@phdthesis{Liedtke2007,
  author    = {Liedtke, Daniel},
  title     = {Functional divergence of Midkine growth factors : Non-redundant roles during neural crest induction, brain patterning and somitogenesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25707},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Neural crest cells and sensory neurons are two prominent cell populations which are induced at the border between neural and non-neural ectoderm during early vertebrate development. The neural crest cells are multipotent and highly migratory precursors that give rise to face cartilage, peripheral neurons, glia cells, pigment cells and many other cell types unique to vertebrates. Sensory neurons are located dorsally in the neural tube and are essential for sensing and converting environmental stimuli into electrical motor reflexes. In my PhD thesis, I obtained novel insights into the complex processes of cell induction at the neural plate border by investigating the regulation and function of mdkb in zebrafish. First, it was possible to demonstrate that mdkb expression is spatiotemporally correlated with the induction of neural crest cells and primary sensory neurons at the neural plate border. Second, it became evident that the expression of mdkb is activated by known neural crest cell inducing signals, like Wnts, FGFs and RA, but that it is independent of Delta-Notch signals essential for lateral inhibition. Knockdown experiments showed that mdkb function is necessary for induction of neural crest cells and sensory neurons at the neural plate border, probably through determination of a common pool of progenitor cells during gastrulation. The present study also used the advantages of the zebrafish model system to investigate the in vivo function of all midkine gene family members during early brain development. In contrast to the situation in mouse, all three zebrafish genes show distinct expression patterns throughout CNS development. mdka, mdkb and ptn expression is detected in mostly non-overlapping patterns during embryonic brain development in the telencephalon, the mid-hindbrain boundary and the rhombencephalon. The possibility of simultaneously knocking down two or even three mRNAs by injection of morpholino mixtures allowed the investigation of functional redundancy of midkine factors during brain formation. Knockdown of Midkine proteins revealed characteristic defects in brain patterning indicating their association with the establishment of prominent signaling centers such as the mid-hindbrain boundary and rhombomere 4. Interestingly, combined knockdown of mdka, mdkb and ptn or single knockdown of ptn alone prevented correct formation of somites, either by interfering with the shifting of the somite maturation front or interferance with cell adhesion in the PSM. Thus, Ptn was identified as a novel secreted regulator of segmentation in zebrafish.},
  subject      = {Zebrab{\"a}rbling},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kluever2007,
  author    = {Kl{\"u}ver, Nils},
  title     = {Molecular analysis of gonad development in medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Oryzias celebensis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25105},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {The process of sex-determination can be better understood through examinations of developing organs and cells, which are involved in the formation of undifferentiated gonad. This mechanisms show in fish a broad variety, ranging from hermaphroditism to gonochorism and environmental to genetic sex determination. Hormones and abiotic factors such as temperature and pH can influence teleost development and reproductive traits. These factors are vulnerable to pollutants and climate changes. Therefore, it is important to examine gonad development and sex-determination/differentiation in teleost fish. Teleost fish are the largest known group of vertebrates with approximately 25,000 species and are used for such kind of examinations as model organisms. Recently, in Oryzias latipes (medaka), dmrt1bY (or dmy), a member of the Dmrt gene family, has been described as testis-determining gene. However, this gene is not the universal master sex-determining gene in teleost fish. Although dmrt1bY is present in the most closely related species of the genus, namely Oryzias curvinotous, it is absent from other Oryzias species, like Oryzias celebensis, and other fish. During my thesis, I studied gonad development in medaka and in the closely related species Oryzias celebensis. Germ cell specification in medaka seems to be dependent on maternally provided cytoplasmatic determinants, so called germ plasm. Nanos and vasa are such germ cell specific genes. In zebrafish they are asymmetrically localized in the early embryo. I have shown that nanos mRNA is evenly distributed in the early embryo of medaka. A similar pattern has been already described for the medaka vasa homolog, olvas. This suggests differences in PGC specification in zebrafish and medaka. Further, the vasa homolog was isolated and the expression pattern examined in O. celebensis. The results show that it can be used as a germ cell specific marker. Additionally, the primordial germ cell migration in O. celebensis was followed, which is similar to medaka PGC migration. Primordial germ cell migration in vertebrates is dependent on the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (Sdf-1). Medaka has two different sdf-1 genes, sdf-1a and sdf-1b. Both genes are expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). During late embryonic development, I could show that sdf-1a is expressed in newly formed somites and not longer in the LPM. Sdf-1b expression persisted in the posterior part of the lateral plate mesoderm in the developing gonad. In terms of early and late functions, this suggests subfunctionalization of sdf-1a and sdf-1b. In "higher" vertebrates, genes that are involved in the process of gonad development have been studied in detail, e.g. Wt1, Sox9, and Amh. I have analyzed the expression pattern of wt1 and sox9 co-orthologs and amh. In both, the medaka and O. celebensis, wt1a transcripts were localized in the LPM and its expression was similar to sdf-1a gene expression in medaka. Wt1b expression was restricted to the developing pronephric region. During later embryonic development, wt1a is specifically expressed in the somatic cells of the gonad primordium in both sexes. This is the first time that in fish wt1 gene expression in developing gonads has been described. Therefore, this result suggests that wt1a is involved in the formation of the bipotential gonad. Furthermore, I have analyzed the gonad specific function of the wt1 co-orthologs in medaka. I could show that a conditional co-regulation mechanism between Wt1a and Wt1b ensures PGC maintenance and/or survival. The expression of sox9 genes in medaka and sox9b in O. celebensis were detected in the somatic cells of the gonad primordium of both sexes. Additionally, I have shown that amh and amhrII in medaka are expressed in somatic cells of the gonad primordium of both sexes. This suggests that sox9b, amh and amhrII are involved in gonad development and have specific functions in the adult gonad. In O. celebensis I could detect an expression of dmrt1 already six days after fertilization in half of the embryos, which is similar to the dmrt1bY expression in medaka. Whether the expression of dmrt1 is male specific in O. celebensis is currently under investigation. Altogether, the obtained results provide new insights into gene expression patterns during the processes of gonad development. Furthermore, no differences in the expression pattern of wt1a and sox9b during gonad development between the medaka and O. celebensis could be detected. This might indicate that the genetic mechanisms during gonad development are similar in both species.},
  subject      = {Japank{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}