@article{AmichKrappmann2012,
  author    = {Amich, Jorge and Krappmann, Sven},
  title     = {Deciphering metabolic traits of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus: redundancy vs. essentiality},
  series = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
  doi       = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00414},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123669},
  pages     = {414},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Incidence rates of infections caused by environmental opportunistic fungi have risen over recent decades. Aspergillus species have emerged as serious threat for the immunecompromised, and detailed knowledge about virulence-determining traits is crucial for drug target identification. As a prime saprobe, A. fumigatus has evolved to efficiently adapt to various stresses and to sustain nutritional supply by osmotrophy, which is characterized by extracellular substrate digestion followed by efficient uptake of breakdown products that are then fed into the fungal primary metabolism. These intrinsic metabolic features are believed to be related with its virulence ability. The plethora of genes that encode underlying effectors has hampered their in-depth analysis with respect to pathogenesis. Recent developments in Aspergillus molecular biology allow conditional gene expression or comprehensive targeting of gene families to cope with redundancy. Furthermore, identification of essential genes that are intrinsically connected to virulence opens accurate perspectives for novel targets in antifungal therapy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BochSpiessHeinzetal.2019,
  author    = {Boch, Tobias and Spiess, Birgit and Heinz, Werner and Cornely, Oliver A. and Schwerdtfeger, Rainer and Hahn, Joachim and Krause, Stefan W. and Duerken, Matthias and Bertz, Hartmut and Reuter, Stefan and Kiehl, Michael and Claus, Bernd and Deckert, Peter Markus and Hofmann, Wolf-Karsten and Buchheidt, Dieter and Reinwald, Mark},
  title     = {Aspergillus specific nested PCR from the site of infection is superior to testing concurrent blood samples in immunocompromised patients with suspected invasive aspergillosis},
  series = {Mycoses},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Mycoses},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1111/myc.12983},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214065},
  pages     = {1035 -- 1042},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe complication in immunocompromised patients. Early diagnosis is crucial to decrease its high mortality, yet the diagnostic gold standard (histopathology and culture) is time-consuming and cannot offer early confirmation of IA. Detection of IA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) shows promising potential. Various studies have analysed its diagnostic performance in different clinical settings, especially addressing optimal specimen selection. However, direct comparison of different types of specimens in individual patients though essential, is rarely reported. We systematically assessed the diagnostic performance of an Aspergillus-specific nested PCR by investigating specimens from the site of infection and comparing it with concurrent blood samples in individual patients (pts) with IA. In a retrospective multicenter analysis PCR was performed on clinical specimens (n = 138) of immunocompromised high-risk pts (n = 133) from the site of infection together with concurrent blood samples. 38 pts were classified as proven/probable, 67 as possible and 28 as no IA according to 2008 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group consensus definitions. A considerably superior performance of PCR from the site of infection was observed particularly in pts during antifungal prophylaxis (AFP)/antifungal therapy (AFT). Besides a specificity of 85\%, sensitivity varied markedly in BAL (64\%), CSF (100\%), tissue samples (67\%) as opposed to concurrent blood samples (8\%). Our results further emphasise the need for investigating clinical samples from the site of infection in case of suspected IA to further establish or rule out the diagnosis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Butters2007,
  author    = {Butters, Marlene},
  title     = {Etablierung und Evaluierung von quantitativen RT-PCR- und ELISA-Verfahren zur Bestimmung muriner Zytokinspiegel bei der Immunantwort gegen{\"u}ber Aspergillus fumigatus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38890},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {In unserer Studie sollte die Genauigkeit der PCR zur Bestimmung von Zytokinspiegeln ermittelt werden. Mittels Blutproben von mit A. Fumigatus infizierten M{\"a}usen, sollte eine Aussage bez{\"u}glich der Immunantwort getroffen werden. Wir griffen TNF\&\#945;, IL-12p40 und IL-10 heraus, um einsch{\"a}tzen zu k{\"o}nnen, ob die Immunantwort eher humoral oder zellvermittelt abl{\"a}uft. Zur m{\"o}glichen Bestimmung der Sensitivit{\"a}t und Genauigkeit, wurden die crossing points der Standardverd{\"u}nnungsreihen jeweils einmal in einem Lauf dreifach, ausserdem jeweils in drei unabh{\"a}ngigen L{\"a}ufen von einander einfach eingesetzt, und miteinander verglichen. Unsere Ergebnisse decken sich mit den Ergebnissen aktueller Literatur und Etablierungen anderer Zytokine. Die Etablierung des ELISAs sollte dem Vergleich zwischen mRNA-Ebene und Proteinebene dienen. Zur richtigen Einordnung unserer Arbeiten mit dem Immunoassay m{\"u}ssen die Limitierungen der Ergebnisse beachtet werden. Die Versuche zur Quantifizierung der mRNA murinen TNF\&\#945;s aus den Versuchsserien misslang. Auch die erzielten Ergebnisse mit Protein-basierten Nachweisverfahren konnten letztendlich nicht suffizient beurteilt werden. Die großen Schwankungen in der Konzentration und die Widerspr{\"u}chlichkeit im Vergleich der Ergebnisse aktueller Literatur, machen eine Verf{\"a}lschung durch Kontamination mit Proteinen aus lysierten Zellen sehr wahrscheinlich. Die erzielten Ergebnisse der RT-PCR anhand der Inter- und Intra-Assay- Vergleiche jedoch k{\"o}nnen nachfolgenden Projekten dazu dienen, haupts{\"a}chlich das Instrument LightCycler in seiner Sensitivit{\"a}t und Genauigkeit einsch{\"a}tzen zu k{\"o}nnen, und so die ermittelten Daten besser verarbeiten zu k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Aspergillus fumigatus},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MarischenEnglertSchmittetal.2018,
  author    = {Marischen, Lothar and Englert, Anne and Schmitt, Anna-Lena and Einsele, Hermann and Loeffler, Juergen},
  title     = {Human NK cells adapt their immune response towards increasing multiplicities of infection of Aspergillus fumigatus},
  series = {BMC Immunology},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {BMC Immunology},
  number    = {39},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12865-018-0276-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176331},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: The saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus reproduces by generation of conidia, which are spread by airflow throughout nature. Since humans are inhaling certain amounts of spores every day, the (innate) immune system is constantly challenged. Even though macrophages and neutrophils carry the main burden, also NK cells are regarded to contribute to the antifungal immune response. While NK cells reveal a low frequency, expression and release of immunomodulatory molecules seem to be a natural way of their involvement. Results: In this study we show, that NK cells secrete chemokines such as CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β and CCL5/RANTES early on after stimulation with Aspergillus fumigatus and, in addition, adjust the concentration of chemokines released to the multiplicity of infection of Aspergillus fumigatus. Conclusions: These results further corroborate the relevance of NK cells within the antifungal immune response, which is regarded to be more and more important in the development and outcome of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Additionally, the correlation between the multiplicity of infection and the expression and release of chemokines shown here may be useful in further studies for the quantification and/or surveillance of the NK cell involvement in antifungal immune responses.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MoussetBuchheidtHeinzetal.2014,
  author    = {Mousset, Sabine and Buchheidt, Dieter and Heinz, Werner and Ruhnke, Markus and Cornely, Oliver A. and Egerer, Gerlinde and Kr{\"u}ger, William and Link, Hartmut and Neumann, Silke and Ostermann, Helmut and Panse, Jens and Penack, Olaf and Rieger, Christina and Schmidt-Hieber, Martin and Silling, Gerda and S{\"u}dhoff, Thomas and Ullmann, Andrew J. and Wolf, Hans-Heinrich and Maschmeyer, Georg and B{\"o}hme, Angelika},
  title     = {Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients—updated recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO)},
  series = {Annals of Hematology},
  volume    = {96},
  journal   = {Annals of Hematology},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00277-013-1867-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121340},
  pages     = {13-32},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Invasive fungal infections are a main cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy regimens. Early antifungal treatment is mandatory to improve survival. Today, a number of effective and better-tolerated but more expensive antifungal agents compared to the former gold standard amphotericin B deoxycholate are available. Clinical decision-making must consider results from numerous studies and published guidelines, as well as licensing status and cost pressure. New developments in antifungal prophylaxis improving survival rates result in a continuous need for actualization. The treatment options for invasive Candida infections include fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B and its lipid formulations, as well as echinocandins. Voriconazole, amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid formulations, caspofungin, itraconazole, and posaconazole are available for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Additional procedures, such as surgical interventions, immunoregulatory therapy, and granulocyte transfusions, have to be considered. The Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology here presents its 2008 recommendations discussing the dos and do-nots, as well as the problems and possible solutions, of evidence criteria selection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Scheuermann2009,
  author    = {Scheuermann, Sabine Verena},
  title     = {Prospektive Untersuchung zur Evaluation von Risikofaktoren und Inzidenzen invasiver Pilzinfektionen, sowie der konsekutiven antimykotischen Therapie bei Hochrisikopatienten mit akuter Leuk{\"a}mie und Langzeitaplasie nach Chemotherapie unter besonderer Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Polymerasekettenreaktion zur Verbesserung der diagnostischen Optionen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36601},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {In der H{\"a}matoonkologie nimmt die Inzidenz von Pilzinfektionen in den letzten 2 Jahrzehnten deutlich zu, wobei eine fr{\"u}hzeitige Diagnostik und ad{\"a}quate Therapie hinsichtlich einer hohen Komplikationsrate wichtig ist. Umso deutlicher wird die Notwendigkeit einer Intensivierung und Verbesserung der Diagnostik, beispielsweise durch PCR. Es soll die Wertigkeit der routinem{\"a}ssigen PCR-Untersuchung als fr{\"u}hen Indikator einer Erkrankung in einer nicht durch Studiendiagnostik verf{\"a}lschten klinischen Routine untersucht werden. Ein weiterer zentraler Punkt dieser Studie ist, ein Risikoprofil f{\"u}r neutropenische Patienten mit Chemotherapie bei Akuter Leuk{\"a}mie zu erstellen. Grundlegende Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen individuellen wie auch generellen Risikofaktoren und Diagnosestellung einer IPI sollen durch die Untersuchung von 62 Patienten gekl{\"a}rt werden. Die PCR-Untersuchung ist ein schnelles und sensitives Verfahren zum Nachweis von Pilz-DNS. Es werden f{\"u}r die Sensitivit{\"a}t einer PCR, hinsichtlich der Diagnosestellung einer IPI im Zeitraum der Datenerhebung, ein Wert von 59,3 \% und eine Spezifit{\"a}t von 71,4 \% ermittelt. Betrachtet man den Zeitrahmen von 14 Tagen nach Beginn der Aplasie, so kann eine h{\"o}here Sensitivit{\"a}t von 72,7 \% eruiert werden, wie auch ein hoher negativ pr{\"a}diktiver Wert von 91,7. Eine invasive Mykose bei Patienten mit mehrfach negativem PCR-Nachweis kann somit als unwahrscheinlich angesehen werden. Besonderes Augenmerk wird in der Studie auch auf das Erstellen eines Risikoprofils f{\"u}r die Patienten hinsichtlich einer invasiven Mykose gelegt. In Hinblick auf die Chemotherapie-Protokolle und -Zyklen wird ein Trend zur fr{\"u}hen Chemotherapie deutlich. Bei der {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der epidemiologischen Verteilung f{\"u}r Deutschland kann erstmals eine signifikant unterschiedliche jahreszeitliche Verteilung an IPI nachgewiesen werden. So kommt es im Sommer signifikant seltener zu einer invasiven Mykose. Hingegen ist das Risiko der Krankheitsentstehung in den Monaten September, Oktober und November hochsignifikant gesteigert. Dieses sollte bei zuk{\"u}nftigen epidemiologischen Untersuchungen aber eventuell auch zur engmaschigen Diagnostik und Indikation prophylaktischer und empirischer Therapien ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden.},
  subject      = {Polymerase-Kettenreaktion},
  language  = {de}
}