@article{KodererSchmitzWuenschetal.2022,
  author    = {Koderer, Corinna and Schmitz, Werner and W{\"u}nsch, Anna Chiara and Balint, Julia and El-Mesery, Mohamed and Volland, Julian Manuel and Hartmann, Stefan and Linz, Christian and K{\"u}bler, Alexander Christian and Seher, Axel},
  title     = {Low energy status under methionine restriction is essentially independent of proliferation or cell contact inhibition},
  series = {Cells},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Cells},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {2073-4409},
  doi       = {10.3390/cells11030551},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262329},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Nonlimited proliferation is one of the most striking features of neoplastic cells. The basis of cell division is the sufficient presence of mass (amino acids) and energy (ATP and NADH). A sophisticated intracellular network permanently measures the mass and energy levels. Thus, in vivo restrictions in the form of amino acid, protein, or caloric restrictions strongly affect absolute lifespan and age-associated diseases such as cancer. The induction of permanent low energy metabolism (LEM) is essential in this process. The murine cell line L929 responds to methionine restriction (MetR) for a short time period with LEM at the metabolic level defined by a characteristic fingerprint consisting of the molecules acetoacetate, creatine, spermidine, GSSG, UDP-glucose, pantothenate, and ATP. Here, we used mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to investigate the influence of proliferation and contact inhibition on the energy status of cells. Interestingly, the energy status was essentially independent of proliferation or contact inhibition. LC/MS analyses showed that in full medium, the cells maintain active and energetic metabolism for optional proliferation. In contrast, MetR induced LEM independently of proliferation or contact inhibition. These results are important for cell behaviour under MetR and for the optional application of restrictions in cancer therapy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kuehnreich2016,
  author    = {K{\"u}hnreich, Raphael},
  title     = {Development and Validation of Methods for Impurity Profiling of Amino Acids},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145718},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The requirements for the impurity profiling of substances for pharmaceutical use have become greater over time. They can be accomplished by the use of modern instrumental analysis techniques, which have been evolved in the last decades. New types of columns with HILIC, mixed-mode and chiral stationary phases are suitable for the separation of all kinds of substances mixtures, that were previously hardly possible with the use of common reversed phase columns. Modern, almost universal detectors like CAD, ELSD and CNLSD can be applied for a sensitive detection of substances without a chromophore. However, in addition to some small individual disadvantages to these methods, the costs are high and applications are still kind of rare. Thus, the introduction of these devices at a broader level has not yet taken place. While this presumably will change over time, there is a need for methods that enable the impurity profiling of challenging substances with widespread analytics devices. Methionine is a substance with hydrophobic and hydrophilic impurities. With the help of a mixed-mode stationary phase, which is a combination of a reversed phase and a strong cationic exchanger, the separation of all putative impurities was found possible with good sensitivity and selectivity. The method requires apart from the column only standard isocratic HPLC equipment and was successfully validated. The evaluation of the enantiomeric purity of amino acids is challenging. Two approaches were made. The first method utilizes CE by means of in-capillary derivation with OPA and the subsequent separation with a cyclodextrin. With the use of OPA/NAC and γ-cyclodextrin, a simple and cost-effective method for the indirect enantioseparation of 16 amino acids was developed. With the second approach, racemic amino acids can be analyzed with HPLC and in-needle derivatization. For this, different columns and chiral thiols were evaluated and the chromatographic parameters were optimized. A method with OPA/NIBLC, a pentafluorophenyl column made the enantioseparation of 17 amino acids feasible. A LOQ of the minor enantiomer down to 0.04 \% can be achieved with UV spectrophotometric detection. A similar method was developed for impurity profiling of L-amino acids. This can be used alternatively for the amino acid analysis performed by the European Pharmacopoeia. A simple, robust, precise and accurate method for the evaluation of impurities in glyceryl trinitrate solution was developed and validated. The four impurities of glyceryl trinitrate are separated by means of an acetonitrile-water gradient and the assay for this substance is also possible.},
  subject      = {Aminos{\"a}uren},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Meier2005,
  author    = {Meier, Claudia},
  title     = {Untersuchungen von Einschlusskomplexen aus Cyclodextrinen mit Aminos{\"a}uren und Dipeptiden},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14149},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Die Cyclodextrin-modifizierte Kapillarelektrophorese (CE) ist eine wichtige chirale analytische Technik geworden, die zur HPLC und zur Gaschromatographie komplement{\"a}r ist und sich deshalb f{\"u}r die Analyse der Abbauprodukte von Aspartam gut eignet. Ausgehend von diesen Abbauprodukten wurden im Arbeitskreis Scriba an der Universit{\"a}t Jena systematische Studien {\"u}ber die Trennung von Enantiomeren verschiedener Dipeptide mit einer Vielzahl von nativen und derivatisierten Cyclodextrinen bei verschiedenen pH-Werten durchgef{\"u}hrt. Bei der Trennung der Enantiomere von z. B. Ala-Phe oder Ala-Tyr mit beta-Cyclodextrin wurde eine Umkehr der Migrationsreihenfolge bei Erh{\"o}hung des Puffer-pH-Werts von 2,5 auf 3,5 festgestellt. Mit Heptakis-(6-sulfato)-beta-cyclodextrin (HS-beta-CD), Heptakis-(2,3-O-diacetyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (Diac-beta-CD) und Heptakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-cyclodextrin (HDAS-beta-CD) wurde diese Umkehr der Migrationsreihenfolge nicht beobachtet. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, den Mechanismus der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Cyclodextrinen und Aminos{\"a}uren bzw. Dipeptiden gr{\"u}ndlich und umfassend zu untersuchen. Dabei ging es v. a. um die Untersuchung der Mechanismen der chiralen Erkennung durch Cyclodextrine, die mit Hilfe von verschiedensten Analysenmethoden, vor allem potentiometrische Titrationen und spektroskopische Methoden, wie der NMR-, UV- und CD-Spektroskopie durchgef{\"u}hrt werden sollten. Damit sollte auch die beobachtete Umkehr der Migrationsreihenfolge bei Erh{\"o}hung des pH-Wertes des Laufpuffers in der CE erkl{\"a}rt werden. Die potentiometrische Titrationsmethode lieferte sinnvolle Bindungskonstanten f{\"u}r Cyclodextrin-Einschlusskomplexe mit Aminos{\"a}uren. Eine Analyse der Struktur-Aktivit{\"a}tsbeziehungen f{\"u}r Aminos{\"a}uren und Cyclodextrine ergab, dass ein gewisses Volumen der Aminos{\"a}ure-Seitenkette und damit ein gutes Ausf{\"u}llen der Cyclodextrin-Kavit{\"a}t n{\"o}tig ist, um den vollen Nutzen aus den hydrophoben Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Aminos{\"a}ure-Seitenkette und der Cyclodextrin-Kavit{\"a}t zu ziehen. Eine Verl{\"a}ngerung des hydrophilen Restes, der aus der Kavit{\"a}t herausragt, wie bei den untersuchten Dipeptiden Ala-Phe und Ala-Tyr der Fall, f{\"u}hrt zu der M{\"o}glichkeit der Ausbildung von Wasserstoff-Br{\"u}cken mit den Hydroxylgruppen am breiteren Rand der Cyclodextrin-Kavit{\"a}t und damit zu einer st{\"a}rkeren Bindung an das Cyclodextrin. Um den chiralen Erkennungsprozess von beta-CD und einigen seiner Derivate, n{\"a}mlich HS-beta-CD, Diac-beta-CD und HDAS-beta-CD, zu verstehen, wurden NMR-Experimente durchgef{\"u}hrt, und zwar wurden „durch Komplexbildung induzierte Verschiebungen der chemischen Verschiebungen" (complexation induced chemical shifts, CICS) gemessen und mittels ROESY-Experimenten die Komplexgeometrie untersucht. Betrachtet man die CICS, die f{\"u}r die Paare Diac-beta-CD/Ala-Phe, HDAS-beta-CD/Ala-Phe, Diac-beta-CD/Ala-Tyr und HDAS-beta-CD/Ala-Tyr auftreten, dann zeigt sich, dass sie relativ klein sind und demnach auf eine eher schwache Wechselwirkung des jeweiligen Gastmolek{\"u}ls mit dem Wirt hindeuten. Die CICS f{\"u}r beta-CD- und HS-beta-CD-Dipeptid-Komplexe best{\"a}tigten einen Einschluss des aromatischen Restes in die Cyclodextrin-Kavit{\"a}t. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei pH 2.5 das DD-Enantiomer von Ala-Tyr tiefer in die Kavit{\"a}t von beta-CD eintaucht als das LL-Enantiomer. Außerdem ist bei pH 3.5 die Eintauchtiefe in die Kavit{\"a}t geringer als bei pH 2.5, was durch die Ergebnisse der ROESY-Experimente best{\"a}tigt werden konnte. Um einen besseren Einblick in die Bindungsmodi der Enantiomere von Ala-Phe und Ala-Tyr mit beta-CD bei unterschiedlichen pH-Werten zu erhalten, wurden Molek{\"u}ldynamik-(MD-)-Simulationen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Simulationen wurden mit jedem Enantiomer von Ala-Phe und Ala-Tyr in jedem m{\"o}glichen Protonierungszustand durchgef{\"u}hrt, d. h. Kation, Zwitterion und Anion. Zum ersten Mal wurden MD-Simulationen f{\"u}r eine gr{\"o}ßere Serie von unterschiedlichen Komplexen von Enantiomeren in verschiedenen Protonierungszust{\"a}nden systematisch {\"u}ber den langen Zeitraum von 1 ns (=1000 ps) ausgef{\"u}hrt. Die Eintauchtiefe der untersuchten Dipeptide wurde mit Hilfe einer in die Cyclodextrin-Kavit{\"a}t eingepassten Ebene berechnet. Auf diese Weise konnten Informationen {\"u}ber das unterschiedliche Einschlussverhalten der untersuchten Dipeptide erhalten werden. Die angewendete Methode l{\"a}sst sich leicht auf andere Wirt-Gast-Komplexe {\"u}bertragen und erleichtert die Datenerfassung auch in anderen F{\"a}llen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei pH 2.5 das DD-Enantiomer von Ala-Phe tiefer in die Kavit{\"a}t von beta-Cyclodextrin eintaucht als das LL-Enantiomer, wohingegen bei pH 3.5 der umgekehrte Fall vorliegt. Betrachtet man das Dipeptid Ala-Tyr, dann dringt bei pH 2.5 das DD-Enantiomer tiefer ein, wohingegen keine klare Aussage {\"u}ber das Eindringverhalten der Enantiomere bei pH 3.5 gemacht werden kann. Die CICS und die Ergebnisse der Kapillarelektrophorese weisen jedoch auf ein tieferes Eindringen des LL-Enantiomers hin.},
  subject      = {Cyclodextrine},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmitzKodererElMeseryetal.2021,
  author    = {Schmitz, Werner and Koderer, Corinna and El-Mesery, Mohamed and Gobik, Sebastian and Sampers, Rene and Straub, Anton and K{\"u}bler, Alexander Christian and Seher, Axel},
  title     = {Metabolic fingerprinting of murine L929 fibroblasts as a cell-based tumour suppressor model system for methionine restriction},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms22063039},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259198},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Since Otto Warburg reported in 1924 that cancer cells address their increased energy requirement through a massive intake of glucose, the cellular energy level has offered a therapeutic anticancer strategy. Methionine restriction (MetR) is one of the most effective approaches for inducing low-energy metabolism (LEM) due to the central position in metabolism of this amino acid. However, no simple in vitro system for the rapid analysis of MetR is currently available, and this study establishes the murine cell line L929 as such a model system. L929 cells react rapidly and efficiently to MetR, and the analysis of more than 150 different metabolites belonging to different classes (amino acids, urea and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycles, carbohydrates, etc.) by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) defines a metabolic fingerprint and enables the identification of specific metabolites representing normal or MetR conditions. The system facilitates the rapid and efficient testing of potential cancer therapeutic metabolic targets. To date, MS studies of MetR have been performed using organisms and yeast, and the current LC/MS analysis of the intra- and extracellular metabolites in the murine cell line L929 over a period of 5 days thus provides new insights into the effects of MetR at the cellular metabolic level.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShephardLutz1989,
  author    = {Shephard, S. E. and Lutz, Werner K.},
  title     = {Nitrosation of dietary precursors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70311},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The diet contains a large number of constituents which can be nitrosated in the gastrointestinal tract (especially in the stomach) to potentially carcinogenic nitroso compounds (NOC). The nitrosation of food mixtures has been investigated with a number of assays, such as chemical analysis or detection of alkylating potential, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Relatively good information is available on the formation of stable nitrosamines using high nitrite concentrations. Little is known, however, about the formation of chemically unstable NOC at low nitrite concentration and their genotoxicity in target cells. A comparison of the precursor classes, alkylamines, aromatic amines, amino acids, amides and peptides, ureas and guanidines, reveals a vast range, both with respect to daily intake (105-fold) and nitrosation rate (104-fold both for 1st and 2nd order nitrite dependence). A total span of 108 results for the relative yield of NOC in the stomach. The endogenous NOC burden from dietary ureas and aromatic amines may represent as large a hazard as the intake of preformed NOC. Recent evidence also indicates that heterocyclic amines and phenols must be considered and that the half-life of nitrosated a-amino acids can be much longer than that of nitrosated primary alkylamines. In these classes, more information should be collected on dietary concentrations, on the nitrosation under realistic conditions and on the genotoxicity in stomach lining cells. Within a chemical precursor class, a wide range is seen with respect to alkylating potency. It cannot, therefore, be excluded that individual precursors within the top ranking classes might become more important than single preformed NOC. Not considered in the above analysis but probably just as important for a risk evaluation in a population is the knowledge of the nitrosation conditions and target cell susceptibility in individuals.},
  subject      = {Ern{\"a}hrung},
  language  = {en}
}