@phdthesis{Rueckl2012,
  author    = {R{\"u}ckl, Kilian Thomas},
  title     = {Funktionelle Analyse des tumorspezifischen IgG Antik{\"o}rpers BARB-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73957},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Der menschliche Organismus ist zeitlebens von malignen Neoplasien bedroht, die durch lokales oder metastasiertes Wachstum lebensnotwendige Funktionen des K{\"o}rpers beeintr{\"a}chtigen k{\"o}nnen. Als wichtigstes Werkzeug zur Abwehr dieser Neoplasien wurde in den letzten Jahrzehnten die nat{\"u}rliche Immunit{\"a}t aufgedeckt. Besonders die Antik{\"o}rper der innaten Immunit{\"a}t spielen eine entscheidende Rolle. BARB-4 ist ein humaner, tumorspezifischer Antik{\"o}rper und Teil dieser nat{\"u}rlichen Immunit{\"a}t. Er wurde mit Hilfe der Hybridomatechnologie aus einem Patienten mit Siegelringkarzinom des Magens isoliert, und ist einer der wenigen Vertreter innater humaner IgG Antik{\"o}rper. Diese Arbeit gibt einen ersten {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die Bindungsspezifit{\"a}t und die funktionellen Eigenschaften des BARB-4-Antik{\"o}rpers. In den immunhistochemischen F{\"a}rbungen konnte die Tumorspezifit{\"a}t des Antik{\"o}rpers nachgewiesen werden. Bei dem zugeh{\"o}rigen Antigen handelt es sich um eine Variante des TAF15, einem Protein der FET-Familie, die intrazellul{\"a}re Aufgaben bei Transkriptionsvorg{\"a}ngen haben, bei denen zudem aber auch eine Beteiligung an Adh{\"a}sions- und Migrationsvorg{\"a}ngen vermutet wird. Diese Variante ist bei malignen Zellen an der Oberfl{\"a}che lokalisiert, was die Ergebnisse der Durchflußzytometrie belegen. Durch konfokale Mikroskopie mit Fluoreszenz-markiertem BARB-4 konnte diese Oberfl{\"a}chenbindung an Tumorzellen best{\"a}tigt werden. Im weiteren zeitlichen Verlauf konzentrierte sich der Antik{\"o}rper im Zellinneren. Die Pr{\"a}senz des Antik{\"o}rpers f{\"u}hrte bei Versuchen mit Tumorzellen zu einer bemerkenswerten Hemmung der Adh{\"a}sions- und Migrationsf{\"a}higkeit der Zellen. Beide stellen Schl{\"u}sseleigenschaften f{\"u}r die Metastasierung von Tumorzellen dar. Diese Eigenschaften k{\"o}nnten BARB-4 f{\"u}r einen m{\"o}glichen, therapeutischen Einsatz zur Pr{\"a}vention von Tumormetastasen qualifizieren.},
  subject      = {nat{\"u}rliche Antik{\"o}rper},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Baur2019,
  author    = {Baur, Florentin Philipp},
  title     = {Establishment of a 3D tumour model and targeted therapy of BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17412},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-174129},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Cancer remains after cardiovascular diseases the leading cause of death worldwide and an estimated 8.2 million people died of it in 2012. By 2030, 13 million cancer deaths are expected due to the growth and ageing of the population. Hereof, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women with a wide geographical variation across the world. Usually, CRC begins as a non-cancerous growth leading to an adenomatous polyp, or adenoma, arising from glandular cells. Since research has brought about better understanding of the mechanisms of cancer development, novel treatments such as targeted therapy have emerged in the past decades. Despite that, up to 95\% of anticancer drugs tested in clinical phase I trials do not attain a market authorisation and hence these high attrition rates remain a key challenge for the pharmaceutical industry, making drug development processes enormously costly and inefficient. Therefore, new preclinical in vitro models which can predict drug responses in vivo more precisely are urgently needed. Tissue engineering not only provides the possibility of creating artificial three-dimensional (3D) in vitro tissues, such as functional organs, but also enables the investigation of drug responses in pathological tissue models, that is, in 3D cancer models which are superior to conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures on petri dishes and can overcome the limitations of animal models, thereby reducing the need for preclinical in vivo models. In this thesis, novel 3D CRC models on the basis of a decellularised intestinal matrix were established. In the first part, it could be shown that the cell line SW480 exhibited different characteristics when grown in a 3D environment from those in conventional 2D culture. While the cells showed a mesenchymal phenotype in 2D culture, they displayed a more pronounced epithelial character in the 3D model. By adding stromal cells (fibroblasts), the cancer cells changed their growth pattern and built tumour-like structures together with the fibroblasts, thereby remodelling the natural mucosal structures of the scaffold. Additionally, the established 3D tumour model was used as a test system for treatment with standard chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The second part of the thesis focused on the establishment of a 3D in vitro test system for targeted therapy. The US Food and Drug Administration has already approved of a number of drugs for targeted therapy of specific types of cancer. For instance, the small molecule vemurafenib (PLX4032, Zelboraf™) which demonstrated impressive response rates of 50-80\% in melanoma patients with a mutation of the rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma oncogene type B (BRAF) kinase which belongs to the mitogen active protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. However, only 5\% of CRC patients harbouring the same BRAF mutation respond to treatment with vemurafenib. An explanation for this unresponsiveness could be a feedback activation of the upstream EGFR, reactivating the MAPK pathway which sustains a proliferative signalling. To test this hypothesis, the two early passage cell lines HROC24 and HROC87, both presenting the mutation BRAF V600E but differing in other mutations, were used and their drug response to vemurafenib and/or gefitinib was assessed in conventional 2D cell culture and compared to the more advanced 3D model. Under 3D culture conditions, both cell lines showed a reduction of the proliferation rate only in the combination therapy approach. Furthermore, no significant differences between the various treatment approaches and the untreated control regarding apoptosis rate and viability for both cell lines could be found in the 3D tumour model which conferred an enhanced chemoresistance to the cancer cells. Because of the observed unresponsiveness to BRAF inhibition by vemurafenib as can be seen in the clinic for patients with BRAF mutations in CRC, the cell line HROC87 was used for further xenografting experiments and analysis of activation changes in the MAPK signalling pathway. It could be shown that the cells presented a reactivation of Akt in the 3D model when treated with both inhibitors, suggesting an escape mechanism for apoptosis which was not present in cells cultured under conventional 2D conditions. Moreover, the cells exhibited an activation of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR, c-Met) in 2D and 3D culture, but this was not detectable in the xenograft model. This shows the limitations of in vivo models. The results suggest another feedback activation loop than that to the EGFR which might not primarily be involved in the resistance mechanism. This reflects the before mentioned high attrition rates in the preclinical drug testing.},
  subject      = {Dickdarmtumor},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Liang2021,
  author    = {Liang, Raimunde},
  title     = {Identification of new drug targets in adrenocortical carcinoma through targeted mRNA analysis},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-23554},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235545},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are aggressive tumors associated with a heterogeneous but generally poor prognosis and limited treatment options for advanced stages. Despite promising molecular insights and improved understanding of ACC biology, efficient targeted therapies have not been identified yet. Thus, this study aims to identify potential new drug targets for a future personalized therapeutic approach. RNA was isolated from 104 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from ACC patients, 40 of those 104 cases proved to be suitable for further mRNA analyses according to the quality check of the extracted RNA. Gene expression of 84 known cancer drug targets was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR using 5 normal adrenal glands as reference. Protein expression was investigated for selected candidate drug targets by immunohistochemistry in 104 ACC samples, 11 adenomas and 6 normal adrenal glands. Efficacy of an available inhibitor of the most promising candidate was tested by functional in vitro experiments in two ACC cell lines (NCI-H295R and MUC1) alone or in combination with other drugs. Most frequently overexpressed genes were TOP2A, IGF2, CDK1, CDK4, PLK4 and PLK1. Nuclear immunostaining of CDK1, CDK4 and PLK1 significantly correlated with the respective mRNA expression. CDK4 was chosen as the most promising candidate for functional validation as it is actionable by FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors. ACC samples with copy number gains at CDK4 locus presented significantly higher CDK4 expression levels. The CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib showed a concentration- and time- dependent reduction of cell viability in vitro, which was more pronounced in NCI-H295R than in MUC1 cells. This was in line with higher CDK4 expression at western blot analysis in NCI-H295R cells. Furthermore, palbociclib was applied in combination with dual IGFR/IR inhibitor linsitinib showing a synergistic effect on reducing cell viability. In conclusion, this proof-of-principle study confirmed RNA profiling to be useful to discover potential drug targets. Detected drug targets are suitable to be investigated by immunohistochemistry in the clinical setting. Moreover, CDK4/6 inhibitors are promising candidates for treatment of a subset of patients with tumors presenting CDK4 copy number gains and/or overexpression, while linsitinib might be an interesting combination partner in patients with both IGF2 and IGF1R overexpression. These results are intended as a basis for a validation study in a prospective cohort, further evaluation in vivo in suitable mouse models or testing in patients with ACC in clinical trials are needed and might improve the future management of patients with ACC in terms of precision medicine.},
  subject      = {Adrenokortikales Karzinom},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mainz2022,
  author    = {Mainz, Laura},
  title     = {Cellular metabolism as target for cancer therapy},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21148},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211480},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Due to a usually late diagnosis, drug resistance and early metastases, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the seventh leading cause of global cancer deaths. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic concepts. Two different approaches have in recent years become the focus of intense research: (1) targeting cancer-associated metabolic rearrangements, and (2) targeting genetic vulnerabilities with combination therapy. Both concepts potentially have advantages such as increased efficacy, which decreases the likelihood of therapy-resistance, and reduced side effects, that are often associated with high concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved signalling pathway that regulates cellular homeostasis. Regarding cancer, autophagy can either promote or suppress tumor growth. However, mouse models that allow genetic regulation of autophagy in established tumor tissue are not yet established. Therefore, we analysed new inducible shRNA mouse models targeting Atg5 or Atg7 with regard to functionality and toxicity. Both, shRNA Atg5- and shRNA Atg7-mediated knockdown anteceded functional autophagy impairment, and revealed unexpected profound phenotypic differences. Knockdown of Atg5 neither impaired the animal nor caused any grossly or microscopically detectable organ damage, whereas knockdown of Atg7 caused pancreatic destruction and eventually death. It is currently unclear whether mice died as a result of exocrine or endocrine collapse or due to a combination of both. The presented mouse models are highly potent RNAi mice that allow widespread and regulable inhibition of autophagy upon administration of doxycycline and provide a valuable and versatile toolbox for future autophagy and cancer research. In PDAC, argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) deficiency has been associated with higher recurrence rates, shorter disease-free survival, and shorter overall survival. During cancer development, rate-limiting enzymes of de novo arginine synthesis, like ASS1 or OTC, are downregulated via epigenetic silencing of their respective promotor. Known as 'arginine auxotrophy', loss of these essential enzymes results in dependence on extracellular arginine. Based on this assumption, sensitivity of various cell lines to arginine deprivation was reported. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear and the anti-tumor effects of the monotherapy are not sufficient to completely abrogate cancer cells. Therefore, the effects of arginine deprivation via rhArgI-PEG5000 were investigated in murine and human PDAC cells. In this study, we highlighted that arginine deprivation induced profound alterations such as autophagosome accumulation, induction of senescence and the ISR in pancreatic cancer cells. These alterations are potential genetic vulnerabilities that can be targeted by additional means to induce tumor cell death.},
  language  = {en}
}