@incollection{Ali2022,
  author    = {Ali, Zuraina},
  title     = {A Case Study of the Basic Learners' Struggles in Guessing from Context to Retain Words Learned},
  series = {Studies in Modern English},
  booktitle = {Studies in Modern English},
  editor    = {Lazebna, Nataliia and Kumar, Dinesh},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-199-0-117},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296529},
  publisher      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {117-124},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Guessing meaning from context is a challenging strategy for Second Language Learners (SLLs). In using the strategy, research found that poor students or low proficiency learners struggled in their attempts to use it. Mainly, it was reported that it was due to their vocabulary knowledge was limited. In another aspect, retaining vocabulary learnt is also important. Such is essential since learning vocabulary does not mean knowing the definition only. Yet, learners must also be able to use the vocabulary as they engage in language skills such as reading, writing, speaking and listening. The study aims at finding the hindrances faced among poor students' using contextual clues in retaining vocabulary. The study employed a case study to collect data from two basic students studying at a tertiary level. The study found that their hindrances in guessing meaning contexts were due to their being confused in guessing meaning when reading a sentence. Also, it was found that they were not able to find clues since they lacked vocabulary to guess correctly. The study implied that guessing meaning from context required sizeable vocabulary knowledge. Therefore, more training is necessary to assist basic learners in being successful in guessing from contexts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KellerSchultz2014,
  author    = {Keller, Daniela Barbara and Schultz, J{\"o}rg},
  title     = {Word Formation Is Aware of Morpheme Family Size},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0093978},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112848},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Words are built from smaller meaning bearing parts, called morphemes. As one word can contain multiple morphemes, one morpheme can be present in different words. The number of distinct words a morpheme can be found in is its family size. Here we used Birth-Death-Innovation Models (BDIMs) to analyze the distribution of morpheme family sizes in English and German vocabulary over the last 200 years. Rather than just fitting to a probability distribution, these mechanistic models allow for the direct interpretation of identified parameters. Despite the complexity of language change, we indeed found that a specific variant of this pure stochastic model, the second order linear balanced BDIM, significantly fitted the observed distributions. In this model, birth and death rates are increased for smaller morpheme families. This finding indicates an influence of morpheme family sizes on vocabulary changes. This could be an effect of word formation, perception or both. On a more general level, we give an example on how mechanistic models can enable the identification of statistical trends in language change usually hidden by cultural influences.},
  language  = {en}
}