agonists CRP and convulxin. This effect was found to be due to antibody-induced irreversible down-regulation of GPVI on circulating platelets for at least two weeks. Further studies revealed that GPVI depletion occurs independently of the targeted epitope on the receptor and does not require the divalent form of IgG as it was also induced by mAbs (JAQ2, JAQ3) or the respective Fab fragments directed against epitopes distinct from the major collagen binding site. The internalization of GPVI in vivo resulted in a long-term protection of the mice from lethal collagen-dependent thromboembolism whereas it had only moderate effects on the bleeding time, probably because the treatment did not affect other activation pathways. These results establish GPVI as a potential pharmacological target for the prevention of ischemic cardiovascular diseases and may open the way for a completely new generation of antithrombotics.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Segerer2019, author = {Segerer, Gabriela}, title = {Characterization of cell biological and physiological functions of the phosphoglycolate phosphatase AUM}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123847}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Mammalian haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-type phosphatases are a large and ubiquitous family of at least 40 human members. Many of them have important physiological functions, such as the regulation of intermediary metabolism and the modulation of enzyme activities, yet they are also linked to diseases such as cardiovascular or metabolic disorders and cancer. Still, most of the mammalian HAD phosphatases remain functionally uncharacterized. This thesis reveals novel cell biological and physiological functions of the phosphoglycolate phosphatase PGP, also referred to as AUM. To this end, PGP was functionally characterized by performing analyses using purified recombinant proteins to investigate potential protein substrates of PGP, cell biological studies using the spermatogonial cell line GC1, primary mouse lung endothelial cells and lymphocytes, and a range of biochemical techniques to characterize Pgp-deficient mouse embryos. To characterize the cell biological functions of PGP, its role downstream of RTK- and integrin signaling in the regulation of cell migration was investigated. It was shown that PGP inactivation elevates integrin- and RTK-induced circular dorsal ruffle (CDR) formation, cell spreading and cell migration. Furthermore, PGP was identified as a negative regulator of directed lymphocyte migration upon integrin- and GPCR activation. The underlying mechanisms were analyzed further. It was demonstrated that PGP regulates CDR formation and cell migration in a PLC- and PKC-dependent manner, and that Src family kinase activities are required for the observed cellular effects. Upon integrin- and RTK activation, phosphorylation levels of tyrosine residues 1068 and 1173 of the EGF receptor were elevated and PLCγ1 was hyper-activated in PGP-deficient cells. Additionally, PGP-inactivated lymphocytes displayed elevated PKC activity, and PKC-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling was accelerated upon loss of PGP activity. Untargeted lipidomic analyses revealed that the membrane lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) was highly upregulated in PGP-depleted cells. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the accumulation of PS in the plasma membrane leads to a pre-assembly of signaling molecules such as PLCγ1 or PKCs that couple the activation of integrins, EGF receptors and GPCRs to accelerated cytoskeletal remodeling. Thus, this thesis shows that PGP can affect cell spreading and cell migration by acting as a PG-directed phosphatase. To understand the physiological functions of PGP, conditionally PGP-inactivated mice were analyzed. Whole-body PGP inactivation led to an intrauterine growth defect with developmental delay after E8.5, resulting in a gradual deterioration and death of PgpDN/DN embryos between E9.5 and E11.5. However, embryonic lethality upon whole-body PGP inactivation was not caused by a primary defect of the (cardio-) vascular system. Rather, PGP inactivated embryos died during the intrauterine transition from hypoxic to normoxic conditions. Therefore, the potential impact of oxygen on PGP-dependent cell proliferation was investigated. Analyses of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) generated from E8.5 embryos and GC1 cells cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions revealed that normoxia (~20\% O2) causes a proliferation defect in PGP-inactivated cells, which can be rescued under hypoxic (~1\% O2) conditions. Mechanistically, it was found that the activity of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), an enzyme previously described to be inhibited by phosphoglycolate (PG) in vitro, was attenuated in PGP-inactivated cells and embryos. TPI constitutes a critical branch point between carbohydrate- and lipid metabolism because it catalyzes the isomerization of the glycolytic intermediates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP, a precursor of the glycerol backbone required for triglyceride biosynthesis) and glyceraldehyde 3'-phosphate (GADP). Attenuation of TPI activity, likely explains the observed elevation of glycerol 3-phosphate levels and the increased TG biosynthesis (lipogenesis). Analyses of ATP levels and oxygen consumption rates (OCR) showed that mitochondrial respiration rates and ATP production were elevated in PGP-deficient cells in a lipolysis-dependent manner. However under hypoxic conditions (which corrected the impaired proliferation of PGP-inactivated cells), OCR and ATP production was indistinguishable between PGP-deficient and PGP-proficient cells. We therefore propose that the inhibition of TPI activity by PG accumulation due to loss of PGP activity shifts cellular bioenergetics from a pro-proliferative, glycolytic metabolism to a lipogenetic/lipolytic metabolism. Taken together, PGP acts as a metabolic phosphatase involved in the regulation of cell migration, cell proliferation and cellular bioenergetics. This thesis constitutes the basis for further studies of the interfaces between these processes, and also suggests functions of PGP for glucose and lipid metabolism in the adult organism.}, subject = {Phosphoglykolatphosphatase}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Surrey2020, author = {Surrey, Verena}, title = {Identification of affected cellular targets, mechanisms and signaling pathways in a mouse model for spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1)}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-17638}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176386}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is a fatal monogenic motoneuron disease in children with unknown etiology caused by mutations in the immunoglobulin μ-binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2) gene coding for DNA/RNA ATPase/helicase. Despite detailed knowledge of the underlying genetic changes, the cellular mechanisms leading to this disease are not well understood. In the Nmd2J ("neuromuscular disorder") mouse, the mouse model for the juvenile form of SMARD1 patients, in which similar pathological features as diaphragmatic paralysis and skeletal muscle atrophy are observed. Ex vivo studies in Nmd2J mice showed that loss of the motor axon precedes atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle and does not correlate with neurotransmission defects in the motor endplate. The already described independent myogenic anomalies in the diaphragm and heart of the Nmd2J mouse raised the question whether spinal motoneuron degeneration develops cell autonomously. Ighmbp2 is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm and seems to bind to ribosomes and polysomes, suggesting a role in mRNA metabolism. In this Ph.D. thesis, morphological and functional analyses of isolated Ighmbp2-deficient (Ighmbp2-def.) motoneurons were performed to answer the question whether the SMARD1 phenotype results from dysregulation of protein biosynthesis. Ighmbp2-deficient motoneurons show only negligible morphological alterations with respect to a slight increase in axonal branches. This observation is consistent with only minor changes of transcriptome based on RNA sequencing data from Ighmbp2-deficient motoneurons. Only the mRNA of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1) showed significant up-regulation in Ighmbp2-deficient motoneurons. Furthermore, no global aberrations at the translational level could be detected using pulsed SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in cell culture), AHA (L-azidohomoalanine) labeling and SUnSET (SUrface SEnsing of Translation) methods. However, a reduced β-actin protein level was observed at the growth cones of Ighmbp2-deficient motoneurons, which was accompanied with a reduced level of Imp1 protein, a known β-actin mRNA interactor. Live-cell imaging studies using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) showed translational down-regulation of eGFPmyr-β-actin 3'UTR mRNA in the growth cones and the cell bodies, although the amount of β-actin mRNA and the total protein amount in Ighmbp2-deficient motoneurons showed no aberrations. This compartment-specific reduction of β-actin protein occurred independently of a non-existent direct IGHMBPF2 binding to β-actin mRNA. Fgfr1, which was upregulated on the RNA level, did not show an increased protein amount in Ighmbp2-deficient motoneurons, whereas a reduced amount could be detected. Interestingly, a correlation could be found between the reduced amount of the Imp1 protein and the increased Fgfr1 mRNA, since the IMP1 protein binds the FGFR1 mRNA and thus could influence the transport and translation of FGFR1 mRNA. In summary, all data suggest that Ighmbp2 deficiency leads to a local but modest disturbance of protein biosynthesis, which might contribute to the motoneuron defects of SMARD1.}, subject = {Spinale Muskelatrophie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Thakur2012, author = {Thakur, Chitra}, title = {Lineage tracing of metastasis in a mouse model for Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85420}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the deadliest form of lung cancer and has a poor prognosis due to its high rate of metastasis. Notably, metastasis is one of the leading causes of death among cancer patients. Despite the clinical importance, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the initiation, establishment and progression of metastasis remain unclear. Moreover, knowledge gained on metastatic process was largely based on cultured or in vitro manipulated cells that were reintroduced into immune-compromised recipient mice. In the present study, a spontaneous metastasis mouse model for NSCLC was generated with a heritable fluorescent tag (DsRed) driven by CAG (combination of cytomegalovirus early enhancing element and chicken beta actin) promoter in alveolar type II cells (SpC-rtTA/TetO-Cre/LSL-DsRed). This approach is essential, keeping in mind the reprogramming nature of Myc oncogene (Rapp et al, 2009). Such genetic lineage tracing approach not only allowed us to monitor molecular and cellular changes during development of primary tumor but also led us to identify the different stages of secondary tumor development in distant organs. Upon combined expression of oncogenic C Raf-BXB and c-Myc (MYC-BXB-DsRed) in lung alveolar type II epithelial cells, macroscopic lung tumors arose comprising of both cuboidal and columnal cellular features. C Raf-BXB induced tumors (CRAF-DsRed) exhibit cuboidal morphology and is non-metastatic whereas Myc-BXB induced lung tumors (Myc-BXB-DsRed) present cuboidal-columnar cellular features and is able to undergo metastasis mainly in liver. Surprisingly, cystic lesions which were negative for SpC (Surfactant protein C) and CCSP (Clara cell secretory protein), strongly expressed DsRed proteins indicating its origin from lung alveolar type II cells. Moreover, early lung progenitor markers such as GATA4 (GATA-binding protein 4) and TTF1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor 1) were still expressed in these early cystic lesions suggesting metastasis as a faulty recapitulation of ontogeny (Rapp et al, 2008). Interestingly, mixed cystic lesions and metastatic tumors contained DsRed and SpC positive cells. These results demonstrate secondary tumor progression from cystic, mixed cystic to malignant transformation. Our results shed tremendous light on reprogramming of metastasizing cells during secondary tumor development. Moreover, such fluorescent tagged metastatic mice model can also be used to track the migration ability of metastatic cancer cell to different organs and its potential to differentiate into other cell types such as blood vessel or stromal cell within the primary tumor.}, subject = {Lungenkrebs}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Thielmann2014, author = {Thielmann, Ina}, title = {Function and regulation of phospholipase D in blood platelets: in vitro and in vivo studies in mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-99179}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Summary Platelet activation and aggregation are crucial for primary hemostasis but can also result in occlusive thrombus formation. Agonist induced platelet activation involves different signaling pathways leading to the activation of phospholipases (PL) which produce second messengers. While the role of PLCs in platelet activation is well established, less is known about the relevance of PLDs. In the current study, the function and regulation of PLD in platelets was investigated using genetic and pharmacological approaches. In the first part of this thesis, adhesion, activation and aggregation of platelets from mice lacking PLD2 or both PLD1 and PLD2 were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. While the absence of PLD2 resulted in slightly reduced PLD activity in platelets, it had no detectable effect on the platelet function in vitro and in vivo. However, the combined deficiency of both PLD isoforms resulted in defective alpha-granule release and protection in a model of ferric chloride induced arteriolar thrombosis, effects that were not observed in mice lacking only one PLD isoform. These results revealed, for the first time, redundant roles of PLD1 and PLD2 in platelet alpha-granule secretion and indicate that this may be relevant for pathological thrombus formation. Thus, PLD might represent a promising target for antithrombotic therapy. Thus, this hypothesis was tested more directly in the second part of this thesis. The effects of pharmacological inhibition of PLD activity on hemostasis, thrombosis and thrombo-inflammatory brain infarction in mice were assessed. Treatment of platelets with the reversible, small molecule PLD inhibitor 5-Fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide (FIPI) led to a specific blockade of PLD activity that was associated with reduced -granule release and integrin activation. Mice that received FIPI at a dose of 3 mg/kg displayed reduced occlusive thrombus formation upon chemical injury of carotid arteries or mesenterial arterioles. Similarly, FIPI-treated mice had smaller infarct sizes and significantly better motor and neurological function 24 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. This protective effect was not associated with major intracerebral hemorrhage or prolonged tail bleeding times. Thus, pharmacological PLD inhibition might represent a safe therapeutic strategy to prevent arterial thrombosis or ischemic stroke. After revealing a central role for PLD in thrombo-inflammation, the regulation of PLD activity in platelets was analyzed in the last part of the thesis. Up to date, most studies made use of inhibitors potentially exerting off-target effects and consequently PLD regulation is discussed controversially. Therefore, PLD activity in mice genetically lacking potential modulators of PLD activity was determined to address these controversies. These studies revealed that PLD is tightly regulated during initial platelet activation. While integrin outside-in signaling and Gi signaling was dispensable for PLD activation, it was found that PLC dependent pathways were relevant for the regulation of PLD enzyme activity.}, subject = {Phospholipase D}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Toben2005, author = {Toben, Catherine Gisela}, title = {Generation and analysis of transgenic mice expressing ovalbumin as a neo-self antigen under control of the myelin basic protein promoter}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-16708}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2005}, abstract = {In this project two novel murine autoimmune models were to be established in an attempt to further investigate the nervous system disorders of Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain Barr{\´e} Syndrome. Previous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) models have demonstrated that T cells play a major role in these diseases. Which roles CD4 and CD8 T cells specifically have in the initiation, propagation and termination of an autoimmune nervous system disorder remains controversial. To this end two transgenic mice specifically expressing the neo-antigen (Ag) ovalbumin (OVA) in either the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) were to be generated. The myelin basic protein (MBP) is a major component of the myelin sheath both within the CNS and the PNS. Therefore the MBP promoter was employed for its distinct regulatory elements to facilitate exclusive CNS or PNS OVA expression. The adoptive transfer of OVA specific MHCI restricted (OT-I) and MHCII restricted (OT-II) TCR Tg T cells extended the OVA Tg mouse model by allowing potentially encephalitogenic T cells to be tracked in vivo. Specificity for the target Ag should enable the dynamic role of antigen specific T cells in neuroinflammatory diseases to be revealed in more detail.}, subject = {Multiple Sklerose}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Tyrsin2003, author = {Tyrsin, Oleg}, title = {Role of Raf family members in mouse development}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-9453}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Raf Proteine sind Serin/Threonin Kinasen, die als zentrale Elemente des Ras, Raf, Mek, Map Kinase Wegs, an der Weiterleitung von extrazellul{\"a}ren Signalen von der Zellmembran zu nukle{\"a}ren Effektoren beteiligt sind. Auf diese Weise kontrollieren sie elementare Prozesse wie Proliferation, Differenzierung und das {\"U}berleben von Zellen. In S{\"a}ugetieren wurden drei funktionelle Gene (A-, B- and C-raf) beschrieben. Aus biochemischen Untersuchungen ergibt sich, dass die Isozyme {\"u}berlappende aber auch differentielle Funktionen {\"u}bernehmen. Allerdings wurde ein differenziertes Verst{\"a}ndnis der jeweiligen spezifischen Rolle dadurch erschwert, dass in den meisten Zelltypen verschiedene Raf-Isozyme expremiert werden und dass wegen der Vielzahl der Aktivatoren und Effektoren eine eindeutige Isoform-Zuordnung schwer m{\"o}glich war. Aufgrund der Beteiligung an verschiedenen Krankheitsbildern, insbesondere der Tumorentstehung und -progression, ist jedoch die Aufkl{\"a}rung der Isozym-spezifischen Funktionen von vorranginger wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung. B-Raf hat unter den Raf Kinasen die h{\"o}chste Kinaseaktivit{\"a}t und zeigt antiapoptotische Eigenschaften. B-Raf knockout M{\"a}use zeigen eine allgemeine Wachstumsverz{\"o}gerung und sterben zwischen E10,5 und E12,5 aufgrund fehlentwickelter Gef{\"a}sse in Folge massiver Apoptose differenzierter Endothelzellen. [1]. Um die Lethalit{\"a}t des B-Raf-/- (KO) Ph{\"a}notyps zu {\"u}berkommen und um die Redundanz der B-Raf Proteine weiter zu untersuchen, wurden M{\"a}use generiert, die unter der Kontrolle des B-Raf Promoters statt B-Raf eine A-Raf cDNA exprimieren. Nur in einem Fall entwickelte sich eine ausgewachsene p20 Maus ohne sichtbare Entwicklungsdefekte oder Verhaltensauff{\"a}lligkeiten. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurden lebende Embryonen mit normaler Entwicklung aber reduzierter Gr{\"o}sse mit niedriger Inzidenz zwischen E12,5d und E16,5d beobachtet. In allen diesen F{\"a}llen fanden wir ein intaktes Gef{\"a}ßsystem. Andererseits waren Neurogenese und die Bewegung der neuralen Vorl{\"a}uferzellen in den {\"u}berlebenden Embryonen gest{\"o}rt, was in einigen F{\"a}llen zu unterentwickelten Hirnregionen f{\"u}hrte. Mittels TUNEL bzw. PCNA Assay konnten wir zeigen, dass mehr apoptotische und weniger proliferierende Zellen in ventrikul{\"a}rer und subventrikul{\"a}rer Zone der Hirn Ventrikel und im Striatum der KIN Embryonen zu finden sind. Außerdem wurden in einer Reihe von Geweben von E13,5d und in den Lungen von E16,5d Embryonen, vermehrt apoptotische Zellen beobachtet. Dies war in der einen ausgewachsenen KIN Maus nicht der Fall. Diese zeigte einen reduzierten Anteil an neuronalen Vorl{\"a}uferzellen in der subgranul{\"a}ren Zone des Hippocampus und an reifen Neuronen im Riechkolben. Ansonsten waren aber keine St{\"o}rungen der Neurogenese in der ausgewachsenen KIN Maus detektierbar. Fibroblasten die aus KIN Embryonen etabliert wurden, zeigten im Vergleich zu Wildtypzellen reduzierte F{\"a}higkeit zur Proliferation und erh{\"o}hte Sensibilit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber Apoptoseausl{\"o}sern. Die erh{\"o}hte Apoptosetendenz spiegelte sich auf molekularer Ebene in einer Reduktion an antiapoptotischen Molek{\"u}len wieder. Aktive ERK und Akt Kinase sind erniedrigt. Außerdem war von dem bekannten Raf Substrat BAD, weniger an der inaktiven phosphorylierten Form zu beobachten, wodurch bei gleicher Menge Gesamtprotein auf ein Mehr an proapoptotischem unphosphoryliertem BAD geschlossen werden kann. Zusammengefasst zeigen diese Daten, dass die Substitution von B-Raf durch die weniger aktive A-Raf Kinase zwar die endotheliale Apoptose verhindern kann, die die Ursache f{\"u}r das fr{\"u}he Absterben der B-Raf-/- (KO) M{\"a}use ist, dass aber die normale Entwicklung dennoch entscheidend gest{\"o}rt ist.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Uri2019, author = {Uri, Anna}, title = {Differential requirement for CD28 co-stimulation on donor T cell subsets in mouse models of acute graft versus host disease and graft versus tumour effect}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-16586}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165863}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a curative therapy for malignant diseases of the haematopoietic system. The patients first undergo chemotherapy or irradiation therapy which depletes the majority of tumour cells before they receive the transplant, consisting of haematopoietic stem cells and mature T cells from a healthy donor. The donor T cells kill malignant cells that have not been eliminated by the conditioning therapy (graft versus leukaemia effect, GvL), and, therefore, are crucially required to prevent relapse of the tumour. However, the donor T cells may also severely damage the patient's organs causing acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD). In mice, aGvHD can be prevented by interfering with the co-stimulatory CD28 signal on donor T cells. However, experimental models using conventional CD28 knockout mice as T cell donors or αCD28 antibodies have some disadvantages, i.e. impaired T cell development in the thymus of CD28 knockout mice and systemic CD28 blockade with αCD28 antibodies. Thus, it remains unclear how CD28 co-stimulation on different donor T cell subsets contributes to the GvL effect and aGvHD, respectively. We developed mouse models of aGvHD and the GvL effect that allowed to selectively delete CD28 on certain donor T cell populations or on all donor T cells. CD4+ conventional T cells (Tconv cells), regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or CD8+ T cells were isolated from either Tamoxifen-inducible CD28 knockout (iCD28KO) mice or their wild type (wt) littermates. Allogeneic recipient mice were then transplanted with T cell depleted bone marrow cells and different combinations of iCD28KO and wt T cell subsets. Tamoxifen treatment of the recipients caused irreversible CD28 deletion on the iCD28KO donor T cell population. In order to study the GvL response, BCL-1 tumour cells were injected into the mice shortly before transfer of the T cells. CD4+ Tconv mediated aGvHD was efficiently inhibited when wt Treg cells were co-transplanted. In contrast, after selective CD28 deletion on donor Treg cells, the mice developed a late and lethal flare of aGvHD, i.e. late-onset aGvHD. This was associated with a decline in iCD28KO Treg cell numbers around day 20 after transplantation. CD28 ablation on either donor CD4+ Tconv cells or CD8+ T cells reduced but did not abrogate aGvHD. Moreover, iCD28KO and wt CD8+ T cells were equally capable of killing allogeneic target cells in vivo and in vitro. Due to this sufficient anti-tumour activity of iCD28KO CD8+ T cells, they had a therapeutic effect in our GvL model and 25\% of the mice survived until the end of the experiment (day 120) without any sign of the malignant disease. Similarly, CD28 deletion on all donor T cells induced long-term survival. This was not the case when all donor T cells were isolated from wt donor mice. In contrast to the beneficial outcome after CD28 deletion on all donor T cells or only CD8+ T cells, selective CD28 deletion on donor CD4+ Tconv cells completely abrogated the GvL effect due to insufficient CD4+ T cell help from iCD28KO CD4+ Tconv cells. This study demonstrates that therapeutic inhibition of the co-stimulatory CD28 signal in either all donor T cells or only in CD8+ T cells might protect patients from aGvHD without increasing the risk of relapse of the underlying disease. Moreover, deletion of CD28 on donor Treg cells constitutes a mouse model of late-onset aGvHD which can be a useful tool in aGvHD research.}, subject = {Antigen CD28}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Valchanova2006, author = {Valchanova, Stamatova Ralitsa}, title = {Functional analysis of the murine cytomegalovirus genes m142 and m143}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-20215}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection causes clinical symptoms in immunocompromised individuals such as transplantant recipients and AIDS patients. The virus is also responsible for severe complications in unborn children and young infants. The species specificity of HCMV prevents the direct study of mechanisms controlling the infection in animal models. Instead, the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is used as a model system. Human and murine CMVs have large double-stranded DNA genomes, encoding nearly 170 genes. About 30\% of the genes are committed to essential tasks of the virus. The remaining genes are involved in virus pathogenesis or host interaction and are dispensable for virus replication. The CMV genes are classified in gene families, based on sequence homology. In the present work, the function of two genes of the US22 gene family was analyzed. The MCMV genes m142 and m143 are the only members of this family that are essential for virus replication. These genes also differ from the remaining ten US22 gene family members in that they lack 1 of 4 conserved sequence motifs that are characteristic of this family. The same conserved motif is missing in the HCMV US22 family members TRS1 and IRS1, suggesting a possible functional homology. To demonstrate an essential role of m142 and m143, the genes were deleted from the MCMV genome, and the mutants were reconstituted on complementing cells. Infection of non-complementing cells with the deletion mutants did not result in virus replication. Virus growth was rescued by reinsertion of the corresponding genes. Cells infected with the viral deletion mutants synthesized reduced amounts of viral DNA, and viral late genes were not expressed. However, RNA analyses showed that late transcripts were present, excluding a role of m142 and m143 in regulation of gene transcription. Metabolic labelling experiments showed that total protein synthesis at late times postinfection was impaired in cells infected with deletion mutants. Moreover, the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and its target protein, the translation initiation factor 2\&\#945; (eIF2\&\#945;) were phosphorylated in these cells. This suggested that the m142 and m143 are required for blocking the PKR-mediated shut-down of protein synthesis. Expression of the HCMV gene TRS1, a known inhibitor of PKR activation, rescued the replication of the deletion mutants, supporting the observation that m142 and m143 are required to inhibit this innate immune response of the host cell.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Volz2020, author = {Volz, Julia}, title = {Studies on the influence of platelets on vascular integrity in primary tumors and the role of BIN2 in platelet calcium signaling}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21742}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217427}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Maintenance of tumor vasculature integrity is indispensable for tumor growth and thus affects tumor progression. Previous studies have identified platelets as major regulators of tumor vascular integrity, as their depletion selectively renders tumor vessels highly permeable, causing massive intratumoral hemorrhage. While these results establish platelets as potential targets for anti-tumor therapy, depletion is not a treatment option due to the essential role of platelets for hemostasis. This thesis demonstrates for the first time that functional inhibition of glycoprotein (GP) VI on the platelet surface rapidly induces tumor hemorrhage and diminishes tumor growth similar to complete platelet depletion but without inducing systemic bleeding complications. Both, the intratumoral bleeding and tumor growth arrest could be reverted by depletion of Ly6G+ cells confirming them to be responsible for the induction of bleeding and necrosis within the tumor. In addition, GPVI inhibition increased intra-tumoral accumulation of co-administered chemotherapeutic agents, thereby resulting in a profound anti-tumor effect. In summary, this thesis manifests platelet GPVI as a key regulator of vascular integrity specifically in growing tumors, serving as a potential basis for the development of anti-tumor strategies. In the second part of this thesis, light is shed on the modulating role of bridging integrator 2 (BIN2) in platelet Ca2+ signaling. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) mediated store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the major route of Ca2+ influx in platelets, triggered by inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-dependent Ca2+ store release. In this thesis, the BAR domain superfamily member BIN2 was identified as the first Ca2+ signaling modulator, interacting with both, STIM1 and IP3R in platelets. Deletion of BIN2 resulted in reduced Ca2+ store release and Ca2+ influx in response to all tested platelet agonists. These defects were a consequence of impaired IP3R function in combination with defective STIM1-mediated SOC channel activation, while Ca2+ store content and agonist-induced IP3 production were unaltered. These results establish BIN2 as a central regulator of platelet Ca2+ signaling. The third part of this thesis focuses on the effect of the soluble neuronal guidance protein Sema7A on platelet function. Rosenberger et al. discovered that Sema7A cleavage from red blood cells increases the formation of platelet-neutrophil complexes, thereby reinforcing thrombo-inflammation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). This thesis establishes soluble Sema7A as a stimulator of platelet thrombus formation via its interaction with platelet GPIbα, thereby reinforcing PNC formation. Thus, interfering with the GPIb-Sema7A interaction during MIRI represents a potential strategy to reduce cardiac damage and improve clinical outcome following MI.}, subject = {Thrombozyt}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Waider2012, author = {Waider, Jonas}, title = {The effects of serotonin deficiency in mice: Focus on the GABAergic system}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74565}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Based on genetic association and functional imaging studies, reduced function of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) has been shown to be critically involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety-disorders and depression. In order to elucidate the impact of a complete neuronal 5-HT deficiency, mice with a targeted inactivation of the gene encoding Tph2 were generated. Interestingly, survival of Tph2-/- mice, the formation of serotonergic neurons and the pathfinding of their projections was not impaired. Within this thesis, I investigated the influence of 5-HT deficiency on the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) system. The GABAergic system is implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Therefore, measurement of GABA concentrations in different limbic brain regions was carried out. These measurements were combined with immunohistochemical estimation of GABAergic cell subpopulations in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala. In Tph2-/- mice GABA concentrations were increased exclusively in the dorsal hippocampus. In heterozygous Tph2+/- mice concentrations of GABA were increased in the amygdala compared to Tph2-/- and wt control mice, while the reverse was found in the prefrontal cortex. The changes in GABA concentrations were accompanied by altered cell density of GABAergic neurons within the basolateral complex of the amygdala and parvalbumin (PV) neurons of the dorsal hippocampus and by adaptational changes of 5-HT receptors. Thus, adaptive changes during the development on the GABA system may reflect altered anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior in adulthood. Moreover, chronic mild stress (CMS) rescues the depressive-like effects induced by 5-HT deficiency. In contrast, 5-HT is important in mediating an increased innate anxiety-like behavior under CMS conditions. This is in line with a proposed dual role of 5-HT acting through different mechanisms on anxiety and depressive-like behavior, which is influenced by gene-environment interaction effects. Further research is needed to disentangle these complex networks in the future.}, subject = {Knockout }, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Weirather2014, author = {Weirather, Johannes}, title = {Role of CD4+ T lymphocytes in cardiac wound healing and remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction in mice}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-107225}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Cardiac healing after myocardial infarction (MI) represents the cardinal prerequisite for proper replacement of the irreversibly injured myocardium. In contrast to innate immunity, the functional role of adaptive immunity in postinfarction healing has not been systematically addressed. The present study focused on the influence of CD4+ T lymphocytes on wound healing and cardiac remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction in mice. Both conventional and Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg cells) became activated in heart draining lymph nodes after MI and accumulated in the infarcted myocardium. T cell activation was strictly antigen-dependant as T cell receptor-transgenic OT-II mice in which CD4+ T cells exhibit a highly limited T cell receptor repertoire did not expand in heart-draining lymph nodes post-MI. Both OT-II and major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient mice lacking a CD4+ T cell compartment showed a fatal clinical postinfarction outcome characterized by disturbed scar tissue construction that resulted in impaired survival due to a prevalence of left-ventricular ruptures. To assess the contribution of anti-inflammatory Treg cells on wound healing after MI, the Treg cell compartment was depleted using DEREG mice that specifically express the human diphtheria toxin receptor in Foxp3-positive cells, resulting in Treg cell ablation after diphtheria toxin administration. In a parallel line of experiments, a second model of anti-CD25 antibody-mediated Treg cell immuno-depletion was used. Treg cell ablation prior to MI resulted in adverse postinfarction left-ventricular dilatation associated with cardiac deterioration. Mechanistically, Treg cell depletion resulted in an increased recruitment of pro-inflammatory neutrophils and Ly-6Chigh monocytes into the healing myocardium. Furthermore, Treg cell-ablated mice exhibited an adverse activation of conventional non-regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that showed a reinforced infiltration into the infarct zone. Increased synthesis of TNFα and IFNγ by conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in hearts of Treg cell-depleted mice provoked an M1-like macrophage polarization characterized by heightened expression of healing-compromising induced NO synthase, in line with a reduced synthesis of healing-promoting transglutaminase factor XIII (FXIII), osteopontin (OPN) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1). Therapeutic Treg cell activation by a superagonistic anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody stimulated Treg cell accumulation in the infarct zone and led to an increased expression of mediators inducing an M2-like macrophage polarization state, i.e. interleukin-10, interleukin-13 and TGFβ1. M2-like macrophage differentiation in the healing infarct was associated with heightened expression of scar-forming procollagens as well as scar-stabilizing FXIII and OPN, resulting in improved survival due to a reduced incidence of left-ventricular ruptures. Therapeutic Treg cell activation and the induction of a beneficial M2-like macrophage polarization was further achieved by employing a treatment modality of high clinical potential, i.e. by therapeutic administration of IL-2/ anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody complexes. The findings of the present study suggest that therapeutic Treg cell activation and the resulting improvement of healing may represent a suitable strategy to attenuate adverse infarct expansion, left-ventricular remodeling, or infarct ruptures in patients with MI.}, subject = {Antigen CD4}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Xiang2006, author = {Xiang, Chaomei}, title = {The role of B-RAF in embryonic development of mouse forebrain}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18326}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Die Familie der RAF-Kinasen umfasst drei Mitglieder, A-RAF, B-RAF und C-RAF. Nur f{\"u}r die B-RAF-Isoform wurde eine wichtige Funktion f{\"u}r die Entwicklung des Zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) gefunden. Das Fehlen von B-RAF f{\"u}hrt bei neu generierten embryonalen Neuronen zum Zelltod, weil sie in vitro nicht auf {\"u}berlebensfaktoren reagieren k{\"o}nnen. Bei einer zweiten Zelllinie, die durch die Abwesenheit von B-RAF beeintr{\"a}chtigt ist, handelt es sich um endotheliale Zellen. Ihr Zelltod f{\"u}hrt zu inneren Blutungen und zu Letalit{\"a}t von B-RAF-/--M{\"a}usen zwischen Tag 10.5 (E10.5) und 12.5 (E12.5) der Embryonalentwicklung. Dies verhinderte bisher weitere Untersuchungen der neuralen B-RAF-Funktion bei sp{\"a}teren Stadien. Im Gegensatz zu B-RAF-/--M{\"a}usen {\"u}berleben B-RAFKIN/KIN-M{\"a}use die Mitte der Embryonalentwicklung, da ihre Endothelzellen vor Apoptose gesch{\"a}tzt sind. Diese Tiere besitzen kein B-RAF, stattdessen wird im B-RAF-Locus ein chim{\"a}res Protein exprimiert, das den N-Terminus von B-RAF sowie alle Dom{\"a}nen von A-RAF umfasst. Der Schutz vor abnormaler neuraler Apoptose im Vorderhirn macht diese Tiere zu einem potentiellen Modell zur Untersuchung der Proliferations- und Differenzierungsfunktion von B-RAF, die die Kinase neben der {\"U}berlebensfunktion in der ZNS-Entwicklung aus{\"u}bt. Die detaillierte Untersuchung der B-RAFKIN/KIN-Tiere konzentrierte sich auf die Entwicklung der Hirnrinde. Augenscheinlich waren kortikale Defekte im B-RAFKIN/KIN Vorderhirn: Der Verlust von B-RAF f{\"u}hrte zu einer starken Reduzierung von Brn-2 exprimierenden pyramidalen Projektions-Neuronen begleitet von einer St{\"o}rung der Dendritenbildung mit weniger und d{\"u}nneren Dendriten in diesen oberen Schichten. Weitere Untersuchungen mit BrdU-Markierungsexperimenten zeigten in der ventrikul{\"a}ren Schicht reduzierte Zellproliferation f{\"u}r E14.5-E16.5 der Mutantenembryonen und ein Migrationsdefizit der sp{\"a}tgebideten kortikalen Neuronen. W{\"a}hrend der Proliferationsdefekt der Hirnrinden-Vorl{\"a}uferzellen mit einer reduzierten ERK-Aktivierung einherging, bleibt der Mechanismus der gest{\"o}rten neuralen Migration zu erkl{\"a}ren. Unsere Hypothese ist, dass die subzellul{\"a}re Lokalisation von Phospho-ERK in den wandernden Hirnrinden-Neuronen der B-RAFKIN/KIN-M{\"a}use ver{\"a}ndert sein k{\"o}nnte. Zur Best{\"a}igung der in vivo-Funktion von B-RAF und weiteren Studien zu ihrer unbekannten Rolle in der embryonalen Neurogenese sowie anderen Morphogenesen w{\"a}re die konditionale B-RAF Inaktivierung erforderlich. Durch die Deletion des genetischen Materials bzw. die Inaktivierung der Genfunktion in ausgew{\"i}?'½hlten Zellen zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt ließen sich die Embryo-Letalit{\"a}t sowie unerw{\"u}nschte pleiotrope Nebeneffekte vermeiden und akkumulierende, kompensierende Entwicklungsver{\"a}nderungen von Beginn an ausschließen. Um die Cre Rekombinase-Methode einsetzen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden floxed B-RAF embryonale Stammzell (ES)-Zelllinien generiert. Außerdem wurde ein auf dem Tetrazyklin Operator basierendes Schaltallel in den B-RAF Genort von embryonalen Stammzellen integriert, so dass die B-RAF Expression konditional und reversibel durch die Zugabe von Doxyzyklin angeschaltet werden konnte. Bisher wurden hochgradige chim{\"a}re M{\"a}use nach Blastozysten-Injektion geboren. Die Keimbahn{\"u}bertragung dieser chim{\"a}ren M{\"a}use wird momentan untersucht. Wenn beide konditionale Mauslinien bereit sind, k{\"i}?'½nnte die Entwicklung ihres Zentralnervensystems untersucht werden, um die Rolle von B-RAF in der Entwicklung des Nervensystems herauszufinden.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Yuan2023, author = {Yuan, Xidi}, title = {Aging and inflammation in the peripheral nervous system}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-23737}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237378}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Aging is known to be a risk factor for structural abnormalities and functional decline in the nervous system. Characterizing age-related changes is important to identify putative pathways to overcome deleterious effects and improve life quality for the elderly. In this study, the peripheral nervous system of 24-month-old aged C57BL/6 mice has been investigated and compared to 12-month-old adult mice. Aged mice showed pathological alterations in their peripheral nerves similar to nerve biopsies from elderly human individuals, with nerve fibers showing demyelination and axonal damage. Such changes were lacking in nerves of adult 12-month-old mice and adult, non-aged humans. Moreover, neuromuscular junctions of 24-month-old mice showed increased denervation compared to adult mice. These alterations were accompanied by elevated numbers of macrophages in the peripheral nerves of aged mice. The neuroinflammatory conditions were associated with impaired myelin integrity and with a decline of nerve conduction properties and muscle strength in aged mice. To determine the pathological impact of macrophages in the aging mice, macrophage depletion was performed in mice by oral administration of CSF-1R specific kinase (c-FMS) inhibitor PLX5622 (300 mg/kg body weight), which reduced the number of macrophages in the peripheral nerves by 70\%. The treated mice showed attenuated demyelination, less muscle denervation and preserved muscle strength. This indicates that macrophage-driven inflammation in the peripheral nerves is partially responsible for the age-related neuropathy in mice. Based on previous observations that systemic inflammation can accelerate disease progression in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, it was hypothesized that systemic inflammation can exacerbate the peripheral neuropathy found in aged mice. To investigate this hypothesis, aged C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 500 μg/kg body weight) to induce systemic inflammation by mimicking bacterial infection, mostly via activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Altered endoneurial macrophage activation, highlighted by Trem2 downregulation, was found in LPS injected aged mice one month after injection. This was accompanied by a so far rarely observed form of axonal perturbation, i.e., the occurrence of "dark axons" characterized by a damaged cytoskeleton and an increased overall electron density of the axoplasm. At the same time, however, LPS injection reduced demyelination and muscle denervation in aged mice. Interestingly, TREM2 deficiency in aged mice led to similar changes to LPS injection. This suggests that LPS injection likely mitigates aging-related demyelination and muscle denervation via Trem2 downregulation. Taken together, this study reveals the role of macrophage-driven inflammation as a pathogenic mediator in age-related peripheral neuropathy, and that targeting macrophages might be an option to mitigate peripheral neuropathies in aging individuals. Furthermore, this study shows that systemic inflammation may be an ambivalent modifier of age-related nerve damage, leading to a distinct type of axonal perturbation, but in addition to functionally counteracting, dampened demyelination and muscle denervation. Translationally, it is plausible to assume that tipping the balance of macrophage polarization to one direction or the other may determine the functional outcome in the aging peripheral nervous system of the elderly.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Zanucco2011, author = {Zanucco, Emanuele}, title = {Role of oncogenic and wild type B-RAF in mouse lung tumor models}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69603}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Von Wachstumsfaktoren regulierte Signalkaskaden sind Schl{\"u}sselelemente in der Gewebeentwicklung und Geweberegeneration. Eine Deregulation dieser Kaskaden f{\"u}hrt zu Entwicklungsst{\"o}rungen und neoplastischen Krankheiten. F{\"u}r viele humane Krebsformen sind aktivierende Mutationen der Kinasen der RAF Familie verantwortlich. Das erste Projekt dieser Doktorarbeit fokussiert auf der Rolle des B-RAF V600E, welches als eine der am h{\"a}ufigsten vorkommenden Mutantionen in humanen Krebszellen identifiziert worden ist. Um die onkogene Funktion des B-RAF V600E zu untersuchen, haben wir transgene Mauslinien hergestellt, welche das aktivierte Onkogen spezifisch in alveolaren Lungenepithelzellen des Typ II exprimieren. Konstitutive Expression des B-RAF V600E f{\"u}hrte zu einer abnormen alveolaren Epithelzellbildung und zu Emphysem-{\"a}hnlichen L{\"a}sionen. Diese L{\"a}sionen wiesen Zeichen einer Gewebsumstrukturierung auf, oft in Assoziation mit chronischer Inflammation und geringer Inzidenz von Lungentumoren. Die Infiltration der entz{\"u}ndlichen Zellen erfolgte erst nach der Entstehung von Emphysem-{\"a}hnlichen L{\"a}sionen und k{\"o}nnte zur sp{\"a}teren Tumorbildung beigetragen haben. Diese Ergebnisse unterst{\"u}tzen ein Modell, in welchem der kontinuierliche regenerative Prozess eine tumorf{\"o}rdernde Umgebung schafft. Dabei induziert die Aktivit{\"a}t des onkogenen B-RAF eine alveolare St{\"o}rung, welche urs{\"a}chlich verantwortlich ist f{\"u}r den kontinuierlichen regenerativen Prozess. Das zweite Projekt fokussiert auf die Rolle von endogenem (wildtypischen) B-RAF in einem durch onkogenes C-RAF induzierten Maus Lungentumormodell. F{\"u}r unsere Untersuchungen haben wir eine Mauslinie geschaffen, in welcher B-RAF in den C-RAF Lungentumoren konditionell eliminiert werden kann. Eine konditionelle Eliminierung des B-RAF hat die Entstehung von Lungentumoren nicht blockiert, aber zu reduziertem Tumorwachstum gef{\"u}hrt. Dieses reduzierte Tumorwachstum konnte auf eine reduzierte Zellproliferation zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Außerdem konnten wir durch die B-RAF Elimination eine Reduktion der Intensit{\"a}t der mitogenen Signalkaskade beobachten. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass das onkogene Potential von C-RAF in vivo unabh{\"a}ngig von B-RAF ist und eine Kooperation von B-RAF und C-RAF jedoch f{\"u}r die vollst{\"a}ndige Aktivierung der mitogenen Signalkaskade wichtig ist.}, subject = {Lungenkrebs}, language = {en} }