@article{SchaeferSignoretGenestvonCollenbergetal.2020,
  author    = {Schaefer, Natascha and Signoret-Genest, J{\´e}r{\´e}my and von Collenberg, Cora R. and Wachter, Britta and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and Tovote, Philip and Blum, Robert and Villmann, Carmen},
  title     = {Anxiety and Startle Phenotypes in Glrb Spastic and Glra1 Spasmodic Mouse Mutants},
  series = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  number    = {152},
  issn      = {1662-5099},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnmol.2020.00152},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-210041},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {A GWAS study recently demonstrated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human GLRB gene of individuals with a prevalence for agoraphobia. GLRB encodes the glycine receptor (GlyRs) β subunit. The identified SNPs are localized within the gene flanking regions (3′ and 5′ UTRs) and intronic regions. It was suggested that these nucleotide polymorphisms modify GlyRs expression and phenotypic behavior in humans contributing to an anxiety phenotype as a mild form of hyperekplexia. Hyperekplexia is a human neuromotor disorder with massive startle phenotypes due to mutations in genes encoding GlyRs subunits. GLRA1 mutations have been more commonly observed than GLRB mutations. If an anxiety phenotype contributes to the hyperekplexia disease pattern has not been investigated yet. Here, we compared two mouse models harboring either a mutation in the murine Glra1 or Glrb gene with regard to anxiety and startle phenotypes. Homozygous spasmodic animals carrying a Glra1 point mutation (alanine 52 to serine) displayed abnormally enhanced startle responses. Moreover, spasmodic mice exhibited significant changes in fear-related behaviors (freezing, rearing and time spent on back) analyzed during the startle paradigm, even in a neutral context. Spastic mice exhibit reduced expression levels of the full-length GlyRs β subunit due to aberrant splicing of the Glrb gene. Heterozygous animals appear normal without an obvious behavioral phenotype and thus might reflect the human situation analyzed in the GWAS study on agoraphobia and startle. In contrast to spasmodic mice, heterozygous spastic animals revealed no startle phenotype in a neutral as well as a conditioning context. Other mechanisms such as a modulatory function of the GlyRs β subunit within glycinergic circuits in neuronal networks important for fear and fear-related behavior may exist. Possibly, in human additional changes in fear and fear-related circuits either due to gene-gene interactions e.g., with GLRA1 genes or epigenetic factors are necessary to create the agoraphobia and in particular the startle phenotype.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schneider2020,
  author    = {Schneider, Caroline},
  title     = {Modulation der Extinktion einer konditionierten Furchtreaktion durch Stimulation des pr{\"a}frontalen Kortex mittels tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20875},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208752},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Angstst{\"o}rungen geh{\"o}ren zu den h{\"a}ufigsten psychischen Erkrankungen in Deutschland, dabei k{\"o}nnten Hirnstimulationstechniken unterst{\"u}tzend zu bisherigen Therapieverfahren Anwendung finden. F{\"u}r die Entstehung und Behandlung von Angstst{\"o}rungen spielen die Prozesse der Konditionierung und Extinktion eine große Rolle, wobei im pr{\"a}frontalen Kortex eine erh{\"o}hte Aktivit{\"a}t gemessen werden kann. 51 gesunde Probanden nahmen an einem Furchtkonditionierungsexperiment mit zwei m{\"a}nnlichen Gesichtern als CS+ und CS- sowie einem Schrei als aversiven Stimulus teil. Es wurde untersucht, inwieweit die bilaterale transkranielle Gleichstromstimulation (tDCS) des dorsolateralen pr{\"a}frontalen Kortex die Extinktion moduliert. Die Stimulation erfolgte mittels tDCS links-kathodal {\"u}ber Position F3, rechts-anodal {\"u}ber Position F4 f{\"u}r 20 Minuten mit 2 mA und einer Elektrodengr{\"o}ße von 35 cm². Es wurden die Hautleitf{\"a}higkeit und der Startle-Reflex als physiologische Parameter der Furcht erfasst sowie Valenz und Arousal f{\"u}r die Stimuli durch subjektive Ratings erhoben. Bei den erfolgreich konditionierten Probanden (n = 28) kam es in der verum-tDCS-Gruppe w{\"a}hrend der fr{\"u}hen Extinktion zu einer signifikanten Zunahme der Hautleitf{\"a}higkeit auf CS-. M{\"o}glicherweise wurde durch die tDCS-Stimulation des dorsolateralen pr{\"a}frontalen Kortex eine Furchtgeneralisierung ausgel{\"o}st. Ein anderer Erkl{\"a}rungsansatz f{\"u}r die gefundenen Ergebnisse ist die Modulation von Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen durch die Stimulation. Weitere Forschung ist n{\"o}tig, bevor eine klinische tDCS-Anwendung bei Patienten mit Angstst{\"o}rungen m{\"o}glich ist.},
  subject      = {pr{\"a}frontale},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{GutknechtPoppWaideretal.2015,
  author    = {Gutknecht, Lise and Popp, Sandy and Waider, Jonas and Sommerlandt, Frank M. J. and G{\"o}ppner, Corinna and Post, Antonia and Reif, Andreas and van den Hove, Daniel and Strekalova, Tatyana and Schmitt, Angelika and Colaςo, Maria B. N. and Sommer, Claudia and Palme, Rupert and Lesch, Klaus-Peter},
  title     = {Interaction of brain 5-HT synthesis deficiency, chronic stress and sex differentially impact emotional behavior in Tph2 knockout mice},
  series = {Psychopharmacology},
  volume    = {232},
  journal   = {Psychopharmacology},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00213-015-3879-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-154586},
  pages     = {2429 -- 2441},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Rationale While brain serotonin (5-HT) function is implicated in gene-by-environment interaction (GxE) impacting the vulnerability-resilience continuum in neuropsychiatric disorders, it remains elusive how the interplay of altered 5-HT synthesis and environmental stressors is linked to failure in emotion regulation. Objective Here, we investigated the effect of constitutively impaired 5-HT synthesis on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to unpredictable chronic mild stress (CMS) using a mouse model of brain 5-HT deficiency resulting from targeted inactivation of the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2) gene. Results Locomotor activity and anxiety- and depression-like behavior as well as conditioned fear responses were differentially affected by Tph2 genotype, sex, and CMS. Tph2 null mutants (Tph2\(^{-/-}\)) displayed increased general metabolism, marginally reduced anxiety- and depression-like behavior but strikingly increased conditioned fear responses. Behavioral modifications were associated with sex-specific hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system alterations as indicated by plasma corticosterone and fecal corticosterone metabolite concentrations. Tph2\(^{-/-}\) males displayed increased impulsivity and high aggressiveness. Tph2\(^{-/-}\) females displayed greater emotional reactivity to aversive conditions as reflected by changes in behaviors at baseline including increased freezing and decreased locomotion in novel environments. However, both Tph2\(^{-/-}\) male and female mice were resilient to CMS-induced hyperlocomotion, while CMS intensified conditioned fear responses in a GxE-dependent manner. Conclusions Our results indicate that 5-HT mediates behavioral responses to environmental adversity by facilitating the encoding of stress effects leading to increased vulnerability for negative emotionality.},
  language  = {en}
}