@article{MeyerWatermannDreyeretal.2021,
  author    = {Meyer, Malin Tordis and Watermann, Christoph and Dreyer, Thomas and Erg{\"u}n, S{\"u}leyman and Karnati, Srikanth},
  title     = {2021 update on diagnostic markers and translocation in salivary gland tumors},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {13},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms22136771},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261057},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Salivary gland tumors are a rare tumor entity within malignant tumors of all tissues. The most common are malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most recurrent form of benign salivary gland tumor. Due to their low incidence rates and complex histological patterns, they are difficult to diagnose accurately. Malignant tumors of the salivary glands are challenging in terms of differentiation because of their variability in histochemistry and translocations. Therefore, the primary goal of the study was to review the current literature to identify the recent developments in histochemical diagnostics and translocations for differentiating salivary gland tumors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrunzWenigKunzetal.2020,
  author    = {Grunz, Jan-Peter and Wenig, Andreas Max and Kunz, Andreas Steven and Veyhl-Wichmann, Maike and Schmitt, Rainer and Gietzen, Carsten Herbert and Pennig, Lenhard and Herz, Stefan and Erg{\"u}n, S{\"u}leyman and Bley, Thorsten Alexander and Gassenmaier, Tobias},
  title     = {3D cone-beam CT with a twin robotic x-ray system in elbow imaging: comparison of image quality to high-resolution multidetector CT},
  series = {European Radiology Experimental},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {European Radiology Experimental},
  doi       = {10.1186/s41747-020-00177-y},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229877},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background Elbow imaging is challenging with conventional multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), while cone-beam CT (CBCT) provides superior options. We compared intra-individually CBCT versus MDCT image quality in cadaveric elbows. Methods A twin robotic x-ray system with new CBCT mode and a high-resolution clinical MDCT were compared in 16 cadaveric elbows. Both systems were operated with a dedicated low-dose (LD) protocol (equivalent volume CT dose index [CTDI\(_{vol(16 cm)}\)] = 3.3 mGy) and a regular clinical scan dose (RD) protocol (CTDI\(_{vol(16 cm)}\) = 13.8 mGy). Image quality was evaluated by two radiologists (R1 and R2) on a seven-point Likert scale, and estimation of signal intensity in cancellous bone was conducted. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) statistics were used. Results The CBCT prototype provided superior subjective image quality compared to MDCT scans (for RD, p ≤ 0.004; for LD, p ≤ 0.001). Image quality was rated very good or excellent in 100\% of the cases by both readers for RD CBCT, 100\% (R1) and 93.8\% (R2) for LD CBCT, 62.6\% and 43.8\% for RD MDCT, and 0.0\% and 0.0\% for LD MDCT. Single-measure ICC was 0.95 (95\% confidence interval 0.91-0.97; p < 0.001). Software-based assessment supported subjective findings with less "undecided" pixels in CBCT than dose-equivalent MDCT (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between LD CBCT and RD MDCT. Conclusions In cadaveric elbow studies, the tested cone-beam CT prototype delivered superior image quality compared to high-end multidetector CT and showed a potential for considerable dose reduction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtAltDeoghareetal.2022,
  author    = {Schmidt, Sven and Alt, Yvonne and Deoghare, Nikita and Kr{\"u}ger, Sarah and Kern, Anna and Rockel, Anna Frederike and Wagner, Nicole and Erg{\"u}n, S{\"u}leyman and W{\"o}rsd{\"o}rfer, Philipp},
  title     = {A blood vessel organoid model recapitulating aspects of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and vessel wall maturation},
  series = {Organoids},
  volume    = {1},
  journal   = {Organoids},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {2674-1172},
  doi       = {10.3390/organoids1010005},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284043},
  pages     = {41 -- 53},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Blood vessel organoids are an important in vitro model to understand the underlying mechanisms of human blood vessel development and for toxicity testing or high throughput drug screening. Here we present a novel, cost-effective, and easy to manufacture vascular organoid model. To engineer the organoids, a defined number of human induced pluripotent stem cells are seeded in non-adhesive agarose coated wells of a 96-well plate and directed towards a lateral plate mesoderm fate by activation of Wnt and BMP4 signaling. We observe the formation of a circular layer of angioblasts around days 5-6. Induced by VEGF application, CD31\(^+\) vascular endothelial cells appear within this vasculogenic zone at approximately day 7 of organoid culture. These cells arrange to form a primitive vascular plexus from which angiogenic sprouting is observed after 10 days of culture. The differentiation outcome is highly reproducible, and the size of organoids is scalable depending on the number of starting cells. We observe that the initial vascular ring forms at the interface between two cell populations. The inner cellular compartment can be distinguished from the outer by the expression of GATA6, a marker of lateral plate mesoderm. Finally, 14-days-old organoids were transplanted on the chorioallantois membrane of chicken embryos resulting in a functional connection of the human vascular network to the chicken circulation. Perfusion of the vessels leads to vessel wall maturation and remodeling as indicated by the formation of a continuous layer of smooth muscle actin expressing cells enwrapping the endothelium. In summary, our organoid model recapitulates human vasculogenesis, angiogenesis as well as vessel wall maturation and therefore represents an easy and cost-effective tool to study all steps of blood vessel development and maturation directly in the human setting without animal experimentation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NeuhausBurekDjuzenovaetal.2012,
  author    = {Neuhaus, Winfried and Burek, Malgorzata and Djuzenova, Cholpon C and Thal, Serge C and Koepsell, Hermann and Roewer, Norbert and F{\"o}rster, Carola Y},
  title     = {Addition of NMDA-receptor antagonist MK801 during oxygen/glucose deprivation moderately attenuates the up-regulation of glucose uptake after subsequent reoxygenation in brain endothelial cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67241},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {During stroke the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is damaged which can result in vasogenic brain edema and inflammation. The reduced blood supply leads to decreased delivery of oxygen and glucose to affected areas of the brain. Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) can cause upregulation of glucose uptake of brain endothelial cells. In this letter, we investigated the influence of MK801, a non-competitive inhibitor of the NMDA-receptor, on the regulation of the glucose uptake and of the main glucose transporters glut1 and sglt1 in murine BBB cell line cerebEND during OGD. mRNA expression of glut1 was upregulated 68.7- fold after 6 h OGD, which was significantly reduced by 10 μM MK801 to 28.9-fold. Sglt1 mRNA expression decreased during OGD which was further reduced by MK801. Glucose uptake was significantly increased up to 907\% after 6 h OGD and was still higher (210\%) after the 20 h reoxygenation phase compared to normoxia. Ten micromolar MK801 during OGD was able to reduce upregulated glucose uptake after OGD and reoxygenation significantly. Presence of several NMDAR subunits was proven on the mRNA level in cerebEND cells. Furthermore, it was shown that NMDAR subunit NR1 was upregulated during OGD and that this was inhibitable by MK801. In conclusion, the addition of MK801 during the OGD phase reduced significantly the glucose uptake after the subsequent reoxygenation phase in brain endothelial cells.},
  subject      = {Blut-Hirn-Schranke},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleefeldtBoemmelBroedeetal.2019,
  author    = {Kleefeldt, Florian and B{\"o}mmel, Heike and Broede, Britta and Thomsen, Michael and Pfeiffer, Verena and W{\"o}rsd{\"o}rfer, Philipp and Karnati, Srikanth and Wagner, Nicole and Rueckschloss, Uwe and Erg{\"u}n, S{\"u}leyman},
  title     = {Aging-related carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 signaling promotes vascular dysfunction},
  series = {Aging Cell},
  volume    = {2019},
  journal   = {Aging Cell},
  number    = {18},
  doi       = {10.1111/acel.13025},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201231},
  pages     = {e13025},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and therefore of particular interest for the prevention of cardiovascular events. However, the mechanisms underlying vascular aging are not well understood. Since carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is crucially involved in vascular homeostasis, we sought to identify the role of CEACAM1 in vascular aging. Using human internal thoracic artery and murine aorta, we show that CEACAM1 is upregulated in the course of vascular aging. Further analyses demonstrated that TNF-α is CEACAM1-dependently upregulated in the aging vasculature. Vice versa, TNF-α induces CEACAM1 expression. This results in a feed-forward loop in the aging vasculature that maintains a chronic pro-inflammatory milieu. Furthermore, we demonstrate that age-associated vascular alterations, that is, increased oxidative stress and vascular fibrosis, due to increased medial collagen deposition crucially depend on the presence of CEACAM1. Additionally, age-dependent upregulation of vascular CEACAM1 expression contributes to endothelial barrier impairment, putatively via increased VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling. Consequently, aging-related upregulation of vascular CEACAM1 expression results in endothelial dysfunction that may promote atherosclerotic plaque formation in the presence of additional risk factors. Our data suggest that CEACAM1 might represent an attractive target in order to delay physiological aging and therefore the transition to vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fahr2005,
  author    = {Fahr, Martin Siegfried},
  title     = {Akzessorische Gelenke zwischen Basiokziput und Atlas bzw. Dens axis in der Medianebene},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-17912},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Der vordere kraniozervikale {\"U}bergang wurde an 99 Kopf-Hals-Pr{\"a}paraten aus dem Pr{\"a}pariersaal mittels MRT, CT und S{\"a}geschnitten untersucht. Weiterhin wurden 110 Sch{\"a}del, 56 Atlas- und 33 Axispr{\"a}parate vermessen. Es fand sich in 70\% der Pr{\"a}parate das Vorliegen einer Osteoarthrose (Ostheoarthritis) der Art. atlanto-axialis mediana; diese Erkrankung war durch die Bildung von maximalen Osteophyten, Vergr{\"o}ßerung der Gelenkfl{\"a}chen, Verl{\"a}ngerung der Gelenkh{\"o}hle und Verminderung des Abstandes zum Hinterhauptsbein charakterisiert. In drei F{\"a}llen hatten sich sehr große (giant), nach kranial gerichteten Osteophyten mit kn{\"o}chernen Kontaktzonen zum Basiokziput gebildet. Die Kontaktzonen waren - wie sich feingeweblich zeigte - echte, erworbene, akzessorische, atlanto-okzipitale Gelenke in der Medianebene. In 11 F{\"a}llen lagen - wie die MRT- und CT- Schnittbilder zeigten - Reste des Proatlas bzw. der hypochondralen Spange vor: 3 mal als Condylus occipitalis tertius und kn{\"o}chernen Kontaktzonen zu Atlas bzw. Axis und 7 mal als freie, {\"u}berknorpelte Ossikel. Auch hier kann - wie die histologische Kontrolle zeigte - bei den Kontaktzonen von echten, allerdings angeborenen akzessorischen (atlantookzipitalen und odonto-okzipitalen) Gelenken in der Medianebene gesprochen werden. Der Casus mit Vorkommen eines Condylus occipitalis tertius und gleichzeitiger Bildung eines Osteophyten der Densspitze, die zusammen eine kn{\"o}cherne Kontaktzone und akzessorische Gelenkkammern ausgebildet hatten, kann als „gemischter" Fall bezeichnet werden.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{AgranovskyDolyaGorboulevetal.1981,
  author    = {Agranovsky, A. A. and Dolya, V. V. and Gorboulev, Valentin G. and Kozlov, J. V. and Atabekov, J. G.},
  title     = {Aminoacylation of barley stripe mosaic virus RNA: polyadenylate-containing RNA has a 3'-terminal tyrosine-accepting structure},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32566},
  year      = {1981},
  abstract  = {Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) RNA which was previously reported to contain poly(A) sequences (Agranovsky et al., 1978) can be specifically esterified with tyrosine in vitro in the presence of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase fraction from wheat embryos. All the three RNA components of the BSMV strain with a three-component genome (Norwich) and both RNA components of a two-component strain (Russian) can be tyrosylated. The poly(A)-containing (bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose) and poly(A)-deficient(not bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose) fractions of BSMV RNA display a similar amino acidaccepting ability. The nucleotide sequence which accepts tyrosine is coupled with the intact genomic polyadenylated BSMV RNA. The viral RNA isolated after sucrose density gradient centrifugation under drastic denaturing conditions retains its aminoacylating activity, which suggests that this activity is not due to the presence in a BSMV RNA preparation of a tyrosine tRNA associated with BSMV RNA. Inhibition of aminoacylation of the 3'-oxidized (treated with sodium metaperiodate) BSMV RNA suggests that the tyrosine-accepting structure is localized at the 3' terminus of BSMV RNA molecules. It is shown that segments of different lengths obtained upon random fragmentation can be tyrosylated. The 3'-terminal (tyrosine-accepting) poly(A)+ segments can be isolated. The shortest segments of viral RNA capable of being aminoacylated [i.e., containing both tRNA-like structure and poly(A)] consists of approximately 150-200 nucleotides. The analysis of the oligonucleotides derived from individual BSMV RNA components labeled with 32P at the 3' end revealed two types of 3'-terminal sequences different from poly(A). It is suggested that a poly(A) sequence is intercalated between a 3'-terminal tyrosineaccepting structure and the 5'-terminal portion of poly(A)+ BSMV RNA.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SimonIpekHomolaetal.2018,
  author    = {Simon, Micha and Ipek, Rojda and Homola, Gy{\"o}rgy A. and Rovituso, Damiano M. and Schampel, Andrea and Kleinschnitz, Christoph and Kuerten, Stefanie},
  title     = {Anti-CD52 antibody treatment depletes B cell aggregates in the central nervous system in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis},
  series = {Journal of Neuroinflammation},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Journal of Neuroinflammation},
  number    = {225},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12974-018-1263-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176120},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) for which several new treatment options were recently introduced. Among them is the monoclonal anti-CD52 antibody alemtuzumab that depletes mainly B cells and T cells in the immune periphery. Considering the ongoing controversy about the involvement of B cells and in particular the formation of B cell aggregates in the brains of progressive MS patients, an in-depth understanding of the effects of anti-CD52 antibody treatment on the B cell compartment in the CNS itself is desirable. Methods: We used myelin basic protein (MBP)-proteolipid protein (PLP)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 (B6) mice as B cell-dependent model of MS. Mice were treated intraperitoneally either at the peak of EAE or at 60 days after onset with 200 μg murine anti-CD52 vs. IgG2a isotype control antibody for five consecutive days. Disease was subsequently monitored for 10 days. The antigen-specific B cell/antibody response was measured by ELISPOT and ELISA. Effects on CNS infiltration and B cell aggregation were determined by immunohistochemistry. Neurodegeneration was evaluated by Luxol Fast Blue, SMI-32, and Olig2/APC staining as well as by electron microscopy and phosphorylated heavy neurofilament serum ELISA. Results: Treatment with anti-CD52 antibody attenuated EAE only when administered at the peak of disease. While there was no effect on the production of MP4-specific IgG, the treatment almost completely depleted CNS infiltrates and B cell aggregates even when given as late as 60 days after onset. On the ultrastructural level, we observed significantly less axonal damage in the spinal cord and cerebellum in chronic EAE after anti-CD52 treatment. Conclusion: Anti-CD52 treatment abrogated B cell infiltration and disrupted existing B cell aggregates in the CNS.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OttoFriedrichMadunićetal.2020,
  author    = {Otto, Christoph and Friedrich, Alexandra and Madunić, Ivana Vrhovac and Baumeier, Christian and Schwenk, Robert W. and Karaica, Dean and Germer, Christoph-Thomas and Sch{\"u}rmann, Annette and Sabolić, Ivan and Koepsell, Hermann, Hermann},
  title     = {Antidiabetic Effects of a Tripeptide That Decreases Abundance of Na\(^+\)-D-glucose Cotransporter SGLT1 in the Brush-Border Membrane of the Small Intestine},
  series = {ACS Omega},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {ACS Omega},
  number    = {45},
  doi       = {10.1021/acsomega.0c03844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230654},
  pages     = {29127-29139},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In enterocytes, protein RS1 (RSC1A1) mediates an increase of glucose absorption after ingestion of glucose-rich food via upregulation of Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in the brush-border membrane (BBM). Whereas RS1 decelerates the exocytotic pathway of vesicles containing SGLT1 at low glucose levels between meals, RS1-mediated deceleration is relieved after ingestion of glucose-rich food. Regulation of SGLT1 is mediated by RS1 domain RS1-Reg, in which Gln-Ser-Pro (QSP) is effective. In contrast to QSP and RS1-Reg, Gln-Glu-Pro (QEP) and RS1-Reg with a serine to glutamate exchange in the QSP motif downregulate the abundance of SGLT1 in the BBM at high intracellular glucose concentrations by about 50\%. We investigated whether oral application of QEP improves diabetes in db/db mice and affects the induction of diabetes in New Zealand obese (NZO) mice under glucolipotoxic conditions. After 6-day administration of drinking water containing 5 mM QEP to db/db mice, fasting glucose was decreased, increase of blood glucose in the oral glucose tolerance test was blunted, and insulin sensitivity was increased. When QEP was added for several days to a high fat/high carbohydrate diet that induced diabetes in NZO mice, the increase of random plasma glucose was prevented, accompanied by lower plasma insulin levels. QEP is considered a lead compound for development of new antidiabetic drugs with more rapid cellular uptake. In contrast to SGLT1 inhibitors, QEP-based drugs may be applied in combination with insulin for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, decreasing the required insulin amount, and thereby may reduce the risk of hypoglycemia.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChenGassnerBoerneretal.2012,
  author    = {Chen, Wen and Gaßner, Birgit and B{\"o}rner, Sebastian and Nikolaev, Viacheslav O. and Schlegel, Nicolas and Waschke, Jens and Steinbronn, Nadine and Strasser, Ruth and Kuhn, Michaela},
  title     = {Atrial natriuretic peptide enhances microvascular albumin permeability by the caveolae-mediated transcellular pathway},
  series = {Cardiovascular Research},
  volume    = {93},
  journal   = {Cardiovascular Research},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1093/cvr/cvr279},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126562},
  pages     = {141-151},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Aims Cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) participates in the maintenance of arterial blood pressure and intravascular volume homeostasis. The hypovolaemic effects of ANP result from coordinated actions in the kidney and systemic microcirculation. Hence, ANP, via its guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) receptor and intracellular cyclic GMP as second messenger, stimulates endothelial albumin permeability. Ultimately, this leads to a shift of plasma fluid into interstitial pools. Here we studied the role of caveolae-mediated transendothelial albumin transport in the hyperpermeability effects of ANP. Methods and results Intravital microscopy studies of the mouse cremaster microcirculation showed that ANP stimulates the extravasation of fluorescent albumin from post-capillary venules and causes arteriolar vasodilatation. The hyperpermeability effect was prevented in mice with conditional, endothelial deletion of GC-A (EC GC-A KO) or with deleted caveolin-1 (cav-1), the caveolae scaffold protein. In contrast, the vasodilating effect was preserved. Concomitantly, the acute hypovolaemic action of ANP was abolished in EC GC-A KO and Cav-1-/- mice. In cultured microvascular rat fat pad and mouse lung endothelial cells, ANP stimulated uptake and transendothelial transport of fluorescent albumin without altering endothelial electrical resistance. The stimulatory effect on albumin uptake was prevented in GC-A- or cav-1-deficient pulmonary endothelia. Finally, preparation of caveolin-enriched lipid rafts from mouse lung and western blotting showed that GC-A and cGMP-dependent protein kinase I partly co-localize with Cav-1 in caveolae microdomains. Conclusion ANP enhances transendothelial caveolae-mediated albumin transport via its GC-A receptor. This ANP-mediated cross-talk between the heart and the microcirculation is critically involved in the regulation of intravascular volume.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleistMohrGaikwadetal.2016,
  author    = {Kleist, Christian and Mohr, Elisabeth and Gaikwad, Sadanand and Dittmar, Laura and Kuerten, Stefanie and Platten, Michael and Mier, Walter and Schmitt, Michael and Opelz, Gerhard and Terness, Peter},
  title     = {Autoantigen-specific immunosuppression with tolerogenic peripheral blood cells prevents relapses in a mouse model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis},
  series = {Journal of Translational Medicine},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Journal of Translational Medicine},
  number    = {99},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12967-016-0860-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165787},
  pages     = {1-14},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background: Dendritic cells (DCs) rendered suppressive by treatment with mitomycin C and loaded with the autoantigen myelin basic protein demonstrated earlier their ability to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). This provides an approach for prophylactic vaccination against autoimmune diseases. For clinical application such DCs are difficult to generate and autoantigens hold the risk of exacerbating the disease. Methods: We replaced DCs by peripheral mononuclear cells and myelin autoantigens by glatiramer acetate (Copaxone ®), a drug approved for the treatment of MS. Spleen cells were loaded with Copaxone®, incubated with mitomycin C (MICCop) and injected into mice after the first bout of relapsing-remitting EAE. Immunosuppression mediated by MICCop was investigated in vivo by daily assessment of clinical signs of paralysis and in in vitro restimulation assays of peripheral immune cells. Cytokine profiling was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Migration of MICCop cells after injection was examined by biodistribution analysis of 111Indium-labelled MICCop. The number and inhibitory activity of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were analysed by histology, flow cytometry and in vitro mixed lymphocyte cultures. In order to assess the specificity of MICCop-induced suppression, treated EAE mice were challenged with the control protein ovalbumin. Humoral and cellular immune responses were then determined by ELISA and in vitro antigen restimulation assay. Results: MICCop cells were able to inhibit the harmful autoreactive T-cell response and prevented mice from further relapses without affecting general immune responses. Administered MICCop migrated to various organs leading to an increased infiltration of the spleen and the central nervous system with CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells displaying a suppressive cytokine profile and inhibiting T-cell responses. Conclusion: We describe a clinically applicable cell therapeutic approach for controlling relapses in autoimmune encephalomyelitis by specifically silencing the deleterious autoimmune response.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Spindler2009,
  author    = {Spindler, Volker Bernd},
  title     = {Bedeutung der Rho-GTPasen f{\"u}r desmosomale Adh{\"a}sion und Pemphigus-Pathogenese},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38728},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die Stabilt{\"a}t und Integrit{\"a}t der Epidermis beruht zu einem großen Teil auf der intakten Funktion der Desmosomen. Diese fleckf{\"o}rmigen Zellkontakte vermitteln extrazellul{\"a}r die Haftung zwischen den Keratinozyten durch Desmocadherine und sind intrazellul{\"a}r {\"u}ber Adaptorproteine im Intermedi{\"a}rfilamentsystem des Zellskeletts verankert. Diese Funktion ist bei der Autoimmunerkrankung Pemphigus gest{\"o}rt, die zu intraepidermaler Blasenbildung durch Akantholyse der Keratinozyten f{\"u}hrt. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) und Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) stellen die beiden Hauptvarianten dar, wobei PV durch Autoantik{\"o}rper gegen die Desmocadherine Desmoglein (Dsg) 3 und oftmals zus{\"a}tzlich gegen Dsg 1, PF durch Autoantik{\"o}rper nur gegen Dsg 1 gekennzeichnet ist. Rho-GTPasen sind zellul{\"a}re Regulatorproteine, die das Aktinzytoskelett und verschiedene Zellkontakte beeinflussen. Die vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigte sich mit dem Einfluss von Rho-GTPasen bei der Regulation von desmosomal vermittelter Adh{\"a}sion. In einem zweiten Teil wurde die Beteiligung von Rho-GTPasen bei den Pemphigusvarianten PV und PF n{\"a}her charakterisiert. F{\"u}r den ersten Abschnitt wurden bakterielle Toxine verwendet, die spezifisch Rho GTPasen aktivieren bzw. inhibieren, w{\"a}hrend f{\"u}r den zweiten Teil IgG-Fraktionen von PV- und PF-Patienten in Kombination mit aktivierenden Toxinen zur Anwendung kamen. Eine Inhibition der drei Hauptvertreter der Rho-GTPasen in kultivierten Keratinozyten und humaner Epidermis f{\"u}hrte zu einer Rarefizierung des Aktinfilamentsystems, zu Verlust von membranst{\"a}ndig lokalisiertem Dsg 1 und 3 und zu Zelldissoziation sowie zu verminderter Dsg 1 und 3-vermittelter Haftung von Mikroperlen auf der Oberfl{\"a}che von Keratinozyten. Die Aktivierung der GTPasen resultierte in vermehrter linearisierter Darstellbarkeit von Aktin und Dsg 3 an den Zellgrenzen und einer verst{\"a}rkten Dsg-vermittelten Haftung. Pemphigus-IgG f{\"u}hrten ebenfalls zu Zelldissoziation und Verlust von Dsg-Immunreaktivit{\"a}t in Keratinozytenkulturen, zu Spaltbildung in humaner Epidermis und zum Verlust der durch Dsg 1 und Dsg 3 vermittelten Adh{\"a}sion. Dies ging einher mit einer vermehrten Menge an nicht am Zytoskelett verankerten Dsg 3 und wurde durch eine p38MAPK-abh{\"a}ngige Verminderung der Aktivit{\"a}t von Rho A moduliert. Die Aktivierung von Rho A verhinderte die Ausbildung der Pemphigus-induzierten Effekte nahezu vollst{\"a}ndig. Zusammenfassend regulieren Rho-GTPasen die desmosomale Haftung in Keratinozyten. Die Daten zeigen weiterhin, dass Pemphigus-IgG durch eine Inhibition von Rho A diese Regulation beeintr{\"a}chtigt, was zu Schw{\"a}chung der Zytoskelettverankerung von Desmogleinen und zu Haftungsverlust und Spaltbildung f{\"u}hrt. Somit ist Rho A ein wichtiger Faktor der Pemphigus-Pathogenese und stellt einen Erfolg versprechenden Ansatzpunkt zur Entwicklung neuer Therapieoptionen dar.},
  subject      = {Zelladh{\"a}sion},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Huebner2020,
  author    = {H{\"u}bner, Lisa-Christina},
  title     = {Bedeutung von neuroendokrinen Zellen f{\"u}r die Signal{\"u}bertragung an sensorischen Nervenfasern in den Atemwegen},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20751},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207517},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, neuroendokrine Zellen in den Atemwegen bei M{\"a}usen zu untersuchen, welche Kontakt zu sensorischen Nervenfasern ausbilden. In vorangegangenen Versuchen konnte bereits die Menge des ausgesch{\"u}tteten CGRPs nach Stimulation mit Bitterstoffen bestimmt werden. Die Methode zur Messung der Freisetzung von CGRP aus verschiedenen Organen wurde von Prof. Reeh und seiner Arbeitsgruppe etabliert. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, zu untersuchen, woher das ausgesch{\"u}ttete CGRP kommt und ob die Stimulation von B{\"u}rstenzellen mit Bitterstoffen zur Aussch{\"u}ttung von CGRP aus den neuroendokrinen Zellen f{\"u}hrt. Anhand der elektronenmikroskopischen Auswertung und der dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktion konnte gezeigt werden, dass es Kontakt zwischen den neuroendokrinen Zellen im Epithel der Trachea und sensorischen Nervenfasern gibt. Die immunhistochemischen Versuche zeigten, dass es nach Stimulation mit Denatonium h{\"o}chstwahrscheinlich zur Aussch{\"u}ttung von CGRP durch die intraepithelialen Fasern gekommen ist. Diese Annahme spiegelt sich in der ver{\"a}nderten Morphologie sowie der geringeren Quantit{\"a}t der intraepithelialen Fasern nach Stimulation mit Denatonium deutlich wider. Dass es weder bei der Anzahl der neuroendokrinen Zellen, noch bei der Erscheinung und Anzahl der extraepithelialen Fasern nach Denatoniumstimulation zu einer Ver{\"a}nderung gekommen ist, unterst{\"u}tzt diese Annahme ebenfalls. Im Hinblick auf die durchgef{\"u}hrten Versuche mit den TRPM5-gendefizienten M{\"a}usen zeigte sich, dass die Stimulation mit Denatonium keine Auswirkungen auf die Anzahl der neuroendokrinen Zellen hatte. Dieses Ergebnis unterst{\"u}tzt die Erkenntnisse der vorangegangenen Untersuchungen, welche gezeigt haben, dass das CGRP nicht von den neuroendokrinen Zellen ausgesch{\"u}ttet wurde. Des Weiteren l{\"a}sst das Ergebnis darauf schließen, dass die Aussch{\"u}ttung von CGRP nicht abh{\"a}ngig von der Anwesenheit von B{\"u}rstenzellen ist. Insgesamt zeigen die Untersuchungen, dass es nach Stimulation mit Bittersubstanzen zu einer CGRP-Aussch{\"u}ttung durch die intraepithelialen Fasern gekommen ist. Interessant w{\"a}re es weiterhin zu kl{\"a}ren, welche Effekte diese Aussch{\"u}ttung bewirkt und welche Bedeutung der Freisetzung von Substanz P in diesem Zusammenhang zukommt.},
  subject      = {Luftr{\"o}hre},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Semlanski2011,
  author    = {Semlanski, Christin Martina},
  title     = {Beeinflussung der Substratbindungsregion des organischen Kationentransporters 1 der Ratte durch Mutation einer intrazellul{\"a}r gelegenen Aminos{\"a}ure},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65672},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {1994 wurde von Gr{\"u}ndemann et al. der erste organische Kationentransporter, der rOCT1 beschrieben. Es wurden bereits einige Aminos{\"a}uren identifiziert, die bei der Bindung kationischer Substanzen beteiligt sind. Hierbei handelt es sich um Phenylalanin 160 der zweiten Transmembrandom{\"a}ne, Tryptophan 218, Tyrosin 222 und Threonin 226 der vierten Transmembrandom{\"a}ne, um Arginin 440, Leucin 447, Glutamin 448 der zehnten und um Aspartat 475 der elften Transmembrandom{\"a}ne. Hintergrund der Versuche dieser Arbeit war das im Jahre 2005 von Sturm et al. identifizierte Cystein 451. Es liegt zwischen der zehnten und elften Transmembrandom{\"a}ne. Cystein 451 ist wahrscheinlich auf Grund seiner Lage im Strukturmodell nicht direkt an der Bindung von Substraten beteiligt. Es wird vermutet, dass die Mutation des Cysteins 451 die Positionen von Aminos{\"a}uren in der Bindungsstelle ver{\"a}ndert. Daher wurden die Mutante C451M, die Doppelmutanten L447F/C451M, L447Y/C451M und die Dreifachmutante Y222F/L447F/C451M mittels Tracer-Fluxexperimenten hinsichtlich der Hemmung der Tetraethylammonium-Aufnahme durch Kortikosteron und durch Tetrabutylammonium untersucht. Die Mutation C451M steigert verglichen mit dem rOCT1-Wildtyp die Affinit{\"a}t f{\"u}r Kortikosteron, jedoch sinkt bei dieser Mutante die TBuA-Affinit{\"a}t. Man nimmt nun aufgrund dieser Mutageneseversuche und den bereits zuvor generierten Modellen des rOCT1 an, dass aufgrund seiner Lage Cystein 451 nicht direkt an der Bindung von Substraten beteiligt ist, sondern einen indirekten Effekt auf die Substratbindungsregion des Transporters aus{\"u}bt. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass die Mutanten L447Y/C451M und L447F/C451M gegens{\"a}tzliche Affinit{\"a}ten f{\"u}r TBuA und Kotikosteron haben. Tauscht man das Leucin an Position 447 gegen ein Tyrosin aus, so wird der Transporter weniger affin f{\"u}r Kortikosteron, jedoch steigt die TBuA-Affinit{\"a}t. Tauscht man das Leucin gegen ein Phenylalanin aus, verh{\"a}lt es sich gegens{\"a}tzlich. Die Position 222 scheint weder an der TBuA-Bindung, noch an der Bindung von Kortikosteron maßgeblich beteiligt zu sein.},
  subject      = {Cytologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{TravničekMeierottŽila2015,
  author    = {Tr{\´a}vn{\´i}ček, Bohumil and Meierott, Lenz and Ž{\´i}la, Vojtĕch},
  title     = {Beitr{\"a}ge zur Gattung Taraxacum in Bayern},
  series = {Forum Geobotanicum},
  volume    = {Vol. VI},
  journal   = {Forum Geobotanicum},
  issn      = {1867-9315},
  doi       = {10.3264/FG.2015.1222},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126782},
  pages     = {20-49},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Eine Reihe mehrt{\"a}giger Suchexkur-sionen / Transekte in verschiedene Regionen Bayerns in den Jahren 2011 bis 2014 waren der Gattung Taraxacum gewidmet. Unter den gesammelten und beobachteten Arten ist Taraxacum broddesonii (sect. Ruderalia / Taraxacum) neu f{\"u}r Deutschland. Neu f{\"u}r Bayern sind Taraxacum fusciflorum, marklundii, spiculatum (sect. Hamata) und Taraxacum acroglossum, atroviride, clarum, floccosum, freticola, glossodon, hemicyclum, homoschistum, infuscatum, intumescens, lacinulatum, leucopodum, lundense, ottonis, pallidipes, praestabile, pseudoretroflexum, pulverulentum, saxonicum, sellandii, sundbergii, uncidentatum, uniforme, violaceinervosum (sect. Ruderalia / Taraxacum). Taraxacum lojo{\"e}nse wird als {\"a}ltester und korrekter Name f{\"u}r T. lippertianum und T. matricium und wahrscheinlich auch f{\"u}r T. ampelophytum und T. debrayi angesehen. Seltenere Arten sind abgebildet.},
  subject      = {Bayern},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schampel2017,
  author    = {Schampel, Andrea},
  title     = {Beneficial therapeutic effects of the L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - an animal model for multiple sclerosis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148952},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adults and is characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal pathology that result in multiple neurological and cognitive deficits. The focus of MS research remains on modulating the immune response, but common therapeutic strategies are only effective in slowing down disease progression and attenuating the symptoms; they cannot cure the disease. Developing an option to prevent neurodegeneration early on would be a valuable addition to the current standard of care for MS. Based on our results we suggest that application of nimodipine could be an effective way to target both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We performed detailed analyses of neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, and in in vitro experiments regarding the effect of the clinically well-established L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine. Nimodipine treatment attenuated the course of EAE and spinal cord histopathology. Furthermore, it promoted remyelination. The latter could be due to the protective effect on oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) we observed in response to nimodipine treatment. To our surprise, we detected calcium channel-independent effects on microglia, resulting in apoptosis. These effects were cell type-specific and independent of microglia polarization. Apoptosis was accompanied by decreased levels of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in cell culture as well as decreased iNOS expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity in EAE. Overall, application of nimodipine seems to generate a favorable environment for regenerative processes and could therefore be a novel treatment option for MS, combining immunomodulatory effects while promoting neuroregeneration.},
  subject      = {Nimodipin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Laymann2008,
  author    = {Laymann, Bettina},
  title     = {Bindung der extrazellul{\"a}ren Dom{\"a}ne von N-Cadherin an den Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor FGFR-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26974},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {N-Cadherin, ein Mitglied der klassischen Cadherin Familie vermittelt durch homophile Bindungen der extrazellul{\"a}ren Dom{\"a}nen (EZD) zwischen benachbarten Zellen Zell-Zell-Kontakte. Im Nervensystem kontrolliert es zahlreiche Aufgaben wie beispielsweise die Ausbildung von Synapsen, die synaptische Plastizit{\"a}t, das Auswachsen von Axonen und deren richtungsgezielte Orientierung. In Untersuchungen zum Axonwachstum von cerebell{\"a}ren K{\"o}rnerzellen konnte von Doherty et al. (1995, 1996) gezeigt werden, dass die isolierte EZDI-V von N-Cadherin {\"u}ber den FGFR-1 (Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor-1) ein richtungsvermitteltes Auswachsen von Axonen verursacht. Basierend auf diesen Beobachtungen wurde ein Bindungsmodell erstellt (Doherty et al., 1996). Dieses geht davon aus, dass zwischen transdimeren N-Cadherin-Molek{\"u}len, {\"u}ber die Aminos{\"a}uren IDPVNGQ der EZD Wechselwirkungen mit den Aminos{\"a}uren HAV der EZD von FGFR-1 auftreten (siehe hierzu Abb. 17). Der dadurch dimerisierte FGFR-1 bewirkt innerhalb der Nervenzelle eine intrazellul{\"a}re Signaltransduktion, die in einem zielgerichteten Axonwachstum resultiert. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, dieses Bindungsmodell n{\"a}her zu untersuchen. Ausgehend von den f{\"u}r N-Cadherin und FGFR-1 kodierenden cDNAs und entsprechenden Vektorsystemen wurden in CHO-Zellen stabile Zelllinien erstellt. Das zugrundeliegende Expressionssystem f{\"u}hrte zu einem Ausschleusen der f{\"u}r die Experimente notwendigen Fc-Fusionsproteine in den Kultur{\"u}berstand. Eine daran anschließende auf Protein A basierende Affinit{\"a}tschromatographie des Kultur{\"u}berstandes erm{\"o}glichte die Isolierung und Anreicherung der Fc-Fusionsproteine. Desweiteren wurden Expressionsvektoren verwendet, die f{\"u}r subzellul{\"a}re Lokalisationsuntersuchungen verwendet wurden. Zu Beginn der Bindungsstudien wurde Untersuchungen zum Axonwachstum cerebell{\"a}rer K{\"o}rnerzellen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Diese dienten zum einen der {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der von Doherty und Walsh (1996) durchgef{\"u}hrten Experimente zum L{\"a}ngenwachstum cerebell{\"a}rer K{\"o}rnerzellen in Gegenwart ausgew{\"a}hlter Zelladh{\"a}sionsmolek{\"u}le (NCAM, L1 und N-Cadherin), zum anderen dienten sie der {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung der Funktionalit{\"a}t der FGFR-1-und N-Cadherin-spezifischen Peptide (HAV und IDPVNGQ). Wie zu erwarten wurde durch Zugabe von N-Cadherin EZDI-V ein Axonl{\"a}ngenwachstum festgestellt, dass durch Zugabe der HAV- und IDPVNGQ-Peptide inhibiert wurde. F{\"u}r den Auschluß der Wirkung von Fremdproteinen wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit direkte Bindungsstudien durchgef{\"u}hrt. Hierzu wurden sowohl ELISA- als auch in Dot-Blot-Experimente durchgef{\"u}hrt. Diese ergaben eine Wechselwirkung der EZD von FGFR-1 und N-Cadherin. Eine von DsRed-FGFR-1 abh{\"a}ngige Lokalisation von GFP-N-Cadherin in CHO-Zellen deutete ebenfalls auf eine Interaktion hin. N{\"a}here Bindungsstudien zeigten, dass die Bindungsmotive IDPVNGQ und HAV f{\"u}r eine Wechselwirkung der FGFR-1- und N-Cadherin-spezifischen EZDs bedeutungslos sind. Auch an der Laserpinzette durchgef{\"u}hrte Untersuchungen ergaben, das Wechselwirkungen zwischen N-Cadherin (auf Mikroperlen immobilisiert) und PC12-Zellen in Gegenwart der inhibierenden IDPVNGQ- und HAV-Peptide nicht verhindert werden konnten. Zusammenfasssend ist es gelungen zum ersten Mal eine direkte Wechselwirkung zwischen N-Cadherin und FGFR-1 nachzuweisen. Allerdings konnte in Kompetitionsexperimenten eine Bedeutung der postulierten Bindungsmotive nicht best{\"a}tigt werden.},
  subject      = {Cadherine},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HorderGuazaLasherasGrummeletal.2021,
  author    = {Horder, Hannes and Guaza Lasheras, Mar and Grummel, Nadine and Nadernezhad, Ali and Herbig, Johannes and Erg{\"u}n, S{\"u}leyman and Teßmar, J{\"o}rg and Groll, J{\"u}rgen and Fabry, Ben and Bauer-Kreisel, Petra and Blunk, Torsten},
  title     = {Bioprinting and differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cell spheroids for a 3D breast cancer-adipose tissue model},
  series = {Cells},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Cells},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.3390/cells10040803},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236496},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Biofabrication, including printing technologies, has emerged as a powerful approach to the design of disease models, such as in cancer research. In breast cancer, adipose tissue has been acknowledged as an important part of the tumor microenvironment favoring tumor progression. Therefore, in this study, a 3D-printed breast cancer model for facilitating investigations into cancer cell-adipocyte interaction was developed. First, we focused on the printability of human adipose-derived stromal cell (ASC) spheroids in an extrusion-based bioprinting setup and the adipogenic differentiation within printed spheroids into adipose microtissues. The printing process was optimized in terms of spheroid viability and homogeneous spheroid distribution in a hyaluronic acid-based bioink. Adipogenic differentiation after printing was demonstrated by lipid accumulation, expression of adipogenic marker genes, and an adipogenic ECM profile. Subsequently, a breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) compartment was printed onto the adipose tissue constructs. After nine days of co-culture, we observed a cancer cell-induced reduction of the lipid content and a remodeling of the ECM within the adipose tissues, with increased fibronectin, collagen I and collagen VI expression. Together, our data demonstrate that 3D-printed breast cancer-adipose tissue models can recapitulate important aspects of the complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interplay within the tumor-stroma microenvironment},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TsfasmanNesmeyanovaGorboulevetal.1989,
  author    = {Tsfasman, I. M. and Nesmeyanova, M. A. and Gorboulev, Valentin G. and Rubtsov, P. M. and Skryabin, K. G.},
  title     = {Biosynthesis and secretion of bovine growth hormone in Escherichia coli under the control of the secretory vector containing a promoter and signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase gene},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46932},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {A recombinant plasmid was constructed containing the gene for bovine growth hormone joinea with the regulatory region and the region coding the signal sequence of the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase gene. In conditions of phosphorus starvation, which c~s derepression of alkaline phosphatase, expression was shown of the gene for bovine growth hormone, in addition to partial processing and secretion of protein into periplasm.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoebelPankratzAsaridouetal.2016,
  author    = {G{\"o}bel, Kerstin and Pankratz, Susann and Asaridou, Chloi-Magdalini and Herrmann, Alexander M. and Bittner, Stefan and Merker, Monika and Ruck, Tobias and Glumm, Sarah and Langhauser, Friederike and Kraft, Peter and Krug, Thorsten F. and Breuer, Johanna and Herold, Martin and Gross, Catharina C. and Beckmann, Denise and Korb-Pap, Adelheid and Schuhmann, Michael K. and Kuerten, Stefanie and Mitroulis, Ioannis and Ruppert, Clemens and Nolte, Marc W. and Panousis, Con and Klotz, Luisa and Kehrel, Beate and Korn, Thomas and Langer, Harald F. and Pap, Thomas and Nieswandt, Bernhard and Wiendl, Heinz and Chavakis, Triantafyllos and Kleinschnitz, Christoph and Meuth, Sven G.},
  title     = {Blood coagulation factor XII drives adaptive immunity during neuroinflammation via CD87-mediated modulation of dendritic cells},
  series = {Nature Communications},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Nature Communications},
  number    = {11626},
  doi       = {10.1038/ncomms11626},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165503},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Aberrant immune responses represent the underlying cause of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent evidence implicated the crosstalk between coagulation and immunity in CNS autoimmunity. Here we identify coagulation factor XII (FXII), the initiator of the intrinsic coagulation cascade and the kallikrein-kinin system, as a specific immune cell modulator. High levels of FXII activity are present in the plasma of MS patients during relapse. Deficiency or pharmacologic blockade of FXII renders mice less susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (a model of MS) and is accompanied by reduced numbers of interleukin-17A-producing T cells. Immune activation by FXII is mediated by dendritic cells in a CD87-dependent manner and involves alterations in intracellular cyclic AMP formation. Our study demonstrates that a member of the plasmatic coagulation cascade is a key mediator of autoimmunity. FXII inhibition may provide a strategy to combat MS and other immune-related disorders.},
  language  = {en}
}