@article{BenderRothJob2017,
  author    = {Bender, Oliver and Roth, Charlotte E. and Job, Hubert},
  title     = {Protected areas and population development in the alps},
  series = {eco.mont : Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {eco.mont : Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management},
  number    = {Special issue},
  doi       = {10.1553/eco.mont-9-sis5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181901},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Nearly a quarter of the Alpine area is covered by a dense network of large protected areas (LPAs) of the four categories national park(NP), biosphere reserve (BR), nature park and world natural heritage site (WNHS). From the time of early industrialization, the Alpine area has undergone a mixed and increasingly polarized demographic development between the poles of immigration and emigration. This article investigates the possible mutual impact of population development and the existence of LPAs. The research design includes a quantitative survey of all Alpine LPAs in terms of their population development and the structure of immigration in the first decade of the 21st century. This will be linked with qualitative expert interviews in four selected NPs. The overall results allow an interpretation of the statistical correlations between type of LPA and migration.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JobBittlingmaierMayeretal.2021,
  author    = {Job, Hubert and Bittlingmaier, Sarah and Mayer, Marius and von Ruschkowski, Eick and Woltering, Manuel},
  title     = {Park-People Relationships: The Socioeconomic Monitoring of National Parks in Bavaria, Germany},
  series = {Sustainability},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Sustainability},
  number    = {16},
  issn      = {2071-1050},
  doi       = {10.3390/su13168984},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245061},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Questions about park-people relationships and the understanding and handling of the conflicts that may result from the creation and management of national parks in the surrounding area are prerequisites for both successful park management and sustainable rural tourism development. This paper analyzes the roles that research may play in relation to park-people relationships in the context of the two oldest German national parks located in Bavaria. The different fields of action of national parks are used to identify the potential for conflict, using detailed case studies from the Bavarian Forest and Berchtesgaden National Parks using quantitative population surveys carried out in 2018. The overall attitude towards both national parks is overwhelmingly positive, with trust towards park administrations and the perceived economic benefits from rural tourism being the attitudes most strongly correlated to the overall level of park-people relationships. Nevertheless, some points of contention still exist, like the ecological integrity approach towards strict nature conservation and related landscape changes (e.g., deadwood cover). A comparison over time shows in both cases that the spatial proximity to the protected area negatively influences people's attitudes towards the parks, but less so than in the past. Recommendations for national park management include communicating proactively and with greater transparency with locals and decision-makers, to identify conflicts earlier and, where possible, to eliminate them. Furthermore, developing a standardized method to monitor park-people relationships in Germany is a must and would benefit integrated approaches in research and management based on conservation social science.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{JobFliessbachSchendzielorzBittlingmaieretal.2019,
  author    = {Job, Hubert and Fließbach-Schendzielorz, Maike and Bittlingmaier, Sarah and Herling, Anne and Woltering, Manuel},
  title     = {Akzeptanz der bayerischen Nationalparks - Ein Beitrag zum sozio{\"o}konomischen Monitoring in den Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald und Berchtesgaden},
  edition   = {1. Auflage},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-102-0},
  issn      = {0510-9833},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-103-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171246},
  publisher      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {XI, 149},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Nationalparks sind das {\"a}lteste und bekannteste fl{\"a}chenbezogene Naturschutzinstrument weltweit. F{\"u}r den Erhalt einer nachhaltigen Lebensgrundlage und die Entwicklung der Biodiversit{\"a}t sowie f{\"u}r mehr Naturdynamik in der Landschaft haben sie eine sehr große Bedeutung, auch in unseren Breiten. Dennoch ist die Einstellung zu Nationalparks von Seiten der unmittelbaren Anwohner nicht immer unproblematisch. Entsprechend versucht die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Analyse neue Erkenntnisse bez{\"u}glich der Akzeptanz der Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald und Berchtesgaden, den {\"a}ltesten Deutschlands, aufzuzeigen. Empirische Grundlagen f{\"u}r diese Studie sind eine bayernweite Online-Befragung, qualitative Experteninterviews und aufw{\"a}ndige repr{\"a}sentative schriftliche Befragungen in den Nationalpark-Landkreisen Regen und Freyung-Grafenau bzw. Berchtesgadener Land im Jahr 2018. Auch die zeitliche Entwicklung der Akzeptanz wird auf Basis der Ergebnisse von Vorg{\"a}ngerstudien, soweit m{\"o}glich, ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Dabei sind es {\"o}konomische, emotionale, interpersonelle, soziokulturelle und nicht zuletzt f{\"u}r Geographen besonders interessante raumzeitliche Pr{\"a}diktoren der Akzeptanz beider Nationalparks, die im Fokus der Untersuchungen stehen.},
  subject      = {Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{JobMeyerCoronadoetal.2022,
  author    = {Job, Hubert and Meyer, Constantin and Coronado, Oriana and Koblar, Simon and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Plassmann, Guido and Riedler, Walter and Vesely, Philipp and Schindelegger, Arthur},
  title     = {Open spaces in the European Alps — GIS-based analysis and implications for spatial planning from a transnational perspective},
  series = {Land},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Land},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {2073-445X},
  doi       = {10.3390/land11091605},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288207},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This article presents an open space concept of areas that are kept permanently free from buildings, technical infrastructure, and soil sealing. In the European Alps, space is scarce because of the topography; conflicts often arise between competing land uses such as permanent settlements and commercial activity. However, the presence of open spaces is important for carbon sequestration and the prevention of natural hazards, especially given climate change. A GIS-based analysis was conducted to identify an alpine-wide inventory of large-scale near-natural areas, or simply stated, open spaces. The method used identified the degree of infrastructure development for natural landscape units. Within the Alpine Convention perimeter, near-natural areas (with a degree of infrastructural development of up to 20\%) account for a share of 51.5\%. Only 14.5\% of those areas are highly protected and are mostly located in high altitudes of over 1500 m or 2000 m above sea level. We advocate that the remaining Alpine open spaces must be preserved through the delimitation of more effective protection mechanisms, and green corridors should be safeguarded through spatial planning. To enhance the ecological connectivity of open spaces, there is the need for tailored spatial and sectoral planning strategies to prevent further landscape fragmentation and to coordinate new forms of land use for renewable energy production.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JobWilliMayeretal.2020,
  author    = {Job, Hubert and Willi, Gero and Mayer, Marius and P{\"u}tz, Marco},
  title     = {Open Spaces in Alpine Countries: Analytical Concepts and Preservation Strategies in Spatial Planning},
  series = {Mountain Research and Development},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {Mountain Research and Development},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00016.1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259338},
  pages     = {D1-D11},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Open spaces in the Alps are becoming noticeably scarcer, and the long-term consequences for humans and the environment are often overlooked. Open spaces preserve ecosystem services but are under pressure in many Alpine valleys due to demographic and economic development as well as corresponding technical and tourism infrastructure. This article conceptualizes and measures open spaces in Alpine environments. In addition to analyzing existing spatial planning instruments and the open spaces resulting from 2 of them-the Bavarian Alpenplan in Germany and the Tyrolean Ruhegebiete in Austria-we identify open spaces in Switzerland using a geographic information system. More generally, we discuss how spatial planning deals with open spaces. Results show that both the Alpenplan and the Ruhegebiete have contributed significantly to the protection of open spaces in the Bavarian and Tyrolean Alps since the 1970s. Indeed, both approaches prevented several development projects. In the Swiss Alps, open spaces cover 41.9\% of the Alpine Convention area. A share of 40.3\% vegetation-free open spaces shows that they are concentrated in high alpine areas. Of the open spaces identified, 64.6\% are covered by protected areas. Hence, about one third of the open spaces still existing in the Swiss Alps need preservation, not only for ecological connectivity reasons but also to preserve them for generations to come. We conclude that different sectoral approaches for the conservation of open spaces for people and natural heritage in the Alps and other high mountain ranges should be better coordinated. In addition, much more intensive crossborder cooperation in spatial development and planning is needed to preserve open spaces throughout the Alpine arc.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MeyerJobLaneretal.2022,
  author    = {Meyer, Constantin and Job, Hubert and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Kollmann, Nadia and Clare, Jasmin and Vesely, Philipp and Riedler, Walter and Plassmann, Guido and Coronado, Oriana and Praper Gulič, Sergeja and Gulič, Andrej and Koblar, Simon and Teofili, Corrado and Rohringer, Verena and Schoßleitner, Richard and Ainz, Gerhard},
  title     = {OpenSpaceAlps Planungshandbuch: Perspektiven f{\"u}r eine konsistente Freiraumsicherung im Alpenraum},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27307},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-273070},
  pages     = {114},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Im Alpenraum l{\"a}sst sich nach wie vor die kontinuierliche Inanspruchnahme von Freir{\"a}umen f{\"u}r Siedlungsfl{\"a}chen und technische Infrastrukturen und die damit verbundene Bodenversiegelung beobachten. Dies f{\"u}hrt in erster Linie zum Verlust von landwirtschaftlichen Fl{\"a}chen. Je nach Ausmaß der Bebauung kommt es auch zu einer verst{\"a}rkten Landschaftszerschneidung, die zur Isolierung nat{\"u}rlicher Lebensr{\"a}ume und zur Einschr{\"a}nkung des {\"o}kologischen Verbundes sowie zu weiteren negativen Folgewirkungen f{\"u}hrt. Das OpenSpaceAlps Projekt hat sich dieser Thematik angenommen und, basierend auf kooperativen Verfahren in mehreren Pilotregionen, Handlungsans{\"a}tze und Strategien f{\"u}r eine nachhaltige Sicherung von Freir{\"a}umen entwickelt. Dieses Handbuch stellt eine Handlungs- und Entscheidungshilfe f{\"u}r verschiedene Akteure/Akteurinnen dar, allen voran Planer*innen in {\"o}ffentlichen Planungsbeh{\"o}rden. Ausgehend von einer Analyse der Herausforderungen und Rahmenbedingungen im Alpenraum, werden in diesem Handbuch zentrale „Prinzipien" der Freiraumplanung vorgestellt und verglichen. Außerdem werden integrierte Planungsstrategien f{\"u}r verschiedene Raumkategorien diskutiert.},
  subject      = {Raumordnung},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{MeyerJobLaneretal.2022,
  author    = {Meyer, Constantin and Job, Hubert and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Kollmann, Nadia and Clare, Jasmin and Vesely, Philipp and Riedler, Walter and Plassmann, Guido and Coronado, Oriana and Praper Gulič, Sergeja and Gulič, Andrej and Koblar, Simon and Teofili, Corrado and Rohringer, Verena and Schoßleitner, Richard and Ainz, Gerhard},
  title     = {Izhodišča za usklajeno ohranjanje odprtega prostora na območju Alp: Načrtovalski priročnik projekta OpenSpaceAlps},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28651},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286518},
  pages     = {114},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Na območju Alp že dalj časa poteka preobrazba odprtega prostora zaradi gradnje in širjenja naselij ter tehnične infrastrukture. Navedeni procesi povzročajo zlasti izgubo kmetijskih zemljišč, stalno pokritje površine tal z nepropustnimi snovmi in razdrobljenost krajine. Razdrobljenost je odvisna od vrst posegov in stopnje pozidanosti prostora, poglavitna negativna učinka pa sta izolacija naravnih habitatov in slabšanje ekološke povezljivosti. Opisana problematika je bila glavna tema projekta OpenSpaceAlps, v katerem so bili ob sodelovanju z deležniki na več pilotnih območjih razviti pristopi in rešitve, ki omogočajo trajnostno ohranjanje odprtega prostora. Načrtovalski priročnik povzema del rezultatov projekta. Namenjen je različnim deležnikom, zlasti načrtovalcem v javnih službah, kot pripomoček pri izvajanju načrtovalskih nalog in odločanju. V priročniku so predstavljeni analiza izzivov in okvirnih pogojev v Alpah ter opis in primerjava poglavitnih načel načrtovanja odprtega prostora, obravnavane pa so tudi celostne načrtovalske strategije za različne kategorije prostora.},
  subject      = {Raumordnung},
  language  = {mul}
}
@techreport{MeyerJobLaneretal.2022,
  author    = {Meyer, Constantin and Job, Hubert and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Kollmann, Nadia and Clare, Jasmin and Vesely, Philipp and Riedler, Walter and Plassmann, Guido and Coronado, Oriana and Praper Gulič, Sergeja and Gulič, Andrej and Koblar, Simon and Teofili, Corrado and Rohringer, Verena and Schoßleitner, Richard and Ainz, Gerhard},
  title     = {OpenSpaceAlps Planning Handbook: Perspectives for consistent safeguarding of open spaces in the Alpine region},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27040},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270401},
  pages     = {110},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In the Alpine region, the continuous consumption of open spaces for settlement areas and technical infrastructure and the associated soil sealing can be observed. This leads primarily to the loss of agricultural land. Depending on the extent of development, there is also increased landscape fragmentation, which is associated with the isolation of natural habitats and the restriction of ecological connectivity, as well as other negative consequences. The OpenSpaceAlps project has addressed this issue and, based on cooperative procedures in several pilot regions, has developed approaches and solution strategies for the sustainable safeguarding of open spaces. This handbook supports the activities and decision-making of various stakeholders, first and foremost planners in public planning authorities. Based on an analysis of the challenges and framework conditions in the Alpine region, the handbook presents and compares central "principles" of open space planning. Furthermore, integrated planning strategies for different spatial categories are discussed.},
  subject      = {Raumordnung},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MeyerJobLaneretal.2022,
  author    = {Meyer, Constantin and Job, Hubert and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Kollmann, Nadia and Clare, Jasmin and Vesely, Philipp and Riedler, Walter and Plassmann, Guido and Coronado, Oriana and Praper Gulič, Sergeja and Gulič, Andrej and Koblar, Simon and Teofili, Corrado and Rohringer, Verena and Schoßleitner, Richard and Ainz, Gerhard},
  title     = {OpenSpaceAlps - Manuale di Pianificazione: Prospettive per la salvaguardia coerente degli Spazi Aperti nella regione alpina},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27704},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-277042},
  pages     = {114},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Nella regione alpina, si pu{\`o} osservare il continuo consumo di spazi aperti a causa dell'aumento di aree di insediamento e di infrastrutture tecniche e la conseguente impermeabilizzazione del suolo. Questo fenomeno porta principalmente alla perdita di suolo agricolo. A seconda dell'estensione dello sviluppo, si riscontra anche una maggiore frammentazione del paesaggio, che {\`e} associata all'isolamento degli habitat naturali e alla perdita della connettivit{\`a} ecologica, cos{\`i} come ad altre conseguenze negative. Il progetto OpenSpaceAlps ha affrontato questo problema e, sulla base di procedure cooperative partecipate attuate in diverse regioni pilota alpine, ha sviluppato approcci e strategie di soluzione per la salvaguardia sostenibile degli spazi aperti. Questo manuale supporta le attivit{\`a} e il processo decisionale di vari stakeholder, in primo luogo i pianificatori delle autorit{\`a} pubbliche di pianificazione. Sulla base di un'analisi delle sfide e delle condizioni generali nella regione alpina, il manuale presenta e confronta i "principi" centrali della pianificazione degli spazi aperti. Inoltre, vengono discusse strategie di pianificazione integrata per diverse categorie spaziali.},
  subject      = {Raumordnung},
  language  = {it}
}
@article{MeyerPetersThieletal.2021,
  author    = {Meyer, Constantin and Peters, Jan Christoph and Thiel, Michael and Rathmann, Joachim and Job, Hubert},
  title     = {Monitoring von Freifl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme und -versiegelung f{\"u}r eine nachhaltige Raumentwicklung in Bayern},
  series = {Raumforschung und Raumordnung},
  volume    = {79},
  journal   = {Raumforschung und Raumordnung},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.14512/rur.40},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261622},
  pages     = {172-189},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Im Freistaat Bayern wird intensiv diskutiert, wie die nach wie vor hohe Freifl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme f{\"u}r Siedlungs- und Verkehrszwecke reduziert werden kann. Wissenschaftliche Grundlage f{\"u}r Steuerungsans{\"a}tze in der Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung sollte ein verbessertes staatliches Fl{\"a}chenmonitoring sein, welches {\"u}ber die amtliche Statistik und deren Hauptindikator "Siedlungs- und Verkehrsfl{\"a}che" hinaus auch die qualitative Dimension der Fl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme einbezieht. Daf{\"u}r stellt dieser Beitrag methodische Erweiterungsans{\"a}tze f{\"u}r das Fl{\"a}chenmonitoring vor, welche kleinr{\"a}umige Analysen der Zersiedelung, Freiraumstruktur, Fl{\"a}chenversiegelung und {\"O}kosystemleistungen am Beispiel des Landkreises Rh{\"o}n-Grabfeld aufzeigen. Diese werden im Kontext der Debatte zu Ursachen und Steuerung der Freifl{\"a}cheninanspruchnahme sowie zu aktuellen Anforderungen an das Fl{\"a}chenmonitoring diskutiert. Betont wird deren Bedeutung f{\"u}r das Monitoring rechtlicher Vorgaben und politischer Ziele zur nachhaltigen Fl{\"a}chennutzung.},
  language  = {de}
}