@phdthesis{Baur2016, author = {Baur, Ramona}, title = {Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Emotion Processing, and Emotion Regulation in Virtual Reality}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142064}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Besides, increasing evidence points to ADHD patients showing emotional dysfunctions and concomitant problems in social life. However, systematic research on emotional dysfunctions in ADHD is still rare, and to date most studies lack conceptual differentiation between emotion processing and emotion regulation. The aim of this thesis was to systematically investigate emotion processing and emotion regulation in adult ADHD in a virtual reality paradigm implementing social interaction. Emotional reactions were assessed on experiential, physiological, and behavioral levels. Experiment 1 was conducted to develop a virtual penalty kicking paradigm implying social feedback and to test it in a healthy sample. This paradigm should then be applied in ADHD patients later on. Pleasant and unpleasant trials in this paradigm consisted of hits respectively misses and subsequent feedback from a virtual coach. In neutral trials, participants were teleported to different spots of the virtual stadium. Results indicated increased positive affectivity (higher valence and arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, and higher expression rates of positive emotional behavior) in response to pleasant compared to neutral trials. Reactions to unpleasant trials were contradictory, indicating increased levels of both positive and negative affectivity, compared to neutral trials. Unpleasant vs. neutral trials revealed lower valence ratings, higher arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, slightly lower corrugator activations, and higher expression rates of both positive and negative emotional behavior. The intensity of emotional reactions correlated with experienced presence in the virtual reality. To better understand the impact of hits or misses per se vs. hits or misses with coach feedback healthy participants' emotional reactions, only 50\% of all shots were followed by coach feedback in experiment 2. Neutral trials consisted of shots over the free soccer field which were followed by coach feedback in 50 \% of all trials. Shots and feedback evoked more extreme valence and arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, lower corrugator activations, and higher skin conductance responses than shots alone across emotional conditions. Again, results speak for the induction of positive emotions in pleasant trials whereas the induction of negative emotions in unpleasant trials seems ambiguous. Technical improvements of the virtual reality were reflected in higher presence ratings than in experiment 1. Experiment 3 investigated emotional reactions of adult ADHD patients and healthy controls after emotion processing and response-focused emotion regulation. Participants successively went through an ostensible online ball-tossing game (cyber ball) inducing negative emotions, and an adapted version of the virtual penalty kicking game. Throughout cyber ball, participants were included or ostracized by two other players in different experimental blocks. Participants were instructed to explicitly show, not regulate, or hide their emotions in different experimental blocks. Results provided some evidence for deficient processing of positive emotions in ADHD. Patients reported slightly lower positive affect than controls during cyber ball, gave lower valence ratings than controls in response to pleasant penalty kicking trials, and showed lower zygomaticus activations than controls especially during penalty kicking. Patients in comparison with controls showed slightly increased processing of unpleasant events during cyber ball (higher ratings of negative affect, especially in response to ostracism), but not during penalty kicking. Patients showed lower baseline skin conductance levels than controls, and impaired skin conductance modulations. Compared to controls, patients showed slight over-expression of positive as well as negative emotional behavior. Emotion regulation analyses revealed no major difficulties of ADHD vs. controls in altering their emotional reactions through deliberate response modulation. Moreover, patients reported to habitually apply adaptive emotion regulation strategies even more frequently than controls. The analyses of genetic high-risk vs. low-risk groups for ADHD across the whole sample revealed similar results as analyses for patients vs. controls for zygomaticus modulations during emotion processing, and for modulations of emotional reactions due to emotion regulation. To sum up, the virtual penalty kicking paradigm proved to be successful for the induction of positive, but not negative emotions. The importance of presence in virtual reality for the intensity of induced emotions could be replicated. ADHD patients showed impaired processing of primarily positive emotions. Aberrations in negative emotional responding were less clear and need further investigation. Results point to adult ADHD in comparison to healthy controls suffering from baseline deficits in autonomic arousal and deficits in arousal modulation. Deficits of ADHD in the deliberate application of response-focused emotion regulation could not be found.}, subject = {Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Syndrom}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Grote2016, author = {Grote, Thomas}, title = {Geteilte Emotionen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-139696}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Geteilte Emotionen In dieser Arbeit verteidige ich die Auffassung, dass geteilte Emotionen nicht nur metaphysisch m{\"o}glich, sondern dar{\"u}ber hinaus auch ein integraler Bestandteil unseres sozialen Lebens sind. Dabei diskutiere ich in dieser Arbeit zun{\"a}chst die begrifflichen und metaphysischen Vorannahmen, welche einer philosophischen Analyse von geteilten Emotionen zugrunde liegen. Ausgehend davon versuche ich eine Theorie der Emotionen zu entwickeln, welche Emotionen als wesentlich in soziale Kontexte eingebettet begreift. Daneben beleuchte ich die kognitiven und non-kognitiven Mechanismen, etwa die Gef{\"u}hlsansteckung, Empathie oder geteilte Intentionalit{\"a}t, welche Konstitutiv f{\"u}r die Hervorbringung geteilter Emotionen sind. Das Ergebnis meiner Arbeit besteht darin, dass ich daf{\"u}r argumentiere, dass die stark intellektualistische Ausrichtung in der gegenw{\"a}rtigen Sozialphilosophie und in der Philosophie der Emotionen dazu f{\"u}hrt, dass die entsprechenden Theorien die Ph{\"a}nomenologie geteilter emotionaler Erfahrungen nicht ad{\"a}quat erfassen k{\"o}nnen. Als Konsequenz dessen versuche ich ein alternatives Modell zur Erkl{\"a}rung von geteilten Emotionen zu entwickeln, welches die Bedeutung von k{\"o}rperlicher Interaktion hervorhebt.}, subject = {Philosophie}, language = {de} } @incollection{Schmitz2016, author = {Schmitz, Barbara}, title = {Judith and Holofernes. An Analysis of the Emotions in the killing scene (Jdt 12:10-13:9)}, series = {Ancient Jewish Prayers and Emotions}, booktitle = {Ancient Jewish Prayers and Emotions}, editor = {Reif, Stefan C. and Egger-Wenzel, Renate}, publisher = {de Gruyter}, address = {Berlin / Boston}, isbn = {978-3-11-036908-3}, doi = {10.1515/9783110369083-011}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137694}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {177 -- 191}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Starting with a terminological and phenomenological perspective on the question "What is an emotion?", particularly as developed by Aaron Ben Zeʾev , the kiling scene in the book of Judith (Jdt 12:10-13:9 is analysed. This crucial scene in the book's plot reports the intense emotions of Holofernes but nothing is said about any emotions on the part of of Judith. The only emotional glimpse occurs in Judith's short prayers in the killing scene. The highly emotional Holofernes and the unemotional Judith together reveal that Holofernes is already made "headless" by his own emotions, whereas the unemotional Judith, unencumbered by emotions, is able to behead the "headless" Holofernes.}, subject = {Bibel. Judit, 10-13}, language = {en} }