@article{BiscottiAdolfiBaruccaetal.2018,
  author    = {Biscotti, Maria Assunta and Adolfi, Mateus Contar and Barucca, Marco and Forconi, Mariko and Pallavicini, Alberto and Gerdol, Marco and Canapa, Adriana and Schartl, Manfred},
  title     = {A comparative view on sex differentiation and gametogenesis genes in lungfish and coelacanths},
  series = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1093/gbe/evy101},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176774},
  pages     = {1430-1444},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Gonadal sex differentiation and reproduction are the keys to the perpetuation of favorable gene combinations and positively selected traits. In vertebrates, several gonad development features that differentiate tetrapods and fishes are likely to be, at least in part, related to the water-to-land transition. The collection of information from basal sarcopterygians, coelacanths, and lungfishes, is crucial to improve our understanding of the molecular evolution of pathways involved in reproductive functions, since these organisms are generally regarded as "living fossils" and as the direct ancestors of tetrapods. Here, we report for the first time the characterization of >50 genes related to sex differentiation and gametogenesis in Latimeria menadoensis and Protopterus annectens. Although the expression profiles of most genes is consistent with the intermediate position of basal sarcopterygians between actinopterygian fish and tetrapods, their phylogenetic placement and presence/absence patterns often reveal a closer affinity to the tetrapod orthologs. On the other hand, particular genes, for example, the male gonad factor gsdf (Gonadal Soma-Derived Factor), provide examples of ancestral traits shared with actinopterygians, which disappeared in the tetrapod lineage.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PaulsBlechschmidtFrantzmannetal.2018,
  author    = {Pauls, Dennis and Blechschmidt, Christine and Frantzmann, Felix and el Jundi, Basil and Selcho, Mareike},
  title     = {A comprehensive anatomical map of the peripheral octopaminergic/tyraminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {15314},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-33686-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177412},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The modulation of an animal's behavior through external sensory stimuli, previous experience and its internal state is crucial to survive in a constantly changing environment. In most insects, octopamine (OA) and its precursor tyramine (TA) modulate a variety of physiological processes and behaviors by shifting the organism from a relaxed or dormant condition to a responsive, excited and alerted state. Even though OA/TA neurons of the central brain are described on single cell level in Drosophila melanogaster, the periphery was largely omitted from anatomical studies. Given that OA/TA is involved in behaviors like feeding, flying and locomotion, which highly depend on a variety of peripheral organs, it is necessary to study the peripheral connections of these neurons to get a complete picture of the OA/TA circuitry. We here describe the anatomy of this aminergic system in relation to peripheral tissues of the entire fly. OA/TA neurons arborize onto skeletal muscles all over the body and innervate reproductive organs, the heart, the corpora allata, and sensory organs in the antennae, legs, wings and halteres underlining their relevance in modulating complex behaviors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Maierhofer2018,
  author    = {Maierhofer, Anna},
  title     = {Altersassoziierte und strahleninduzierte Ver{\"a}nderungen des genomweiten DNA-Methylierungs-Profils},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-174134},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Der Prozess des Alterns ist ein komplexer multifaktorieller Vorgang, der durch eine sukzessive Verschlechterung der physiologischen Funktionen charakterisiert ist. Ein hohes Alter ist der Hauptrisikofaktor f{\"u}r die meisten Krankheiten, einschließlich Krebs und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Das Verst{\"a}ndnis der epigenetischen Mechanismen, die in den Prozess des Alterns involviert sind, k{\"o}nnte zur Entwicklung pharmakologischer Interventionen beitragen, die nicht nur die Lebenserwartung erh{\"o}hen, sondern auch den Beginn des altersassoziierten funktionellen Abbaus verz{\"o}gern k{\"o}nnten. Durch die Langzeit-Kultivierung prim{\"a}rer humaner Fibroblasten wurde ein in vitro Modell f{\"u}r das Altern etabliert, das die Identifizierung altersassoziierter DNA-Methylierungs-Ver{\"a}nderungen erm{\"o}glichte. Die in vitro Alterung konnte mit einer globalen Hypomethylierung und einer erh{\"o}hten DNA-Methylierung der ribosomalen DNA assoziiert werden. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnten DNA-Methylierungs-Ver{\"a}nderungen in Genen und Signalwegen, die f{\"u}r das Altern relevant sind, und ein erh{\"o}htes epigenetisches Alter nachgewiesen werden. Das in vitro Modell f{\"u}r das Altern wurde verwendet, um neben den direkten Effekten ionisierender Strahlung auf die DNA-Methylierung auch deren Langzeit-Effekte zu untersuchen. Die Strahlentherapie ist ein entscheidendes Element der Krebstherapie, hat aber auch negative Auswirkungen und kann unter anderem das Risiko f{\"u}r die Entwicklung eines Zweittumors erh{\"o}hen. Bei externer Bestrahlung wird neben dem Tumor auch gesundes Gewebe ionisierender Strahlung ausgesetzt. Daher ist es wichtig zu untersuchen, wie Zellen mit intakten DNA-Reparatur-Mechanismen und funktionierenden Zellzyklus-Checkpoints durch diese beeinflusst werden. In der fr{\"u}hen Phase der DNA-Schadensantwort auf Bestrahlung wurden in normalen Zellen keine wesentlichen DNA-Methylierungs-Ver{\"a}nderungen beobachtet. Mehrere Populations-Verdoppelungen nach Strahlenexposition konnten dagegen eine globale Hypomethylierung, eine erh{\"o}hte DNA-Methylierung der ribosomalen DNA und ein erh{\"o}htes epigenetisches Alter detektiert werden. Des Weiteren zeigten Gene und Signalwege, die mit Krebs in Verbindung gebracht wurden, Ver{\"a}nderungen in der DNA-Methylierung. Als Langzeit-Effekte ionisierender Strahlung traten somit die mit der in vitro Alterung assoziierten DNA-Methylierungs-Ver{\"a}nderungen verst{\"a}rkt auf und ein epigenetisches Muster, das stark an das DNA-Methylierungs-Profil von Tumorzellen erinnert, entstand. Man geht davon aus, dass Ver{\"a}nderungen der DNA-Methylierung eine aktive Rolle in der Entwicklung eines Tumors spielen. Die durch ionisierende Strahlung induzierten DNA-Methylierungs-Ver{\"a}nderungen in normalen Zellen k{\"o}nnten demnach in die Krebsentstehung nach Strahlenexposition involviert sein und zu dem sekund{\"a}ren Krebsrisiko nach Strahlentherapie beitragen. Es ist bekannt, dass Patienten unterschiedlich auf therapeutische Bestrahlung reagieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit weisen darauf hin, dass die individuelle Sensitivit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber ionisierender Strahlung auch auf epigenetischer Ebene beobachtet werden kann. In einem zweiten Projekt wurden Gesamtblutproben von Patienten mit Werner-Syndrom, einer segmental progeroiden Erkrankung, und gesunden Kontrollen analysiert, um mit dem vorzeitigen Altern in Verbindung stehende DNA-Methylierungs-Ver{\"a}nderungen zu identifizieren. Werner-Syndrom konnte nicht mit einer globalen Hypomethylierung, jedoch mit einer erh{\"o}hten DNA-Methylierung der ribosomalen DNA und einem erh{\"o}hten epigenetischen Alter assoziiert werden. Das vorzeitige Altern geht demzufolge mit spezifischen epigenetischen Ver{\"a}nderungen einher, die eine Beschleunigung der mit dem normalen Altern auftretenden DNA-Methylierungs-Ver{\"a}nderungen darstellen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte die Bedeutung epigenetischer Mechanismen im Prozess des Alterns hervorgehoben werden und gezeigt werden, dass sowohl exogene Faktoren, wie ionisierende Strahlung, als auch endogene Faktoren, wie das in Werner-Syndrom-Patienten mutiert vorliegende WRN-Gen, altersassoziierte DNA-Methylierungs-Ver{\"a}nderungen beeinflussen k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Methylierung},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KaltdorfTheissMarkertetal.2018,
  author    = {Kaltdorf, Kristin Verena and Theiss, Maria and Markert, Sebastian Matthias and Zhen, Mei and Dandekar, Thomas and Stigloher, Christian and Kollmannsberger, Philipp},
  title     = {Automated classification of synaptic vesicles in electron tomograms of C. elegans using machine learning},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {10},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0205348},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176831},
  pages     = {e0205348},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Synaptic vesicles (SVs) are a key component of neuronal signaling and fulfil different roles depending on their composition. In electron micrograms of neurites, two types of vesicles can be distinguished by morphological criteria, the classical "clear core" vesicles (CCV) and the typically larger "dense core" vesicles (DCV), with differences in electron density due to their diverse cargos. Compared to CCVs, the precise function of DCVs is less defined. DCVs are known to store neuropeptides, which function as neuronal messengers and modulators [1]. In C. elegans, they play a role in locomotion, dauer formation, egg-laying, and mechano- and chemosensation [2]. Another type of DCVs, also referred to as granulated vesicles, are known to transport Bassoon, Piccolo and further constituents of the presynaptic density in the center of the active zone (AZ), and therefore are important for synaptogenesis [3]. To better understand the role of different types of SVs, we present here a new automated approach to classify vesicles. We combine machine learning with an extension of our previously developed vesicle segmentation workflow, the ImageJ macro 3D ART VeSElecT. With that we reliably distinguish CCVs and DCVs in electron tomograms of C. elegans NMJs using image-based features. Analysis of the underlying ground truth data shows an increased fraction of DCVs as well as a higher mean distance between DCVs and AZs in dauer larvae compared to young adult hermaphrodites. Our machine learning based tools are adaptable and can be applied to study properties of different synaptic vesicle pools in electron tomograms of diverse model organisms.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BartmannJanakiRamanFloeteretal.2018,
  author    = {Bartmann, Catharina and Janaki Raman, Sudha R. and Fl{\"o}ter, Jessica and Schulze, Almut and Bahlke, Katrin and Willingstorfer, Jana and Strunz, Maria and W{\"o}ckel, Achim and Klement, Rainer J. and Kapp, Michaela and Djuzenova, Cholpon S. and Otto, Christoph and K{\"a}mmerer, Ulrike},
  title     = {Beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) can influence the energetic phenotype of breast cancer cells, but does not impact their proliferation and the response to chemotherapy or radiation},
  series = {Cancer \& Metabolism},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Cancer \& Metabolism},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40170-018-0180-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175607},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Ketogenic diets (KDs) or short-term fasting are popular trends amongst supportive approaches for cancer patients. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) is the main physiological ketone body, whose concentration can reach plasma levels of 2-6 mM during KDs or fasting. The impact of 3-OHB on the biology of tumor cells described so far is contradictory. Therefore, we investigated the effect of a physiological concentration of 3 mM 3-OHB on metabolism, proliferation, and viability of breast cancer (BC) cells in vitro. Methods: Seven different human BC cell lines (BT20, BT474, HBL100, MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, MDA-MB 468, and T47D) were cultured in medium with 5 mM glucose in the presence of 3 mM 3-OHB at mild hypoxia (5\% oxygen) or normoxia (21\% oxygen). Metabolic profiling was performed by quantification of the turnover of glucose, lactate, and 3-OHB and by Seahorse metabolic flux analysis. Expression of key enzymes of ketolysis as well as the main monocarboxylic acid transporter MCT2 and the glucose-transporter GLUT1 was analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The effect of 3-OHB on short- and long-term cell proliferation as well as chemo- and radiosensitivity were also analyzed. Results: 3-OHB significantly changed the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in BT20 cells resulting in a more oxidative energetic phenotype. MCF-7 and MDA-MB 468 cells had increased ECAR only in response to 3-OHB, while the other three cell types remained uninfluenced. All cells expressed MCT2 and GLUT1, thus being able to uptake the metabolites. The consumption of 3-OHB was not strongly linked to mRNA overexpression of key enzymes of ketolysis and did not correlate with lactate production and glucose consumption. Neither 3-OHB nor acetoacetate did interfere with proliferation. Further, 3-OHB incubation did not modify the response of the tested BC cell lines to chemotherapy or radiation. Conclusions: We found that a physiological level of 3-OHB can change the energetic profile of some BC cell lines. However, 3-OHB failed to influence different biologic processes in these cells, e.g., cell proliferation and the response to common breast cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, we have no evidence that 3-OHB generally influences the biology of breast cancer cells in vitro.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheer2018,
  author    = {Scheer, Ulrich},
  title     = {Boveri's research at the Zoological Station Naples: Rediscovery of his original microscope slides at the University of W{\"u}rzburg},
  series = {Marine Genomics},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {Marine Genomics},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.margen.2018.01.003},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228453},
  pages     = {1-8},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Eric Davidson once wrote about Theodor Boveri: "From his own researches, and perhaps most important, his generalized interpretations, derive the paradigms that underlie modern inquiries into the genomic basis of embryogenesis" (Davidson, 1985). As luck would have it, the "primary data" of Boveri's experimental work, namely the microscope slides prepared by him and his wife Marcella during several stays at the Zoological Station in Naples (1901/02, 1911/12 and 1914), have survived at the University of Wurzburg. More than 600 slides exist and despite their age they are in a surprisingly good condition. The slides are labelled and dated in Boveri's handwriting and thus can be assigned to his published experimental work on sea urchin development. The results allowed Boveri to unravel the role of the cell nucleus and its chromosomes in development and inheritance. Here, I present an overview of the slides in the context of Boveri's work along with photographic images of selected specimens taken from the original slides. It is planned to examine the slides in more detail, take high-resolution focal image series of significant specimens and make them online available.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrimmHufnagelWobseretal.2018,
  author    = {Grimm, Johannes and Hufnagel, Anita and Wobser, Marion and Borst, Andreas and Haferkamp, Sebastian and Houben, Roland and Meierjohann, Svenja},
  title     = {BRAF inhibition causes resilience of melanoma cell lines by inducing the secretion of FGF1},
  series = {Oncogenesis},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Oncogenesis},
  number    = {71},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41389-018-0082-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177261},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Approximately half of all melanoma patients harbour activating mutations in the serine/threonine kinase BRAF. This is the basis for one of the main treatment strategies for this tumor type, the targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. While the initial responsiveness to these drugs is high, resistance develops after several months, frequently at sites of the previously responding tumor. This indicates that tumor response is incomplete and that a certain tumor fraction survives even in drug-sensitive patients, e.g., in a therapy-induced senescence-like state. Here, we show in several melanoma cell lines that BRAF inhibition induces a secretome with stimulating effect on fibroblasts and naive melanoma cells. Several senescence-associated factors were found to be transcribed and secreted in response to BRAF or MEK inhibition, among them members of the fibroblast growth factor family. We identified the growth factor FGF1 as mediator of resilience towards BRAF inhibition, which limits the pro-apoptotic effects of the drug and activates fibroblasts to secrete HGF. FGF1 regulation was mediated by the PI3K pathway and by FRA1, a direct target gene of the MAPK pathway. When FGFR inhibitors were applied in parallel to BRAF inhibitors, resilience was broken, thus providing a rationale for combined therapeutical application.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Halboth2018,
  author    = {Halboth, Florian},
  title     = {Building behavior and nest climate control in leaf-cutting ants: How environmental cues affect the building responses of workers of \(Atta\) \(vollenweideri\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161701},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The present work investigates the influence of environmental stimuli on the building behavior of workers of the leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri. It focuses on cues related to the airflow-driven ventilation of their giant underground nests, i.e., air movements and their direction, carbon dioxide concentrations and humidity levels of the nest air. First, it is shown that workers are able to use airflow and its direction as learned orientation cue by performing learning experiments with individual foragers using a classical conditioning paradigm. This ability is expected to allow workers to also navigate inside the nest tunnels using the prevailing airflow directions for orientation, for example during tasks related to nest construction and climate control. Furthermore, the influence of carbon dioxide on the digging behavior of workers is investigated. While elevated CO2 levels hardly affect the digging rate of the ants, workers prefer to excavate at locations with lower concentrations and avoid higher CO2 levels when given a choice. Under natural conditions, shifting their digging activity to soil layers containing lower carbon dioxide levels might help colonies to excavate new or to broaden existing nest openings, if the CO2 concentration in the underground rises. It is also shown that workers preferably transport excavated soil along tunnels containing high CO2 concentrations, when carbon dioxide levels in the underground are elevated as well. In addition, workers prefer to carry soil pellets along outflow tunnels instead of inflow tunnels, at least for high humidity levels of the air. The material transported along tunnels providing outflow of CO2-rich air might be used by workers for the construction of ventilation turrets on top of the nest mound, which is expected to promote the wind-induced ventilation and the removal of carbon dioxide from the underground. The climatic conditions inside the nest tunnels also influence the structural features of the turrets constructed by workers on top the nest. While airflow and humidity have no effect on turret structure, outflow of CO2-rich air from the nest causes workers to construct turrets with additional openings and increased aperture, potentially enhancing the airflow-driven gas exchanges within the nest. Finally, the effect of airflow and ventilation turrets on the gas exchanges in Atta vollenweideri nests is tested experimentally on a physical model of a small nest consisting of a single chamber and two nest tunnels. The carbon dioxide clearance rate from the underground was measured depending on both the presence of airflow in the nest and the structural features of the built turrets. Carbon dioxide is removed faster from the physical nest model when air moves through the nest, confirming the contribution of wind-induced flow inside the nest tunnels to the ventilation of Atta vollenweideri nests. In addition, turrets placed on top of one of the tunnel openings of the nest further enhance the CO2 clearance rate and the effect is positively correlated with turret aperture. Taken together, climatic variables like airflow, carbon dioxide and humidity levels strongly affect the building responses of Atta vollenweideri leaf-cutting ants. Workers use these environmental stimuli as orientation cue in the nest during tasks related to excavation, soil transport and turret construction. Although the effects of these building responses on the microclimatic conditions inside the nest remain elusive so far, the described behaviors are expected to allow ant colonies to restore and maintain a proper nest climate in the underground.},
  subject      = {Verhalten},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bargul2018,
  author    = {Bargul, Joel Ltilitan},
  title     = {Characterization of motility and erythrocyte adherence as virulence factors in African trypanosomes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115053},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Pathogens causing African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), the major livestock disease in sub-Saharan Africa, belong to the salivarian group of the African trypanosomes, which are transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly (Glossina spec.). T. vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei brucei are major pathogens of cattle in particular, causing nagana, with dramatic socio-economic consequences for the affected regions. The parasites additionally have a huge reservoir of other livestock and wild animal hosts. T. brucei, the species which also includes the subspecies pathogenic to humans causing sleeping sickness, has been extensively studied as the cultivatable model trypanosome. But less is known about the other salivarian species, which are not routinely held in culture, if at all possible. A hallmark of trypanosomal lifestyle is the protozoan flagellates incessant motility, which enables them to populate an enormous range of habitats in very diverse hosts. We were now able to characterize, for the first time with high spatiotemporal resolution microscopy, the swimming behaviour and mechanism of the most relevant salivarian species isolated directly from blood. We show the influence of viscosity on the motility of bloodstream form (BSF) cells and simulate their movement between erythrocytes, giving a clear picture of how all analyzed species move under varying environmental conditions. We show that although the basic mechanism of flagellar motility applies to all analyzed species, there are clear morphological differences that produce different reactions to the physical environment. We could define specific conditions for highly increased swimming persistence and speed for compared to the behaviour in standard culture. These results have important implications for the parasites survival strategies in the host, e.g. regarding the capacity for antibody clearance. Although we show all species to effectively remove antibodies from the cell surface, T. congolense differed markedly in its motility behaviour, which gives rise to interesting questions about this species behaviour in the bloodstream. Most of the T. congolense parasites (and to a lesser extent T. vivax) adhere to sheep erythrocytes. Further in vitro studies showed that T. congolense and T. vivax adhered to rabbit, goat, pig and cattle erythrocytes- but binding behaviour was absent in murine blood. Notably, both T. brucei and T. evansi lacked adherence to all studied host erythrocytes. Generally, attachment to blood cells caused reduction of swimming velocities. Judging from its cell architecture, as well as the motility studies in higher media viscosity and in micropillar arrays, T. congolense is not adapted to swim at high speeds in the mammalian bloodstream. Low swimming speeds could allow these purely intravascular parasites to remain bound to the host erythrocytes.},
  subject      = {Motili{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReilingKrohneFriedrichetal.2018,
  author    = {Reiling, Sarah J. and Krohne, Georg and Friedrich, Oliver and Geary, Timothy G. and Rohrbach, Petra},
  title     = {Chloroquine exposure triggers distinct cellular responses in sensitive versus resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {11137},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-29422-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225123},
  pages     = {1-11},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Chloroquine (CQ) treatment failure in Plasmodium falciparum parasites has been documented for decades, but the pharmacological explanation of this phenotype is not fully understood. Current concepts attribute CQ resistance to reduced accumulation of the drug at a given external CQ concentration ([CQ] ex) in resistant compared to sensitive parasites. The implication of this explanation is that the mechanisms of CQ-induced toxicity in resistant and sensitive strains are similar once lethal internal concentrations have been reached. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the mechanism of CQ-induced toxicity in CQ-sensitive (CQS) versus CQ-resistant (CQR) parasites by analyzing the time-course of cellular responses in these strains after exposure to varying [CQ] ex as determined in 72 h toxicity assays. Parasite killing was delayed in CQR parasites for up to 10 h compared to CQS parasites when exposed to equipotent [CQ] ex. In striking contrast, brief exposure (1 h) to lethal [CQ] ex in CQS but not CQR parasites caused the appearance of hitherto undescribed hemozoin (Hz)-containing compartments in the parasite cytosol. Hz-containing compartments were very rarely observed in CQR parasites even after CQ exposures sufficient to cause irreversible cell death. These findings challenge current concepts that CQ killing of malaria parasites is solely concentration-dependent, and instead suggest that CQS and CQR strains fundamentally differ in the consequences of CQ exposure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RasaNoraKrukleHenningetal.2018,
  author    = {Rasa, Santa and Nora-Krukle, Zaiga and Henning, Nina and Eliassen, Eva and Shikova, Evelina and Harrer, Thomas and Scheibenbogen, Carmen and Murovska, Modra and Prusty, Bhupesh K.},
  title     = {Chronic viral infections in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)},
  series = {Journal of Translational Medicine},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Journal of Translational Medicine},
  number    = {268},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12967-018-1644-y},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224960},
  pages     = {1-25},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background and main text: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and controversial clinical condition without having established causative factors. Increasing numbers of cases during past decade have created awareness among patients as well as healthcare professionals. Chronic viral infection as a cause of ME/CFS has long been debated. However, lack of large studies involving well-designed patient groups and validated experimental set ups have hindered our knowledge about this disease. Moreover, recent developments regarding molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of various infectious agents cast doubts over validity of several of the past studies. Conclusions: This review aims to compile all the studies done so far to investigate various viral agents that could be associated with ME/CFS. Furthermore, we suggest strategies to better design future studies on the role of viral infections in ME/CFS.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZoltnerKrienitzFieldetal.2018,
  author    = {Zoltner, Martin and Krienitz, Nina and Field, Mark C. and Kramer, Susanne},
  title     = {Comparative proteomics of the two T. brucei PABPs suggests that PABP2 controls bulk mRNA},
  series = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases},
  number    = {7},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0006679},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177126},
  pages     = {e0006679},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs) regulate mRNA fate by controlling stability and translation through interactions with both the poly(A) tail and eIF4F complex. Many organisms have several paralogs of PABPs and eIF4F complex components and it is likely that different eIF4F/PABP complex combinations regulate distinct sets of mRNAs. Trypanosomes have five eIF4G paralogs, six of eIF4E and two PABPs, PABP1 and PABP2. Under starvation, polysomes dissociate and the majority of mRNAs, most translation initiation factors and PABP2 reversibly localise to starvation stress granules. To understand this more broadly we identified a protein interaction cohort for both T. brucei PABPs by cryo-mill/affinity purification-mass spectrometry. PABP1 very specifically interacts with the previously identified interactors eIF4E4 and eIF4G3 and few others. In contrast PABP2 is promiscuous, with a larger set of interactors including most translation initiation factors and most prominently eIF4G1, with its two partners TbG1-IP and TbG1-IP2. Only RBP23 was specific to PABP1, whilst 14 RNA-binding proteins were exclusively immunoprecipitated with PABP2. Significantly, PABP1 and associated proteins are largely excluded from starvation stress granules, but PABP2 and most interactors translocate to granules on starvation. We suggest that PABP1 regulates a small subpopulation of mainly small-sized mRNAs, as it interacts with a small and distinct set of proteins unable to enter the dominant pathway into starvation stress granules and localises preferentially to a subfraction of small polysomes. By contrast PABP2 likely regulates bulk mRNA translation, as it interacts with a wide range of proteins, enters stress granules and distributes over the full range of polysomes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchlichtingRiegerCusumanoetal.2018,
  author    = {Schlichting, Matthias and Rieger, Dirk and Cusumano, Paola and Grebler, Rudi and Costa, Rodolfo and Mazzotta, Gabriella M. and Helfrich-F{\"o}rster, Charlotte},
  title     = {Cryptochrome interacts with actin and enhances eye-mediated light sensitivity of the circadian clock in Drosophila melanogaster},
  series = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  number    = {238},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnmol.2018.00238},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177086},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Cryptochromes (CRYs) are a class of flavoproteins that sense blue light. In animals, CRYs are expressed in the eyes and in the clock neurons that control sleep/wake cycles and are implied in the generation and/or entrainment of circadian rhythmicity. Moreover, CRYs are sensing magnetic fields in insects as well as in humans. Here, we show that in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster CRY plays a light-independent role as "assembling" protein in the rhabdomeres of the compound eyes. CRY interacts with actin and appears to increase light sensitivity of the eyes by keeping the "signalplex" of the phototransduction cascade close to the membrane. By this way, CRY also enhances light-responses of the circadian clock.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChristopherDUgelvigWiesenhoferetal.2018,
  author    = {Christopher D., Pull and Ugelvig, Line V. and Wiesenhofer, Florian and Anna V., Grasse and Tragust, Simon and Schmitt, Thomas and Brown, Mark JF and Cremer, Sylvia},
  title     = {Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies},
  series = {eLIFE},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {eLIFE},
  doi       = {10.7554/eLife.32073},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223728},
  pages     = {e 32073, 1-29},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In social groups, infections have the potential to spread rapidly and cause disease outbreaks. Here, we show that in a social insect, the ant Lasius neglectus, the negative consequences of fungal infections (Metarhizium brunneum) can be mitigated by employing an efficient multicomponent behaviour, termed destructive disinfection, which prevents further spread of the disease through the colony. Ants specifically target infected pupae during the pathogens non-contagious incubation period, utilising chemical 'sickness cues' emitted by pupae. They then remove the pupal cocoon, perforate its cuticle and administer antimicrobial poison, which enters the body and prevents pathogen replication from the inside out. Like the immune system of a metazoan body that specifically targets and eliminates infected cells, ants destroy infected brood to stop the pathogen completing its lifecycle, thus protecting the rest of the colony. Hence, in an analogous fashion, the same principles of disease defence apply at different levels of biological organisation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchenkKraussHolzschuh2018,
  author    = {Schenk, Mariela and Krauss, Jochen and Holzschuh, Andrea},
  title     = {Desynchronizations in bee-plant interactions cause severe fitness losses in solitary bees},
  series = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  volume    = {87},
  journal   = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1111/1365-2656.12694},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228533},
  pages     = {139-149},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {1. Global warming can disrupt mutualistic interactions between solitary bees and plants when increasing temperature differentially changes the timing of interacting partners. One possible scenario is for insect phenology to advance more rapidly than plant phenology. 2. However, empirical evidence for fitness consequences due to temporal mismatches is lacking for pollinators and it remains unknown if bees have developed strategies to mitigate fitness losses following temporal mismatches. 3. We tested the effect of temporal mismatches on the fitness of three spring-emerging solitary bee species, including one pollen specialist. Using flight cages, we simulated (i) a perfect synchronization (from a bee perspective): bees and flowers occur simultaneously, (ii) a mismatch of 3days and (iii) a mismatch of 6days, with bees occurring earlier than flowers in the latter two cases. 4. A mismatch of 6days caused severe fitness losses in all three bee species, as few bees survived without flowers. Females showed strongly reduced activity and reproductive output compared to synchronized bees. Fitness consequences of a 3-day mismatch were species-specific. Both the early-spring species Osmia cornuta and the mid-spring species Osmia bicornis produced the same number of brood cells after a mismatch of 3days as under perfect synchronization. However, O.cornuta decreased the number of female offspring, whereas O.bicornis spread the brood cells over fewer nests, which may increase offspring mortality, e.g. due to parasitoids. The late-spring specialist Osmia brevicornis produced fewer brood cells even after a mismatch of 3days. Additionally, our results suggest that fitness losses after temporal mismatches are higher during warm than cold springs, as the naturally occurring temperature variability revealed that warm temperatures during starvation decreased the survival rate of O.bicornis. 5. We conclude that short temporal mismatches can cause clear fitness losses in solitary bees. Although our results suggest that bees have evolved species-specific strategies to mitigate fitness losses after temporal mismatches, the bees were not able to completely compensate for impacts on their fitness after temporal mismatches with their food resources.},
  subject      = {pollination},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Herweg2018,
  author    = {Herweg, Jo-Ana},
  title     = {Die Simkania-Vakuole: Die Rolle von ER, retro-/anterograden Protein- und Lipidtransport},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136844},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Simkania negevensis (Sn) is a Chlamydia-like obligate intracellular bacterium which replicates within a membrane bound vacuole, termed SCV (Simkania-containing vacuole). The SCV is a unique compartment closely associated with ER-membranes, consequently ER-stress is blocked by the bacteria. SCV morphology is similar among epithelial cells (HeLa229, A549, HEp-2) and macrophages (THP1). The SCV represents the first intracellular interface between the host and pathogen which serves as a replication niche. Identifying human and bacterial factors associated with ER-SCV-membranes should contribute towards the understanding of SCV composition and formation as well as interactions with ER or transports. Comparative studies of the SCV should indicate similarities to the chlamydial inclusion since some host cell factors are already known for Chlamydia. In this thesis, a purification protocol has been established that is applicable to HeLa229 and THP1 ER-SCV-membranes and has been further utilized for proteome and lipidome analyses. 302 bacterial and 1178 human proteins composing ER-SCV-membranes and 885 bacterial proteins composing purified Sn have been identified by using label-free mass spectrometry measurements. Among the human factors of non or Sn infected ER-(SCV-) membranes we found 51 enriched or depleted proteins in addition to 57 transport associated ones that indicated infection induced differences among intracellular protein transport. Contrary regulation of retrograde and anterograde transported proteins could be confirmed by using RNA interference and inhibitor tests, whereby Clathrin-associated and COPI vesicles seem to play a central role. Application of Retro-inhibitors, which interfered with retrograde transport processes between endosome to Golgi or early to late endosomes, as well as Bafilomycin A1 (retrograde, late endosomes and lysosomes) and Brefeldin A (anterograde, ER and Golgi) exerted a strong influence on SCV formation, morphology and intracellular lipid transport. By using label-free mass spectrometry measurements and thin layer chromatography we could determine differences in lipid levels within Sn infected cells, ER-SCV-membranes and purified Sn in comparison to uninfected cells. In addition to lipid enrichment or depletion in whole-cell extracts and ER-SCV-membranes, we identified two infection-specific lipids, cholesterol-ß-Dglucoside and PE 30:0. Further, high-throughput RNA interference tests indicated a dependence of Sn infections on endosome to Golgi and Clathrin-associated vesicle transports. Taken together, we were able to identify initial potential SCV-associated proteins and lipids that were connected to bacterial infection. Furthermore, SCV formation and Sn infectiousness depends on retrograde transport processes and therefore also on acquisition of nutrients, such as lipids.},
  subject      = {Simkania},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BuellesbachVetterSchmitt2018,
  author    = {Buellesbach, Jan and Vetter, Sebastian G. and Schmitt, Thomas},
  title     = {Differences in the reliance on cuticular hydrocarbons as sexual signaling and species discrimination cues in parasitoid wasps},
  series = {Frontiers in Zoology},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Zoology},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12983-018-0263-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221702},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) have been documented to play crucial roles as species- and sex-specific cues in the chemical communication systems of a wide variety of insects. However, whether they are sufficient by themselves as the sole cue triggering sexual behavior as well as preference of con- over heterospecific mating partners is rarely assessed. We conducted behavioral assays in three representative species of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to determine their reliance on CHC as species-specific sexual signaling cues. Results We found a surprising degree of either unspecific or insufficient sexual signaling when CHC are singled out as recognition cues. Most strikingly, the cosmopolitan species Nasonia vitripennis, expected to experience enhanced selection pressure to discriminate against other co-occurring parasitoids, did not discriminate against CHC of a partially sympatric species from another genus, Trichomalopsis sarcophagae. Focusing on the latter species, in turn, it became apparent that CHC are even insufficient as the sole cue triggering conspecific sexual behavior, hinting at the requirement of additional, synergistic sexual cues particularly important in this species. Finally, in the phylogenetically and chemically most divergent species Muscidifurax uniraptor, we intriguingly found both CHC-based sexual signaling as well as species discrimination behavior intact although this species is naturally parthenogenetic with sexual reproduction only occurring under laboratory conditions. Conclusions Our findings implicate a discrepancy in the reliance on and specificity of CHC as sexual cues in our tested parasitioid wasps. CHC profiles were not sufficient for unambiguous discrimination and preference behavior, as demonstrated by clear cross-attraction between some of our tested wasp genera. Moreover, we could show that only in T. sarcophagae, additional behavioral cues need to be present for triggering natural mating behavior, hinting at an interesting shift in signaling hierarchy in this particular species. This demonstrates the importance of integrating multiple, potentially complementary signaling modalities in future studies for a better understanding of their individual contributions to natural sexual communication behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Boeck2018,
  author    = {B{\"o}ck, Julia},
  title     = {Differenzielle Methylierungsanalysen mittels verschiedener Next-Generation Sequencing-basierter Techniken: Die Bedeutung von differenziell methylierten Regionen in der menschlichen Hirnevolution und bei der Krebsentstehung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164220},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Die Evolution der Primaten zeigt eine Verbindung zwischen der zunehmenden Komplexit{\"a}t des sozialen Verhaltens und der Vergr{\"o}ßerung des humanen Gehirns, insbesondere des pr{\"a}frontalen Cortex. Deshalb stellt der pr{\"a}frontale Cortex bez{\"u}glich der Evolution des Menschen eine der interessantesten Strukturen im humanen Gehirn dar. Es wird angenommen, dass nicht allein die Gr{\"o}ße, sondern auch die Funktion, vor allem das Zusammenspiel von Neuronen und nicht-neuronalen Zellen, wie z.B. Gliazellen, zur Differenzierung des menschlichen Gehirns von dem rezenter Primaten gef{\"u}hrt hat. Daraus l{\"a}sst sich schließen, dass die Gehirnfunktionen {\"u}ber eine ausgeglichene und gut aufeinander abgestimmte transkriptionelle Landschaft kontrolliert werden, die durch ein zugrundeliegendes genetisches und epigentisches R{\"u}ckgrat organisiert ist. In dieser Studie wurden das Methylierungsprofil neuronaler und nicht-neuronaler Zellen des pr{\"a}frontalen Cortex (Brodmann-Areal 10) von drei Menschen und drei Schimpansen miteinander verglichen. Die intra- und interspezifischen differenziell methylierten Regionen (DMRs) waren in bestimmten genomischen Regionen angereichert. Intraspezifische Methylierungsunterschiede zwischen neuronalen und nicht-neuronalen Zellen konnten dreimal h{\"a}ufiger beobachtet werden als interspezifische Unterschiede in den einzelnen Zelltypen. Rund 90\% der humanen intraspezifischen DMRs wiesen eine Hypomethylierung in den neuronalen Zellen im Vergleich zu den nicht-neuronalen Zellen auf. In den intraspezifischen DMRs (Mensch und Schimpanse) waren Gene angereichert, die mit verschiedenen neuropsychiatrischen Erkrankungen assoziiert sind. Der Vergleich zwischen Menschen und Schimpanse in den neuronalen und nicht-neuronalen Zelltypen zeigte eine Anreicherung von Genen mit human-spezifischer Histonsignatur. In den nicht-neuronalen Zellen konnten mehr interspezifische DMRs (n=666) detektiert werden als in den neuronalen Zellen (n=96). Ungef{\"a}hr 95\% der nicht-neuronalen interspezifischen DMRs waren im Menschen, im Vergleich zum Schimpansen, hypermethyliert. Daraus ergibt sich der Eindruck, dass mehrere hundert der nicht-neuronalen Gene w{\"a}hrend der humanen Gehirnevolution einer Methylierungswelle unterlagen. Dies f{\"u}hrt zu der Annahme, dass der Einfluss dieser Ver{\"a}nderungen in den nicht-neuronalen Zellen auf die Verg{\"o}ßerung des menschlichen Gehirns bisher stark untersch{\"a}tzt wurde. Die bekannteste genetische Ursache f{\"u}r erblichen Brust- und Eierstockkrebs sind Mutationen in den Tumorsuppressorgenen (TSG) BRCA1 und BRCA2. Dennoch k{\"o}nnen nur rund 20-25\% der famili{\"a}ren Brustkrebserkrankungen {\"u}ber Keimbahnmutationen in BRCA1/BRCA2 erkl{\"a}rt werden, besonders bei Frauen, deren Erkrankung vor dem vierzigsten Lebensjahr auftritt. Epigenetische Ver{\"a}nderungen, die zu einer aberranten Genexpression f{\"u}hren, spielen ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle bei der Karzinogenese und der Entwicklung einer Brustkrebserkrankung. Es ist bekannt, dass TSG nicht nur durch den Verlust der Heterozygotie (engl. loss of heterozygosity, LOH) oder homozygote Deletionen, sondern auch durch transkriptionelle Stilllegung via DNA-Methylierung inaktiviert werden k{\"o}nnen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, welchen Einfluss aberrante Methylierungsmuster im Promotorbereich von TSG auf die Brustkrebskarzinogenese und die Expression der Gene haben. F{\"u}r die Quantifizierung der Epimutationen wurden die Promotorbereiche von acht TSG (BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51C, ATM, PTEN, TP53, MLH1, RB1) und des estrogene receptor (ESR1) Gens, welches eine Rolle in der Tumorprogression spielt, mittels Deep Bisulfite Amplicon Sequencing (DBAS) analysiert. Es wurden Blutproben von zwei unabh{\"a}ngigen BRCA1/BRCA2-mutationsnegativen Brustkrebs (BC)-Patientenkohorten, sowie von zwei unabh{\"a}ngigen alters-gematchten, gesunden Kontrollkohorten untersucht. BC-Kohorte 1 beinhaltet early-onset (EO) BC-Patientinnen. Kohorte 2 enth{\"a}lt BC-Patientinnen mit einem Risiko von >95\% eine heterozygote Mutation in BRCA1/BRCA2 (high-risk, HR) zu tragen. Allele mit >50\% methylierten CpGs werden als funktionell relevante Epimutationen erachtet, da bekannt ist, dass TSG {\"u}ber eine Methylierung im Promotorbereich transkriptionell stillgelegt werden. Im Vergleich zu ESR1 ({\O} Methylierung, 3\%), welches die Methylierungslevel eines durchschnittlichen Promotors wiederspiegelt, zeigten die TSG sehr geringe durchschnittliche Methylierungswerte von weniger als 1\%. Zudem waren die durchschnittlichen Epimutationsraten (EMR; <0,0001-0,1\%) der TSG sehr gering. Mit der Ausnahme von BRCA1, welches eine erh{\"o}hte EMR in der BC-Kohorte verglichen zu den Kontrollen (0,31\% gegen 0,06\%) zeigte, gab es keine signifikanten Gruppenunterschiede zwischen BC-Patientinnen und Kontrollen. Eine von 36 HR BC-Patientinnen zeigte im Vergleich zu den restlichen Proben eine stark erh{\"o}hte EMR von 14,7\% in BRCA1. Rund ein Drittel (15/44) der EO BC-Patientinnen wiesen eine erh{\"o}hte Rate an Einzel-CpG Fehlern in mehreren TSG auf. Die nachfolgenden Expressionsanalysen ergaben eine erniedrigte Expression vieler TSG je analysierter Patientin. Diese Ergebnisse f{\"u}hren zu der Annahme, dass epigenetische Ver{\"a}nderungen in normalen K{\"o}rperzellen als ein m{\"o}glicher Indikator f{\"u}r einen gest{\"o}rten Mechanismus, der f{\"u}r die Aufrechterhaltung des unmethylierten Status und der daraus resultierenden normalen Genexpression zust{\"a}ndig ist, angesehen werden k{\"o}nnen. Dies kann mit einem erh{\"o}hten BC-Risiko assoziiert werden.},
  subject      = {Epigenetik},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{RuedenauerWoehrleSpaetheetal.2018,
  author    = {Ruedenauer, Fabian A. and W{\"o}hrle, Christine and Spaethe, Johannes and Leonhardt, Sara D.},
  title     = {Do honeybees (Apis mellifera) differentiate between different pollen types?},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0205821},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177537},
  pages     = {e0205821},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Bees receive nectar and pollen as reward for pollinating plants. Pollen of different plant species varies widely in nutritional composition. In order to select pollen of appropriate nutritional quality, bees would benefit if they could distinguish different pollen types. Whether they rely on visual, olfactory and/or chemotactile cues to distinguish between different pollen types, has however been little studied. In this study, we examined whether and how Apis mellifera workers differentiate between almond and apple pollen. We used differential proboscis extension response conditioning with olfactory and chemotactile stimulation, in light and darkness, and in summer and winter bees. We found that honeybees were only able to differentiate between different pollen types, when they could use both chemotactile and olfactory cues. Visual cues further improved learning performance. Summer bees learned faster than winter bees. Our results thus highlight the importance of multisensory information for pollen discrimination.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YankuBitmanLotanZoharetal.2018,
  author    = {Yanku, Yifat and Bitman-Lotan, Eliya and Zohar, Yaniv and Kurant, Estee and Zilke, Norman and Eilers, Martin and Orian, Amir},
  title     = {Drosophila HUWE1 ubiquitin ligase regulates endoreplication and antagonizes JNK signaling during salivary gland development},
  series = {Cells},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Cells},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2073-4409},
  doi       = {10.3390/cells7100151},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197630},
  pages     = {151},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The HECT-type ubiquitin ligase HECT, UBA and WWE Domain Containing 1, (HUWE1) regulates key cancer-related pathways, including the Myc oncogene. It affects cell proliferation, stress and immune signaling, mitochondria homeostasis, and cell death. HUWE1 is evolutionarily conserved from Caenorhabditis elegance to Drosophila melanogaster and Humans. Here, we report that the Drosophila ortholog, dHUWE1 (CG8184), is an essential gene whose loss results in embryonic lethality and whose tissue-specific disruption establishes its regulatory role in larval salivary gland development. dHUWE1 is essential for endoreplication of salivary gland cells and its knockdown results in the inability of these cells to replicate DNA. Remarkably, dHUWE1 is a survival factor that prevents premature activation of JNK signaling, thus preventing the disintegration of the salivary gland, which occurs physiologically during pupal stages. This function of dHUWE1 is general, as its inhibitory effect is observed also during eye development and at the organismal level. Epistatic studies revealed that the loss of dHUWE1 is compensated by dMyc proeitn expression or the loss of dmP53. dHUWE1 is therefore a conserved survival factor that regulates organ formation during Drosophila development.},
  language  = {en}
}